Private construction of the current rural sites for religious activities and illegally built Economic Analysis of

        Abstract: At present, construction of rural private sites for religious activities and illegally built a more serious phenomenon, its management of the rural religious order, the spiritual and material burden on the farmers, grass-roots political power and long-term stability in rural areas and so on will have many negative effects. Government religious affairs department to address this phenomenon the main methods used to combat and eliminate, but the cost is too high, man-made factors, large and easy to rebound. This paper analyzes from an economic perspective the reasons of this phenomenon, namely, a large number of religious spirit in rural areas the supply of the main product must be due to the presence of a large number of farmers, the religious spirit products. Finally, from the perspective of supply and demand, proposed separately by road to the short-term treatment and long-term management of the Road.
        Keywords:: rural religion; religious activities; economic analysis; private construction and illegally built
        1, status and influence.
        For religious activities [1] is a religious ritual was held, to participate in religious activities, the implementation of religious places. According to the State Council, 'Regulations on Religious Affairs' requirements, the establishment of venues for religious activities by religious groups, venues for religious activities to the proposed location of the county-level people's government religious affairs department to apply, and then reported level by level, until the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities religious affairs department's approval [2]. Without the approval of the establishment of sites for religious activities without permission is an offense and shall be banned by the religious affairs department and the confiscation of illegal income.
        Private construction of the current rural sites for religious activities and illegally built the phenomenon is more serious, as this is negative information, not directly from the government religious affairs departments have been accurate data, but the Government rectify the results of this phenomenon can be seen. Such as Henan Xinxiang City in 2006 to build rectification private sites for religious activities and illegally built 1119 [3]; Anhui Chaohu City in 2006 rectification and illegally built temples and outdoor statues 240 (which is Buddhist activity sites) [4]; Western Hunan Autonomous Prefecture, 2002 concentrate our efforts on rectification and illegally built temples, 172 (which is Buddhist activity sites) [5], etc., most of these establishments in rural areas. The above is the information I gathered through the network, if we walk on the ground in rural areas, you may find the situation more serious. I used the opportunity to note that in rural areas the survey of this phenomenon and found that in rural areas to build illegally built private sites for religious activities are more common in some places there is really a 'village has temples, see God on the prayer' phenomenon. Through investigation, the author found that these private religious activities and illegally built construction market sizes vary, a large formal religious activities than the local, small houses is a very simple; funds from different sources, there are believers at their own cost, the has passed outside the alms, and even secretly funded by foreign organizations receiving; management forms, there are believers I managed, there are believers household management, there are a few believers partnership management, as well as outside the organization to accept remote command [6 ]; the activities of different forms, there is full disclosure, there are semi-open, there are hidden.
        The private construction in the rural areas and illegally built places of worship because of alienation from government religious affairs departments and the management of religious groups outside of the rural reform, development and stability of a number of adverse affects: first, to disrupt the normal religious management of the local in working order. These unauthorized [7] places of worship in the end what kind of publicity doctrine of religious rules to hold any kind of religious activities of believers how to instill the spirit and misleading, as a manager is not known. More importantly, these non-formal venues for religious activities of the formal religious activities of the negative impact of non-formal faithful believers formal role in the anti-model, will result in the management of rural religion, very passive. Second, increasing the burden on farmers and material burden of the spirit.
        Survey found that most of the venues for religious activities which illegally occupy land and superstition as partners, and the company of witchcraft. Farmers originally intended to seek spiritual comfort through religion and relief, but they are here not only reach their aim, they added to their mental anguish and confusion. Even more serious is that these non-formal venues for religious activities on behalf of cheating the farmers using a variety of money, such as the dedication of money, donation, tribute money, and so on. Some humble little peasant hard earned money to give hands-arch build these unauthorized places of worship. Thirdly, it is dangerous to weaken the rural grass-roots political power. Is mainly manifested in two aspects: one aspect is when there are a considerable number of farmers pseudo-religious belief, illegal religion, grass-roots political organizations will weaken the appeal.
        Another aspect is With these pseudo-religions, illegal religious forces slowly gathering, there may be to form a counterweight to political power of rural grass-roots political force. In reality, there have been signs of this, it was reported that a village Cunzhiliangwei mobilize peasants to contribute money to do one thing, to no avail, and when the village person in charge of places of religious activity come forward when called upon, the villagers enthusiastically, things quickly Bancheng. Indeed, the phenomenon worthy of our attention. Fourth, threaten the stability and long-term stability in rural areas. Since 1999, the state with 'Falun Gong' evil cult, represented by the implementation of cracking down, China's cult has been hit hard, individual cult organization has been destroyed. But in recent years, in the sparsely populated rural areas there are signs of resurgence cult, such as the disciples will, Eastern Lightning and other evil cults have emerged [8]. These cults using mainly non-formal venues for religious activities to develop their own followers and organization, planning and implementation of various directed at me, I am the government and disrupt the activities of the party. In addition, foreign illegal religious organizations also take advantage of these non-formal venues for religious activities to infiltrate, through the temptation of money to train their agents in China, as in previous years, where the Vatican without our government's permission, to cultivate in our underground Bishop served is an example.
