Public participation in urban management issues of style

Abstract: As cities grow, how to more effectively manage the city and how to maximize the interests of the public has become more widespread concern. Based on the form of public participatory urban management from a theoretical summary of research to the practice of States, including China's Development, to explore the public participatory management in our country how to make more efficient use and improvement of the problem, making this form more extensively to promote the city's administration building.

Keywords: theoretical study and practice of public participation in policy recommendations

The so-called employee involvement is related to their work, life and some level of restraint in the organizational decision-making involved in the management of urban areas, this would involve public participation in the government organization of urban management involvement, including policy formulation , modify, implement, monitor and other areas at the same time, it emphasizes the subject of public interest as a social and participation in urban management, decision-making and management.

Public participatory management from theory to practice about half a century of exploration experience, experienced the importance of the public interest - low level of civic participation - Public participation is widely advocated the Development of their participation in a variety of forms and means of change is through continuous change and improve, but even in public participation has been growing today, public participation in each country is still full of the unbalanced nature of this effect by differences in historical background, but also with the Development of different concepts related to urban management this paper from the United States Germany and China Nanchang city management in practice the angle of the case analysis of the problem.


First, the domestic and international public participatory management practices

1. Philadelphia model - full public participation in urban planning
Public participation in urban management in the United States has been the formation of a relatively perfect system, but the public has a more general sense of participation, thus providing a lot of public participation in management practice and experience the U.S. city governments to mobilize stakeholders to participate in the management of the many ways and most of them have been institutionalized from the Philadelphia Chinatown Chinatown residents against the city in the north of the establishment and win baseball games can be instances of public participation in the United States to explore the status and extent of urban management.

In 2000, the Philadelphia city government want in Chinatown where near 12 Street and Vine Street to build baseball fields for the protection of Chinatown's traditional style, the living environment and future Development, the Development of the Philadelphia Chinatown Chinese Association and all would be well residents began the battle against the new baseball field in town planning and construction of public participation in the April 12 hearing at the City Council, Chinatown community residents verbally expressed opposition to the construction of baseball fields, and from then the history of Chinatown, state of life, environmental protection has submitted written objections to the report. Philadelphia mayor and Baseball positive response, and should be an invitation to visit Chinatown, but still insist in making baseball field built in the northern part of the original program Chinatown In response to this decision, Chinatown community residents did not give up fight for their own interests, but more determined opposition, and through demonstrations, send representatives to negotiate with the city council and other ways to express their opposition, then turned to 'the environment discrimination "sued on behalf of the mayor of Philadelphia, to make it into the proceedings. Meanwhile, the Chinatown community also set up a number of professional committees, including the Legal Committee, Construction Committee, fund-raising committee, communications and public relations committees to seek City Council and the person in charge, the support of other communities and their representatives, and public participation in similar cases collected for analysis, multi-faceted attack, resulting in greater pressure to the city, eventually forcing the government to give up the baseball field in the Chinatown building program, re- for the baseball stadium site.

This is public participation in urban planning and construction of a typical case, public participation throughout the entire decision-making stage, not just the more common decision-making and public hearing before the comment period, but that even if the government has made a relevant decision-making, as long as the basis for decision making problems, stakeholders can still be actively involved in Public participation is the American way of diversification of the characteristics of participatory urban management, one common problem of will, the neighborhood planning meetings and mobile teams, etc. play a major role in the public's role planning stage, mainly the public meeting, and many more public comment and public hearings will be conducted, it has become a social democratic system in the urban management planning important manifestation.

2. Stuttgart model - a two-phase public participation
German public participation in urban planning can be divided into two stages, namely initial public participation and formal public participation. The former refers to the Planning ago, invited the public to plan for the constructive views and adjustment, which is refers to the completion of Planning, Planning Exhibition to the public through the collection of public criticism by the public to explain the approval stage. Here is the construction of Stuttgart Square case study.

