New public management and comparative analysis of new public services

Abstract: The theory of administrative reform is undoubtedly the most impressive upstart "new public management", compared to education, it abandoned the traditional perspective on political theory, but from the perspective of reshaping the market and the economics of many administrative philosophy and values, creating a whole new administrative framework for the development of the same time, it must be noted that, to Dan Hate couples, represented by some scholars for the new public management theory put forward their different views, and to advocate "service rather than at the helm," the new public service theory, their views on our services administration research has great significance worthy of attention.

Keywords: new public management, new public services, public administration

A new public management theory

New Public Management as a new management model, its theoretical basis and the previous administration theory is quite different. If the traditional public administration to Wilson, Goodnow political-administrative dichotomy theory and Weber's bureaucracy On the anchor of their theory, the new public management and private places of modern economics, management theory and methods as its theoretical basis the new public management believes that those who have and are being successfully used by the private sector with the management, such as performance management, goal management, organizational development, human resources development is not unique to the private sector, they can be applied to public sector management.


2 new basic characteristics of public administration

First, the new public management has changed the traditional model of public relations between the government and society, re-government relationship between the functions of their social positioning: the government is no longer superior, "self service" bureaucracy, government official personnel should be responsible "corporate managers and executives," the public is to provide government revenue "taxpayers" and access to government services in return for the "customer" or "customer" of government services should be customer-oriented, should be enhance responsiveness to the needs of the public force.

Secondly, with the total investment in traditional public administration only, excluding output, the new public management pay more attention to outputs and outcomes of government activities, that the importance of providing public services, efficiency and quality of the resulting attention given to "front-line managers and executives." (ie low-level civil service) to, authority, responsibility, such as planning and budgeting, the emphasis on the organization's strategic goals and long-term plans, emphasis on the budget "total" control, to first-line managers in resource allocation, staffing, etc. sufficient autonomy to adapt to changing and uncertain external environment and the changing needs of the public.

Third, closely related with the previous point, new public management, public administration, against the traditional compliance with established Laws and regulations re-light performance measurement and evaluation approach advocated relaxation of strict administrative regulation (that is, mainly through regulations, system control), to achieve strict performance targets control that determine the organization, individual targets, and show marked according to performance (performance indicator) targets the completion of the measurement and evaluation, resulting so-called three E, that is, economic (economy), efficiency ( efficency) and effect (effect) and other three variables.

Fourth, the traditional exclusion of private sector management of public administration in different ways, the new public management emphasize the success of the government's extensive use of private sector management methods and tools (such as cost-benefit analysis, total quality management, management by objectives, etc.) and competition, the abolition of public monopolistic supply of services, such as "government business contract hire," "competitive bidding" and the new public management that the Government's main function is of course to provide services to the community, but this does not mean that all public services should be built by the government direct provision of Government services should be based on the content and nature of the different ways to take the appropriate supply.

Fifth, in view of the relationship between civil and administrative officer, the New Public Management and traditional public administration there is a clear distinction between the traditional public administration emphasized the separation of politics and administration, emphasizing the civil service (including the senior civil service) to maintain political neutrality and the principle of anonymity, New Public Management is to address the administration has strong political overtones, emphasizing civil and administrative officer close interaction exists between the relationship and penetration, especially on the part of senior civil service should be political appointments, let them participate in policy-making process, and bear the corresponding responsibility to keep their political sensitivity, it should not be policy-making and administration completely separate fact traditional public administration, political-administrative dichotomy in the real world also will not work because Congress, the president and other political institutions and administrative officer for the policy issues are often only made principled objectives and specific policy initiatives are developed by the executive and the civil service and to be implemented, which in itself is an authoritative allocation of social values ​​that the political decision-making process, during which the inevitable mixed with the civil service to personal beliefs and values ​​when the civilian government official policies of the misgivings and even dissatisfaction, they may even deliberately obstruct implementation. In addition, civil service owned by five major advantages determine the civil service to a large extent, influence and even dominate the decision of Administrative Officer, one term advantage, long-term, some services, and administrative officer with the short-term change of government (the U.S. government official shall hold office only 22 months on average). Second, the advantage of expertise, it is affairs official duties for a long time in a department Administrative Officer inevitable result of frequent transfers. Third, Information superiority. served by the Chief Information Officer affairs officer screening process, and the filtering process Information much to do. Fourth, the time advantage affairs officer major focus on work within the Ministry, while government officials focus on to meet parliamentary question, the Cabinet meeting, contact the voter and other issues. Fifth, the number of scale advantages, between government and the bureaucracy of the serious imbalance in this case, if mandatory civil service's political neutrality is neither feasible nor reasonable. it will only make the civil service lost their political sensitivity and the responsiveness to public demands, only to face the political administration and civil service functions, in order to improve their self-consciousness, that is In addition to dutifully implement policies, the more proactive approach to design policy agenda, and use discretion in the development of public policy, to make policies more effectively solve social problems. Links to free download http://www.hi138. theory of public service com 3