        Second, economics cause analysis.
        Private construction for rural and illegally built places of worship, government departments generally take two approaches: First, the general privately established places of worship, criticism and education, from illegal to legal; second, those which have been criticized for ineffective but can not be transformed, and even illegal places of worship have been determined to be cracking down. The two approaches in the short term, usually can achieve good results, but there are three drawbacks: first, both for the government's religious affairs department, or for those non-formal religious activities of the founder, this governance too costly It is a huge waste of social resources; second movement strikes after the easy rebound; three large man-made factors, leadership attention, might undermine the comparatively thorough, less emphasis on leadership, work may be a mere formality.
        Therefore, I think, from an economic perspective analysis of the current construction of the rural private religious activities and illegally built market presence causes and propose their own solutions.
        According to Engels explained, 'all religions are nothing but dominate the everyday life of the external forces in people's minds the illusion of a reflection? ? '[9]. But from the perspective of economics to explain, religion is nothing more than provide people with a mental product, through the consumption of religious products in this spirit to get safe and happy usefulness. Currently widespread in rural areas of non-formal sites for religious activities may be regarded as products of religious spirit of the supply side, in accordance with laws of supply and demand, since there is a lot of supply, there must be a huge demand. According to government data, China's religious believers up to 1 million people, then according to the proportion of the population in rural areas should be close to 100 million religious believers. [Free Paper Download Center hi138 \ Com]
        However, I believe that religious believers should be more practical in rural areas. Not long ago, East China Normal University, two professors concluded that upon a sample survey of about 300 million religious believers in China at present [10]. Based on this data, it should be more than 200 million religious believers in rural areas. And most people have religion, psychology, many of them are also easily converted into believers. Therefore, such a huge market in rural areas of religious belief necessarily requires a large number of religious spirit products, which emerge in rural areas a large number of non-formal venues for religious activities is not surprising.
        In our country of millions of religious believers in fact a purely utilitarian purpose of the non-religious believers are rare. Lin Yutang once said that the Chinese people's religious heart is weak it? ? [11]. People worship Goddess of Mercy is to give birth to a healthy child, thanks to the Dragon King in order to smoke weather conditions, thanks to Kuan Kung in order to protect themselves and their families access to safe and so on. So what kind of utilitarian purposes, secular reason, objective reality makes the religious spirit of the farmers supply a large number of products that religious spirit of the high demand products?
        The author believes that the current rural existence of a large number of non-formal venues for religious activities of religious supply of products there are five reasons: First, there is a strong religious beliefs suppliers own needs, through the establishment of sites for religious activities without permission, can better implement the religious beliefs, to meet the needs of their own religious beliefs. Second, suppliers have a strong profit motive. Sites for religious activities of religious believers in religious ceremonies and participate in religious activities, namely, that the spirit of consumer products, although in nominal terms without having to pay the price, but actually paid the costs. Such as the purchase of various items of worship and devotion of money, which constitutes the income of suppliers sites for religious activities, according to the author survey, nearly 50% of non-formal religious activities of the more-profitable, a few places even the whole family come into action to commercialize the company operation in the phenomenon, religion becomes purely profit-making instruments and tools; third, and the usual barriers to entry are very low operating costs. Money that can build a large venue that can not afford to build a small place, or simply to transform their own housing. Sites established, usually require little cost and liquidity, because of religious believers will bring their own or in the place to buy items of faith. Fourth, the establishment of the formal approval of places of religious activity level is too high, according to the State Council, 'Regulations on Religious Affairs' was set up sites for religious activities to the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities government's religious affairs department for approval. This is bound to affect rural areas, the supply of formal religious activities. According to the author learned that some counties have been approved for years, places of religious activities. 5 is that some parts of the regional distribution of the regular venues for religious activities irrational, resulting in the implementation of religious believers inconvenience, cost too much. Meanwhile, the supply of the spirit of these places are not high quality, service is not good, can not be better to meet the religious needs of believers.
