National Park planning and management of scenic spots in China revealed

Abstract: Introduction Wrangell a 圣伊莱亚斯 National Park and protected area planning and management of successful experience, such as legislative, regulatory agencies, operating characteristics, management philosophy and mission and community involvement, scenic spots for China during the planning, construction and management to provide a reference.

Keywords: National parks, scenic areas, planning and management

1 National Park and Wrangell a 圣伊莱亚斯 unique tourism resources of protected areas

1.1 unique natural resources
Wrangell a National Park and protected areas 圣伊莱亚斯 has four peaks above 16,000 feet, more than 150 glaciers, known as the "North Hill Country." Park mountainous, moist winds from the Pacific Ocean on the air to bring a lot of snow here, and the formation of large ice sheets and glaciers in Alaska, the glacier area of ​​the total area of ​​5%, there is also the world's fastest moving glacier, the speed is about 9 meters per day. fancy Park landscape, landscape and ecological history of the complex are from the park where vegetation and plant composition reflected the same time, there is also an animal paradise. live in the mountains around the vigilance of the wild white goats, moose, brown bears, black bears, wolves, and occasionally appear caribou and bison.


1.2 peculiar historical and cultural resources
Here are five famous historical and cultural resources, including archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, ethnographic resources, museum items and structural resources.


2 Wrangell - 圣伊莱亚斯 National Park and Reserve construction and management features

2.1 The establishment of a sound construction and management of national parks system of laws and regulations
In the U.S., almost every national park has its own legislation, such as the 1872 <<Yellowstone National Park Act>> 1980 <<Alaska State Land Conservation Act (ANILCA)>> and so on December 2, .1980. Portland Siegel a 圣伊莱亚斯 National Park and protected areas on land ownership to Alaska Protection Act of ANILCA, the later issued a "temporary protected park management plan." Since then, the National Park staff has prepared an overarching management plan, this plan was drafted in March 1985, revised again in November, culminating in the Park is now the overall management plan (General ManagementPlan).


2.2 Management and Operating Characteristics
2.2.1 Management institutions
U.S. National Park System by the federal Ministry of the Interior's National Park Service (The National Park Service) direct management of it is a typical type of managed centralized management model. Centralized in the main, top-down implementation vertical leadership and supported by other departments and private institutions adjuvant.

2.2.2 Management of scientific
U.S. National Park System has a large number of scientists both inside and outside, the establishment of national parks, planning, protection, utilization and management of long-term research, while, from various government and non-governmental research funds also can be used effectively biodiversity conservation, ecological protection and restoration, use of resources and historical and cultural resources research, so that the management of high technology content.

2.2.3 Planning and Design institutions
Wrangell National Park and a 圣伊莱亚斯 protected area planning and design by the National Park Service under the planning and design center in Denver has sole responsibility for the Denver center is equipped with the relevant planning and design experts, there are landscape architects, biology, ecology, geological, hydrological, meteorological experts and scholars. there are economics, sociology, anthropology experts, who not only responsible for the overall planning and design of national parks, national parks are also responsible for the design of individual buildings and construction supervision work.

2.2.4 Operating Characteristics
Wrangell National Park and a 圣伊莱亚斯 protected areas requires all commercial projects to carry out business here must be "commercial use license (Cornmercial Use Authorization. Referred to CUA)". CUA is the authorized person (individuals, corporations and other entities) in a limited environment to provide business services park visitors, but it is not equivalent to the concession contract, which aims to give visitors to the park in limited circumstances authorized by the simple means of appropriate business services to meet their basic needs. CUA There are two types of business services may be authorized, is called the "Park Service (In-Park Service)", refers to the park to provide services income of more than $ 2,500, the other is " park service (Out-Of-Park Service) ", mainly refers to the outer boundary of the park on the occasional use of resources by authorized commercial service, can be avoided because of the entry of private enterprise led to environmental damage. Share on free download http://www.hi138.com 2.3 Park vision - "The concept of public welfare."
All U.S. national parks and always carry out such a concept - "the concept of public welfare," that, according to the national park resources, determine the nature of the mission of public service, and to establish appropriate funding mechanism and mission, management mechanism, operating mechanism, monitoring mechanism, etc. to assurance management tools, management skills and adapt management objectives in the management of national parks and also uphold this kind of thinking: to maintain the authenticity of resources, integrity, so that the main purpose of sustainable use is the U.S. national parks for public welfare services will In the first row of the mission, and stressed that fully meet the needs of sustainable use of contemporary people. This "public good" concept is worth to learn from China's scenic spots.


2.4 focus on public participation
U.S. National Parks Establishment and Management of the public has always attached great importance to the community involved, whether it is national park management plans, park specific management policies have to adjust and modify, or face the construction, management, protection, and other specific issues, focus on adoption of public opinion, so for Alaska's state-owned land or private use, or related activities are extensive environmental impact assessment to learn Alaska Native tribal members and elders of the comments.


Three pairs of our construction and management of scenic spots Inspiration

3.1 improve the scenic area management related laws and regulations
China's need to scenic areas of function, nature and management system characteristics, develop a related scenic areas of legal documents or the "National Parks Act" to further regulate the scenic area protection and management, the area's important heritage resources planning, management and protection of the laws and regulations can be placed under the control.


3.2 The reform of management system, build new and efficient business management system
China's scenic spots should learn from the U.S. National Park scientific and rational management system, recommended the establishment directly under the State Department's "Scenic Area Administration", directly manages the country's scenic spots, the abolition of long leadership chaos while scenic area management should be present compartmentalization of management into the sector, focusing on the different functions and interests of the main space and a reasonable division of responsibilities, to achieve national, local, regulators, between the four residents of a reasonable distribution of benefits. to establish the ownership, management rights and management rights The scenic area management system separation, while recommended that the use of the many franchise contracts, and commercial uses CUA business approach.


3.3 National Park must be consistent with the philosophy and mission
Some scenic spots in China's so-called reform process in a fundamental threat "to protect the primary" and "public welfare" of these two basic concepts, so our scenic spots during the construction and management process, the need to follow the United States national park system, the logic of building: community needs to decide its mission - the mission to determine their system - the system determines the configuration of power and resources.


3.4 Community residents benefit sharing
Scenic areas to maximize the economic function should not indulge in "the area to take money", but should form a community of interests with the surrounding community, the development of the community and surrounding areas benefit from the same time, community residents should be fully involved in the supervision of scenic to the process, can be organized, including a local government, experts and scholars, local residents, including oversight bodies, the main body of the real-time or time to effectively monitor the project activities, scenic, or policy changes to modify community residents held a hearing to obtain development of a solid social basis. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com