From Plato and Aristotle to Rousseau, Howard is not Sri Lanka to Marx, who produced for the government and the nature of the exposition is a fundamental difference, however, resulting in the government and the presence of man this is common. Plato the emergence and existence of government as a justice or a "good implementation" of human consciousness through the practice of the government of this organization means to achieve happiness, people "because of the need of many things, we invited many people to live together , as a partner and assistant, the public residential area, we called it to do city. "Aristotle and then refers to" the city is a high and broad social groups, human life can be completely self-sufficiency, and its actual existence is to a good life. "developed to Rousseau, he suggested that the government is a general will. have the right people are transferring part of their contract entered into, in essence, is owned by the people, the purpose of human services . Hobbesian nature of government is defined as: "a large group of people entered into a letter about each other, each are authorized to act for him, so that it can benefit everyone thinks peace and common defense of the use of all forces and means means of a personality. "and is different from the above, Marx government's history of the emergence and development of the division, found that two different types of government: the government and the private system of government under public ownership, which is the government and people value highly the same government, the nature of the full realization of the same people in the new management of public criticism and reflection, based on a number of scholars have proposed a new theory of new public services. Dan Hate couples the new public services and new public management is a typical paradigm, they have made considerable guidance on the meaning of the administrative services of the seven areas: (1) service rather than at the helm, (2) the public interest is the target rather than the by-product, (3 ) strategic thinking, democratic action, (4) service of citizens, not customers, (5) liability is not a single, (6) pay attention to people and not just productivity, (7) beyond the entrepreneurial identity, citizenship and public attention services. Mr. Xia Shuzhang have such evaluation, "in the traditional public administration and new public management, the emergence of new public service campaign, not accidental, it is whether the theoretical point of view between them and the specific content of the differences and disputes how there thing seems certain and can not be ignored, or to remind the public management that emphasizes the main or the final analysis, the nature of public service. "and the new public management based on personal interests to maximize the economic notions very different, the new public services based on notions of public interest, is based on public administration services for citizens and serve them wholeheartedly really on top of the new public service beyond the new public management is mainly reflected in: ① new public service calls to maintain public interests, "when citizens to act in the public interest, the wider interests of society in order from a separate, isolated existence from out of and into the presence of a virtue and integrity, dedication to the community the process of enabling individuals to become final integrity ", far beyond this concept based on personal self-interest on the basis of new public management theory. ② new respect for civil rights in public services with emphasis on the new public service advocates insist that between government and citizens is different from the business and customer relations, "the citizen has a public affairs knowledge, a sense of belonging, a concern of the whole, one's own destiny and moral solidarity of the community contract." advocates believe that new public service If public organizations on the basis of respect for citizens through cooperation and sharing process to run, it will be a success. ③ new public service role of the government to reposition the new public service see the field of contemporary political life, one of the most significant changes that policy changes in the government is no longer in control of the helm, but only very important players. more interest groups directly involved in policy formulation and implementation into the new public service administrative staff should be conscious that to, public programs and public resources are not part of their own, as a responsible participant, not entrepreneurs, they are "stewards of public resources, civil rights and democratic dialogue facilitator, a catalyst for community involvement, street-level leadership who "will increasingly play a mediation role of coordination and even ruling.


4 Inspiration

First, the new public management to adjust the government and society, the relationship between markets, to introduce competition into the government's public services, such as the implementation of "government business contract hire," "competitive bidding" to encourage private investment and operation of public service industries, to break the monopoly of the government to improve the efficiency and quality of public services, but also ease the financial difficulties of the government. our public services, especially in the infrastructure industry, there is a long-term shortage of funds caused by the "basic bottleneck" situation, a serious constraint the overall development of the national economy and the effective functioning of market mechanisms, so the West can learn from the practice in strengthening the "industrial control" at the same time, within a certain range to allow and encourage non-state-owned property to enter these areas cooperate with the state-owned property or separate investment and business, which is conducive to the formation of public service supply competition and pressure structure to improve their economic and social benefits.

Second, the new public management focus on compliance with Laws and regulations as determined to focus on actual job performance, especially the customer (public) satisfaction with the direction of development, which should be regarded as the Western public administration and personnel management more a sign of maturity, of course, in the present stage of public administration and personnel management is facing major problems and priority is to establish and improve a healthy set of administrative regulations and personnel regulations (such as the development <<National Public Service Law>>), and to ensure the implementation of these Laws and regulations, to achieve administrative and personnel management, legal, but we should also think about this question: the final analysis, our government is the people's servants, so in the development and implementation of Laws and regulations, people should always be the fundamental interests of orientation, always close to the social reality, close to public demand.

Third, the new public management to some of the scientific enterprise management methods, such as management by objectives, performance evaluation, the introduction of cost accounting and other areas of public administration, improving government efficiency is to promote the role, although public administration and business management, public departments and the private sector, in their purpose, all the objects and methods are different, complete with corporate management, especially the private sector management methods to implement the public administration is not feasible, but the company management, especially the emphasis on private sector management efficiency, attention to output, attention to scientific management, pay attention to market demand and customer feedback, these can be for the public administration including management of public administration in China learn.

Finally, it is noted that even with the developed capitalist countries, Europe and the United States, due to historical conditions, cultural traditions and other aspects of the different, the implementation of new public management processes, speed, focus and the specific measures are each characteristic. China is a socialist country, drawing on their practices and experience, should be based on national conditions, take the "endogenous development path", a simple copy from, not conducive to socialism with Chinese characteristics, institutions and public administration establishment and improvement of the civil service system. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com