Stuttgart Square is located in Berlin Charlottenburg - Wilmersdorf district, the plan is to build parks, need to update Berlin light rail line 3 and the light rail station Charlottenburg eastward. Ministry of Urban Development Conference to follow < <Construction Code>> Stuttgart Square Park and the development of relevant project planning, published by the Berlin government brochure open to the public to convey planning information, and in Berlin the Government Gazette, publications and open public participation on the Internet's statement, while in the planning hearing conference and the information to the public square in Stuttgart on the specific project statement. the public understanding of the relevant information and advice to planning authorities in planning the evaluation and proposed changes. Ministry of Urban Development and Planning meeting of experts and the public to develop a more comprehensive planning program, and again in the bulletin, publications and the Internet to make on the revised plan, planning, and public opinion based on the adoption of the general statement, this time to explain public participation into the public phase of this kinds of statements lasted a month, in the public interpretation of this period, everyone can put their own desire to make suggestions or changes to, and then re-assess the public by the management committee's recommendations and submitted to the District Council and the Berlin State Parliament decision. Stuttgart Square throughout the project planning to develop are based on <<Construction Code>> strictly, and fully protect the public participation in urban planning and construction rights.

3. Nanchang mode - type in polls
Nanchang Planning Board to develop plans for urban development and planning in the direction on Bayi Square, according to other content displayed to the public, distributed to the public opinion survey, but the effect is not obvious. The people involved were not enthusiastic, public opinion survey of low recovery rate, in addition to professionals and intellectuals, the general public the concept of planning and construction is also very vague, the City Planning Board made plans to build their own views and less expression of the will, and to reflect some of the problems are not related with the planning program. for the recovery of the questionnaire the public to make comments and suggestions, the city government to give necessary attention, and to solve some problems can be solved quickly, but the public opinion survey on the final disposition of the case not to explain to the public or in the subsequent planning process of adjustment and change, in addition to planning the April 1 date, then a more formal public participation, the usual lack of specific mechanisms and pathways involved in city planning and management were to go from the planning process, public access in a lack of continuity and interaction, pre-poll is more like "collect information" does not reflect the majority of the public on how to build the true wishes of the city, and in public opinion investigation, it did not have a special committee for the agencies and the public to assess and explain the views of the public not to participate in urban planning and management of the entire process, public participation is also part of a low level of participation.


Second, the public participatory management practices of the International Comparison

Nanchang city planning public participation in cases associated with the United States and Germany formed a strong contrast to the case, from which you can see our shortcomings and virtues of the two countries learn from the experience.

1 involved in the mechanism of legal protection, and sound public participation mechanisms for the public to participate in urban construction and management provides a viable path, precisely because the United States and Germany, more comprehensive participation in the program and the way that makes public participation has been more obvious effect , compared to China's urban planning and management, public participation means more single, the lack of a sound mechanism for protection, therefore, makes the stage of public participation in a backward, from the above case, the United States and Germany, although participation mechanism is not completely consistent, but have a similar context: a planning council or Planning Board motion - to the public hearing or to the public through the media and other forms of notice, to provide relevant information - the public on motion planning comments and suggestions, feedback to the City Government - departments to respond, for comments and suggestions to analyze - the revised motion publicity - public re-evaluation - motion decisions, in specific urban planning decisions after the public comments also have the power, as long as the legal basis, can also be and then influence, even if the public agreed that planning, public participation does not mean stop, in the planning and construction stages of implementation, the public can also participate in the monitoring process to such public participation mechanism is continuous throughout the urban management planning process, while public participation in China are mainly concentrated in the initial stages of planning programs to the public soon, and the public to understand and consider the views of most of the urban management level of public participation is limited to this in the planning departments to make the approval, licensing and other administrative acts, neglect of public participation in pre-program and do not have to institutionalize the public participation process to be established. this participation mechanism of the defects, making our cities less robust public participation the cornerstone of public participatory urban management could hardly be developed. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com 2. awareness on public participation rights and obligations, etc. even though there are good public participation mechanisms, participatory urban management is also inseparable from the positive public response, if the lack of public enthusiasm for participation, then the entire city administration building work real hard to get public comments and suggestions, will still be grabbed into a government department, public passive acceptance situation, and this phenomenon is precisely China's urban management process that often appear in contrast, the United States and Germany, as the history of public participation is relatively long, active participation of the public generally higher in the Philadelphia Chinatown the case of public participation in the planning stages of the case of the introduction of publicity, the residents of Chinatown community in a public hearing on the objections, and make more efforts such as inviting government officials to visit Chinatown, demonstrations, support for other community etc. Place in Stuttgart, Germany to build the case, Germany is also actively involved in public, reflecting their true wishes of the case on the planning and valuable suggestions. Nanchang Urban Planning Exhibition of China's case, over a million people but only a few hundred people attended the public opinion survey The recovery rate is not high, the contents of the table from the survey reflect the point of view, some people hold on some issues indifference, these phenomena are a reflection of our weak sense of public participation, and the virtues of other countries reflect a far cry from the public, the lack of urban "ownership" spirit.

