Based on the theory of public goods model of ecological compensation

Abstract: In the context of the main functional divisions are optimized by the development zones, key development, restricted development zones and the prohibition zone, different policies for different regions of the measures taken to deprive the original restricted area, or possible Economic interests, needs Accordingly, reasonable compensation to ensure that all regions the overall balance between the economy and society. based on public goods theory, the compensation must be scientific evaluation on the impact of eco-efficiency and scope of the way, a reasonable measure of the interests of both successes and failures of comprehensive coordination of interests of all parties relations, balanced allocation of resources to share the fruits of development.

Keywords:: main function zoning; ecological compensation; Public Goods
CLC number: F062.1 Document code: B

National "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposed, "according to the resource capacity of the environment, existing development density and development potential, and consider the future of China's population distribution, Economic distribution, land use and urbanization patterns, land space is divided into optimizing the development, key development, restricted development, and prohibit development of four main functional areas. "prohibited zone and restricted zone which should be based on the relevant planning laws and regulations and mandatory protection, non-functional position does not meet the main development activities. to strengthen the intensity of population transfer , the population of these areas will be gradually transferred to more suitable areas of life and production, development of the region ban to reduce vandalism. so that the interests involved in the violation of the original, which also become a restricted zone and to develop effective policies against Zone of the biggest problems, the delineation of the regional population, the issue of compensation outstanding quantitative Research, to complement the number of people willing to cooperate with the local policy implementation, have the right to interest on the impact of how the benefits of potential impact on the beneficiaries of what reasonable charges problem is very serious. This idea of ​​a theory of public goods in order to link the ecological value of compensation as a link person being compensated by the cost-sharing compensation model.


First, the theory

(A) of the external theory
Externalities was first used by Buchanan in 1962 with Stubbs Corbin's. Externality refers to the private benefit and social benefit and private cost and social cost of inconsistency. [1] In general, the externality has the incidental characteristics. which is a positive externality of the Economic behavior of Economic agents act on other fringe benefits of Economic entities, a "must grant" features; negative externality is an economic behavior of economic agents applied to other economic entities the burden of with "forced transfer" feature. economic entities engaged in economic activity arising from the interests of the "measurable benefits" and "non-measurement of interest" points. "measurable benefits" is the goal of the behavior of economic agents is income and the difference between the cost; "non-measured interest" in a certain economic agents to achieve their objectives, the resulting measurement can not be defined, and other economic actors on the economic benefits. economic entities under the "measurable benefits "to decide their own production and business activities, in the course of business generated by" non-measurement of interest "was outside of. For the reason of the operators, so in the absence of an effective" non-measurement of interest "into" quantifiable benefits "ecosystem services market or to provide an effective remedy under the premise will be based on" measurable benefits "principle of maximum production, does not automatically provide the best ecological services such as" non-measured interest "as a business objective . [2] the importance of ecological compensation is that how the "non-measurement of interest" into a "measurable benefits" to complement the exterior of the phenomenon of market failure.

(B) of the Public Goods Theory
The kind of public goods is neither possible nor necessary to be exclusive to its consumer products, or both non-exclusive and non-competitive products. Public goods relative to the purposes of private goods. According to the characteristics of public goods, exclusive use or consumption is the difference between competing private goods and public goods in the two definitions of the standards. public goods, public goods can be divided into pure and impure public goods, pure public goods satisfy these two properties, some of ecosystem services function is a pure public goods, pure public goods because there is no price signal, which can not be the allocation of resources through market mechanism, you need to configure the central government; but non-pure public goods do not strictly meet these two features, such as some non-pure public items with some non-exclusive or exclusive of the cost is high, and after reaching a certain number of competitive consumption. Some features of ecosystem services with public goods characteristics, but the consumer has a regional or group, which is why these public items accurately, should belong to the quasi-public goods. quasi-public goods can be in some affordable within the principles set out by beneficiaries of the price. market mechanisms, voluntary consultation mechanism, the contract system, and private voluntary mechanisms prevalent in the supply of public goods failures, only by the appropriate government mechanisms to replace the cover, and only the government in order to promote the public welfare potential.

