Competition, supervision, and win-win

Abstract: At present, China's industrial development is in transition from extensive to intensive development of the development of a critical period of transition, to strengthen environmental protection and promote sustainable development strategies have become requirements of the times, especially the practice of building a harmonious society in depth and put forward the concept of green GDP , construction and environmental protection in China's higher environmental governance requirements to face emerging regional environmental pollution and destruction and other issues, this focus on the analysis of regional environmental governance in intergovernmental relations and propose solutions to the specific solution to promotion of regional environmental governance to gather together from separate negative change.

Keywords: Regional Environmental Public Policy Intergovernmental Relations

First, the concept of China's regional environmental governance have

As China's transition into industrialization, environmental management has been increasing attention. Green GDP, the concept of a harmonious society proposed further that the position of our government attention to environmental protection and limit the determination of environmental pollution, but due to regulatory absence of a sound system of local environmental policy chaotic complex systems such reasons, various types of environmental pollution accident is still emerging, China's ecological environment is still in the "local improvement, the overall deterioration in the outlook concerns," the embarrassing situation in which a particularly prominent issue is the regional Environmental Governance Regional environmental governance in China is still relatively new concept, its definition of the current scholars also more ambiguous from the literal meaning of the "'zone' is the focus of people under study and that the content designated for people management can define the scope of regulation ", the regional environmental governance can be summarized in two or more administrative units that span the geographical environment of integrated environmental protection and remediation in this article, refers primarily to the administrative unit referred to the county and municipal governments. China has a vast many environmental problems with both the indivisibility of governance, but also has jurisdiction of the administrative division, which requires relevant departments to break the administrative division, will help build a new regional environmental management of intergovernmental relations, so as to force the system to address regional environmental issues protection.


Second, the regional environmental governance in the analysis of the plight of intergovernmental relations

At present, though the idea of ​​regional cooperation, governance gained in importance, but most studies still remain in the meaning and principles of analysis, far from being widely used. In fact, in theory and practice, the regional environmental management is facing many difficulties .

In theory, the traditional central - local levels, environmental management system, involving the same level of regional environmental management is the process of government spontaneous game, and thus there are also difficulties can be summarized as the following two aspects:
1 Due to level of government self-interest caused by the "tragedy of commons"
Suppose the current A, B two to share a common regional level of government resources (water, trees, etc.), the two sides can choose to use or excessive use of conservation protection in two ways, different means to bring the two sides of the game for the foreseeable income must be different, the game mode can form the following data chart (data for the virtual value)

This table shows that when A, B two government co-governance, the interests of both the sum of the maximum, is the game's best ending, however, due to regional environmental interoperability, if one party did not take environmental action, the other side By his own interests is difficult to receive good regional governance results. taking into account the environmental management of the huge capital investments and other costs of alternative industries for the A, B, respectively, the best solution is to control their own and do not enjoy the other government's environmental achievements. So in the pursuit of maximizing their own interests, driven by motives, the game easily turned to the worst results, that the parties are due to environmental pollution suffered huge losses.

2. Externalities of economic activity brought about by the regional environmental impact.

Is a so-called externalities of economic entities engaged in certain activities on the welfare of society or other person had an impact, and this is not because the main economic impact of pay or compensation in some areas due to environmental natural features, one against the other government environmental quality of the government as a great dependence, for example, a common river basin of the upper-governmental organizations afforestation, pollution control, so that downstream residents in the production and living water is guaranteed, the produce the external economy, but in reality, the lack of common economic interests of the target, the government often lacks the upper reaches of the motivation to protect the environment if they think the benefits of environmental protection is insufficient to cover costs may be waived or relaxed environmental protection measures, This will lower the government have an extremely adverse environmental impacts.

In reality, the regional environmental governance is facing more obstacles, such as decision-making disputes, technical difficulties in the implementation, responsibility for a series of vaguely defined issues, making the development of regional environmental governance practice has not yet formed a national policy organization system and adequate protection .