3. The legal system and improve the modern society is a society ruled by Law, the public only on the basis of clear legal protection in order to get the exact construction and management of urban planning in the dominant position, and broader participation in the management process to the United States, Germany, in the management of public have an exemplary role in the Western developed countries, the legal system are often also more robust, such as Germany's <<Construction Code>> its for public participation in urban planning and construction will have a specific and clear legal provisions, and this public participation procedures and methods in the federal state and local Laws and regulations, and according to local conditions to be improved and concrete in the United States, in order to ensure public participation efforts, the federal government to the extent of public participation as an important basis for investment, and formulated relevant Laws and regulations, environmental regulations, such as the 1970s and 1990s, new federal traffic Law, public participation in urban planning program content are constantly deepening. to reflect our existing legal system, <<People's Republic of Planning Law >> The only requirement is the "City planning is approved, the city government should be published", not after the publication of the relevant provisions of public participation, that is just from a legal point of view to establish the public's right to know, as participation is not subject to legal protection. This lack of legal system and regulations are often not easy to make the aspirations of the people expressed interest can not be fully protected, which dampened the enthusiasm for public participation and initiative.

4 form and means of public participation. Diverse forms of public participation and promote public participation in the required way to emphasis the other hand, only has a wealth of forms of participation in the wider public participation will be developed on the extent of the U.S. public forms of participation in a distinct diversity in the urban planning development stage of public participation in the form of public hearings, public information committee, public opinion surveys, neighborhood institutions, Planning Board and the flow in the design and selection is used when planning public vote, participate in the design and public seminars, etc., in the planning stages of implementation through various forms of education makes for better public access to planning, training, participation in the planning stage is the feedback telephone hotline set up counseling centers and other public feedback received from planning the development of monitoring feedback to the final stage has a different form of public participation, public participation in urban planning and construction management of the essential ways, while in Germany, organizers of public meetings is the most commonly used form, and Advisory Committee and the public have the jury system, but also through the media and Internet and other modern forms of public participation, compared to China in the form of public participation is necessary to much less than is usually announced in the Government to make urban planning, through public opinion Survey feedback their own information, is also using the web-based survey form, but the impact is more limited, the lack of planning and management process throughout the diversification of forms, so innovation with Chinese characteristics, the form of public participation in urban management and the way is also of concern one.


Third, improve public participation in the system, and promote the harmonious development of cities

According to above analysis, public participation in China's shortcomings, from the following aspects on the promotion of recommendations to improve our public participation, and promote public participation in development.

1 institution building first, clear in the program, according to the United States and Germany to participate in the public system construction experience, how to create smooth full public participation in the key lies in establishing a sound mechanism, clearly involved in the program. Combined with China's urban management in transition period features, explore not only meet the interests of the people, and practical engagement, we must pay attention to the construction of the system advocated by the feasibility of strengthening the system.

(2) improve the quality of citizens, strengthening participation in publicity from the start the quality of citizens, to raise people's consciousness and cultural enrichment; publicity makes the public to public participation in urban management have a clearer idea, as well as their rights and obligations are more clearly knowledge, so as to increase public participation in the initiative, completely changed the status of public participation in consciousness, and promote public participation in development.

3 is the basis for legal protection, and promote public participation in the legal system. China is still a lack of real urban management method, in the existing legal regulations on public participation is not very seriously. To develop or improve relevant laws is particularly important.

4. Rich in the form of innovative participatory approach: In addition to the people's congress, the hearing is now widely used in the form of one, on this basis, can increase the use of hearing, and to carry out a variety of public comment meeting for the public participation to provide more platform access to media, Internet and other means, and community self-government platform to collect public views, and explain the situation to make the admissibility of opinion. for different urban management problems in the innovation in different ways, so the public have the opportunity and platform to participate in the construction management to the city.


References:
[1] 盖伊彼得斯, <<the government's future governance model>> [M], China Renmin University Press, 2001.

[2] Party Wing, Wang Yan, <<United States: Philadelphia public participation in urban planning case>> [J], www.cnki.net.

[3] Yang Guiqing, <<Analysis of the contemporary American city planning public participation>> [J], Urban Planning Overseas, 2002 (2).

[4] Yin Cheng-zhi, <<German public participation in urban construction>> [J], urban problems, 2005 (4).

Links to free download http://www.hi138.com