        At present there is a large number of religious spirit of the farmers demand for products also have five reasons: First, the current science and technology are not developed enough, productivity not advanced enough, there are many phenomena in nature can not be recognition by people, so it is easy to find the answer to the religion. This is a people's religious belief to natural causes. Farmers, relatively speaking, scientific, technological and cultural qualities are lower, they are more likely to believe in religion, easier to interpret them through religious confusing things. 2 is due to our long-standing urban-rural dual structure and segmentation, economic status of farmers and political status are relatively low. And urban residents compared with that farmer stronger sense of inferiority, self-evaluation to be poor, so they are more sensitive to religion to seek psychological balance and human dignity. Third, the implementation of the New Deal in the state that is removed from the agricultural tax in rural areas, giving farmers a variety of subsidies and to increase public investment in rural areas before the heavier the burden on peasants, farmers low-income, coupled with the implementation of market-oriented reform health care, education and the implementation of industrialization, farmers no other social security cases, a general feeling tremendous pressure to survive. The grim reality prompted farmers to religion to seek solace and relief. Fourth, the reform has been bound, on the cross-regional flow of 100 million peasants has created tens of millions of stay for the elderly, stay a wife or husband, the spirit of loneliness and miserable prompted them to religion to seek spiritual sustenance. 5 is the current rural culture of the lack of positions and forms of entertainment, but also allow the farmers to escape into the religion to seek the spirit of entertainment.
        3, countermeasures and suggestions.
        Religion has its rise, development and demise of the process of long-term existence in a socialist society, can not use the power of government to the eradication of religion, it is impossible to use the power of government to the development of religion [12]. But because these rural private building sites for religious activities and illegally built with many of the disadvantages of the above analysis, we must find a way to control. I would like from the perspective of supply and demand, proposed separately by road to the short-term treatment and long-term management of the Road.
        Short-term treatment, mainly from the supply of fronts: on the one hand to improve the government-approved supply of formal religious activities. First of all to do the right quantity, layout reasonable, so that religious believers can have a place of worship, but also more convenient, without the need to pay too much time and energy; secondly to improve the quality of supply, can better meet the religious beliefs demand, so that they are willing to participate in these informal venues for religious activities in religious activities.
        On the other hand, increase of these venues for religious activities which illegally occupy the cost of supply-side will give up their profit motive. First to effectively improve the county, township and village network of religious work to bring them the information without authorization to establish places of worship can be more smooth and timely communicated to the government's religious affairs department; Next are the county as a unit, led by the religious affairs department, the joint public security, civil, cultural, security, fire and other departments to form a coalition of law enforcement groups on a regular basis in rural areas, the private construction of venues for religious activities of inspection, reporting and processing; finally engaged in illegal activities for the supply of the main body, the public security departments should be banned according to law, to the parties to violate the criminal law to criminal prosecution.
        The long-term treatment is mainly starting from the demand, demand reduction, these privately built venues for religious activities must also be reduced. First, we must strengthen education for farmers to effectively improve the scientific and cultural knowledge of farmers, reduce the proportion of ignorance and religious; second is a rich spiritual and cultural life of farmers, so farmers have a more positive spiritual sustenance; 3 is real to improve the economic status of farmers and social status, so that they lead a more decent life, will be a minimum of social respect.
        Note:
        [1] for religious activities in general, including monasteries, Taoist temples, mosques, churches, belong to Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Christianity and Catholic venues.
        [2] July 7, 2004 the State Council, adopted by the 57th executive meeting of the 'Regulations on Religious Affairs' article XIII.
        [3] Xinxiang City, Henan Province People's Government Office: 'city held according to law any unauthorized construction of the temple and set up illegal religious activities will be summing up the work', http://www.xinxiang.gov.cn/html/4028815814acaf060114acb4d476001e/2007091613330326.html .
        [4] The Committee of the CPPCC Anhui Province Office: 'Provincial CPPCC members to go to religious study and religious work in Chaohu city, a status report', http://www.ahzx.gov.cn/html/zxyw_4/2007- 09/1190333986.html .
        [5] Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan Province Secretariat of the Fifth Session of the Eighth CPPCC National Committee. A correct understanding of religious issues, do a good job of religious workers, http://www.xxz.gov.cn/develop/73.html.
        [6] They basically no awareness of this issue, do not consider themselves outside of the organization receiving the remote control command.
        [7] here, 'without approval' and 'private build illegally built' and later referred to the 'non-formal' in this paper belong to the same concept.
        [8] Huang Xing Ping: 'Western Rural' belief in the loss of 'warning', 'Lookout '2007 Newsweek 06 years.
        [9] Marx and Engels. Marx and Engels, Selected Works (Volume 3) [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1995.
        [10] renren2b ': China's religions Color', http://www.jysls.com/thread- 130441 - 1 - 1.html.
        [11] Surbana and. Lin Yutang on the Chinese people, http://dadao.net/htm/culture/php/template1.php?id=130.
        [12] of the Central United Front Work Department. Communist Party of China's basic views on religious issues and the basic policy, http://www.zytzb.org.cn/zytzbwz/index.htm. [Free Paper Download Center hi138/Com]