From the above analysis, we can see at this stage to resolve the plight of the region's key environmental protection, fall on the government consolidate the power of local Administration, coordinating the relationship between the local Administration, while coordination on environmental issues arise mainly due to weak three : First, the lack of information communication mechanism between regions caused the isolation and distrust; second is the lack of adequate monitoring mechanisms for the proper constraints of the actors; third is the lack of adequate incentives to guide the behavior of local governments to form a common goals.


Third, our regional inter-governmental relations model for future planning and new ways to achieve

For the earlier, the emergence of regional environmental governance difficulties mainly from three reasons, namely: a lack of communication between the various regional governments, lack of motivation and no interest in environmental protection. So the important functions of the central government, but also can be summarized as building win-win situation, competition and supervision of the new model of intergovernmental relations. drawing on existing experience and theory at home and abroad, the ways and means to build include the following:

(A) the mode of cooperation
1 integration of policy objectives at all levels of government policy coordination is largely due to different local policies inconsistent with the objectives arising from As repeatedly emphasized the central and publicity, local governments have a strong environmental awareness in general, but for regional environmental quality and to what extent the specific protection, which policy goals to achieve, in the same region, the government has a different idea of ​​the different Central Government not only to grasp the macro macro-environmental policies, but also actively involved in the harmonization of environmental policies in place to develop a unified regional policy objectives.

Pursuit of environmental protection is not the pursuit of full social pollution. Not to use environmental resources, social resources can also cause the low efficiency of Government environmental policy goal should be the ideal level of emissions and management level, that the cost of pollution control costs and The composition of the community and the lowest total cost, so the government should force the use of a variety of technical experts on the regional environment to do a comprehensive study to measure the regional environmental quality and the most reasonable governance. and should be developed as a basis for a unified and coordinated within the region environmental policy objectives, and ultimately in the region to build a unified policy planning, policy framework to ensure the unity and integrity.

(2) policy research resource sharing and integration
A unified policy planning, the regional environmental policy and details the scientific area is also targeted integration of regional environmental governance a key factor research policy will inevitably lead to the dispersion of the narrow vision of the decline in science and policy, also contributed to research resources inefficient use of present, China's environmental policy research including government policy and university research departments research resources. to achieve the policy of integration of resources, first of all to advance the research capabilities within the region to the free exchange and sharing of information can be led by the Government, leading research institutions, through the organization of regular forums, expert seminars, cooperation projects, etc. to promote academic exchanges on environmental protection area. Secondly, the government should improve the information transmission mechanism. the exchange of information and policy research and coordination of delivery is an important guarantee for the central government higher authority should be set up regional management agencies to guide the parties to research and services, and the establishment of regional information centers to ensure that information on the various departments within the region to effectively and accurately delivered.

3. Build policy of "administrative complex" mechanism.

"Compound Administration" in recent years, scholars in the settlement of regional economic integration in the proposed concept, I believe, "compound Administration," the principles and measures in environmental governance in the region also has a larger application space. So-called compound Administration, which emphasize cross-administrative divisions, cross-administrative level between the different government, non-governmental organizations to attract participation by overlapping, nested and form a multi-center, self-governance mechanisms of cooperation.

To this end, the central government should take the initiative to break the "administrative border", to create administrative region and across the region-specific entities, the organization after the founding of our country for some special areas such as the Yellow River formed another committee, the Hoh Xil Nature Reserve Administration and other regional organizations will, however, that organizations do not cover a national area of ​​the environment, but also the formal establishment of these organizations are mostly independent organization, lack of integrity and ability to penetrate the society as a whole. To establish within the region "composite administrative" mechanism, to prevent the body from the perspective of the expansion, the most suitable for a similar matrix form of organization, decision-making from the administrative environment around the transferred functions related to the composition of regional departments and the organization generally should have higher administrative privileges, to prevent the execution of its decision-making problem of insufficient addition, the organization should be broad to attract the participation of social forces, absorb feedback from the community to achieve a higher execution and responsiveness of unity. Links to free download http://www . hi138.com (b) the mode of competition
If the mode of cooperation between the government's role is to reduce transaction costs, ensure the coordination and improvement of environmental policies, the mode of competition policy is to improve the efficiency of the incentives necessary due to local governments within the region have a general to specific environmental problems common management tasks and goals, also has a more clear and common responsibility, which is within the region to build competitive relationship between the government provided the conditions.

Inter-regional competition for environmental protection can be achieved through the following two ways:
1. Competitive eco-compensation mechanism
The so-called eco-compensation mechanism is based on protecting the ecological environment and promote harmony between man and nature for the purpose of the integrated use of administrative and market-based instruments, adjust the ecological environment protection and construction of the relationship between the interests of relevant parties of environmental economic policies, the progressive realization of economic means and downstream between inside and outside protected areas of natural, mineral resources and consumer of the balance of interests, and promote the regional economic, environmental and social development.

Ecological compensation mechanism of competition is mainly manifested in two aspects. First, the implementation of national unity in the region's tax policies to ensure that the regional pollution control standards. Second, the state of governance within the region for a high performance government units should be a way to tax award, thereby forming positive incentives, to achieve "pay less pollution, more pollution and more pay" principle of environmental governance.

(2) establish a benchmark for environmental protection department, active in all sectors of benchmarking
The so-called benchmarking, which typically excellent set up within the region, and its best practices and measures to expand the application to other sectors, resulting in the region in all sectors and all levels of government to create a good competition and the learning atmosphere. Excellent typical set itself is dynamic and changing process that can be adopted by the Government evaluation and investigation to discover and learn through the organization, etc. to be commended and published by the department can take the initiative to look for areas of outstanding environmental performance of the reference department, while benchmarking also means more than just learn, but also means competition and beyond, thereby to "benchmark" areas of learning to become the new "benchmark." governance issues within the region and the similarity is no doubt that benchmarking has been more applicability.


(C) monitoring mode
Build relationships in local government, the supervision relationship is undoubtedly very important element is the fact that many environmental policies, poor implementation and ineffective policy itself is not due to the lack of content, but because of the level of peace between levels of government lack of effective supervision mechanism due.

In traditional government oversight mechanisms, higher levels of government tend to occupy the main position, many environmental problems of governance and the environment is mainly determined by the higher authorities to implement the inspection, however, due to higher levels of government away from the first line of policy implementation is often difficult to accurately grasp information, making "policies, under the measures" have occurred. our traditional environmental supervision and administrative management, including integrated management oversight and supervision of two departments dedicated, while the two departments of buck-passing zone and also makes unclear lax supervision of environmental governance is still widespread.

I believe that to achieve effective regional inter-governmental oversight clear relationship between the first region in a clear, unified regulatory agency, to give a regional "complex administration" the highest regulatory authority for the department for a uniform and comprehensive regional environmental monitoring. The second is to strengthen regional regulations of the building, the local government acts and seriously implement uniform regulations, especially a strict inter-regional environmental pollution recovery system, such as the establishment of regional environmental governance margin, making the areas affected by external contamination through the recovery procedures are clear and reasonable compensation for pollution source regions. Third, is to improve the performance of local government inspection system. on the performance of local governments to conduct a detailed study environmental management and assessment, according to regional environmental management performance of local government decision to higher levels of government financial support to get to the bottom region to assess the reasons for failure , the deadline to correct, environmental protection investment, the environment improved significantly, high level of environmental protection in areas of high technology to increase the budget so as to further enhance the local governments of the importance attached to regional environmental governance.


References:
[1] Wu Ming, public policy, economic analysis [M]. Changsha: Hunan People's Publishing House, 2004.

[2] Zhang Yujun, the U.S. system of environmental management economic analysis [J]. Renmin University of China Environmental Science, 2006 (3).

[3] Wang Jian, Bao Jing, Freeman Lau, Wang Dian-Lee, "compound administration" of the proposed solution --- Contemporary Chinese administrative divisions of regional economic integration and conflict, new ideas [J]. Chinese administration. 2004 (3).

[4] in the red, Yao, thinking on regional environmental policy [J]. .2004,4 Safety and Environment (6).

Links to free download http://www.hi138.com