(C) opportunity costs
Opportunity cost, is to make a decision to make other decisions without giving up benefits. Social and economic life is full of choices, as a resource with multiple uses, the use of the resource in another use, to means giving up other uses. Thus, the use of that opportunity cost of resources, is to give the maximum possible revenue for other purposes and have chosen to use the difference between revenue. Therefore, to give the actors must now use in another One use of the proceeds on the use of either less than the current income. market economy rules require that all commodity production and management to achieve equivalent exchange in the market, production and management to maintain and develop, the market economy of commodity production and business are for profit. Take an example of ecological forests, ecological forest eco-product is the form of living trees play a role in the overall community, the living tree itself is the carrier of their ecological products. Once the economic interests of the operators drive, the tree cutting, and its ecological benefits would not exist, forest eco-products was also gone. Therefore, in order to ensure the supply of ecological products to compensate for the opportunity cost of the forest cutting benefits.

(D) equity theory and welfare Economics
Welfare, "Hicks - Kaldor" principle of compensation: If the result of the allocation of resources welfare beneficiaries of compensation benefits to losers, the beneficiaries of the welfare level can still be improved, then this configuration is the optimal configuration. In Hick Sri Lanka (Hibbs) and Kaldor (Kaldor) based on the idea, later developed into the principle of compensation, the Pareto called the new standards. The new school of Pareto as a result of economic changes to improve the situation of the people (ie beneficiaries) can compensate the deterioration of the situation (that is impaired). If a particular change in the welfare of the beneficiaries of the great increase that to compensate the damage in the full benefits of those losses to spare, then based on the new Pareto standard, this change is a potential to improve social welfare. [3] Little also proposed changes in welfare should increase the efficiency of the distribution of income, so the need for a social welfare function, depending on the individual's status, to different changes in individual welfare to the appropriate weight. [4]
Equity theory originated in the American Behavioral Scientist Adams (JSAdams) proposed such an incentive theory. Adams equity theory's basic point is: When a person to make achievements and receive rewards, he is not only concerned about their absolute amount of the remuneration and concerned about their income returns relative volume. Therefore, he should be all the comparisons to determine their own received remuneration is fair to compare the results will directly affect the future work of the initiative. The use of comparison include horizontal comparison and longitudinal comparison, horizontal comparison refers to a person the ratio of investment and income of others within the organization the ratio of inputs and benefits are equal, it is only fair; vertical comparison refers to their current investment and current ratio are rewarded with their own past input and past rewarded comparing the ratio of only equal is fair. [3] during the ecological compensation, not only the need to promote the improvement of social welfare, but also give due consideration to social equity issues, promote regional balance and coordination.


Second, the object of ecological compensation

Externalities can be spread with the extension of, the connotation of measurability. Epitaxy can be diffusion of ecological products is produced by the external effects of a breakdown and amplification. Decomposition is the natural effect of the absorption and dissolution; amplification is negative External dose beyond the natural purification capacity of the acceleration phenomenon arising from positive externalities or other economic entities in the business process in its production generated by the transmission and cumulative effect. connotation is the measurability of economic agents can be accurately measured its limit the negative externality costs and expenses paid or provide positive externalities generated by the increase in opportunity cost. the opportunity cost of the supply of ecosystem services and their mode of action of external benefits generated by point of view, the same externality of ecosystem services can be spread with the extension with the connotation of measurability. ecological services outside their own diverse interests and overlapping each other, and through the transfer and cumulative effect of the external benefits generated by it is difficult to accurately measure. On the contrary, to provide opportunities arising from ecosystem services increased costs may be more accurate and reliable calculations. as a basis for combining labor theory of value should be the object of ecological compensation benefits were analyzed and the composition of compensation.

The object of ecological compensation is to provide ecological benefits to services providers. Compensation is in terms of relative loss, restricted areas of ecological services, ecological construction in many aspects of the provider.

Links to Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com First, input costs, provide ecological services, the use of ecosystem services as part of the non-exclusive or non-competitive, these costs can not be exchanged in the market, not reflected in the market value of its own, because not justify the cost, and free use of the ecological services and the loss of economic benefits the operator.

Operators from the cash flow of ecosystem services can be seen in Figure 1, the ecological service providers input costs, in part, through the exchange of ecological products in the market recovered, the other is based on the regional ecosystem services as a national representative of consumers and the central government to pay compensation in the form of recycling. we know from the theory of political economy, companies need to maintain the simple reproduction of a production cycle, return to the amount of money in the hands of the operator to include the individual ecosystem service providers working in the c , v and m three parts, that it is necessary to include the production of ecological construction materials used for the value of c and workers within the labor time necessary to create value v, but also include workers in the surplus labor time, the value created m. [5] the part of the compensation must be given full compensation, or to benefit the whole society can only make these eco-construction trend of decline, which led to the ecological environment and the deteriorating social and economic benefits.


Second, changes in land use due to loss of opportunity costs, such as returning farmland to forest and grass land use changes in the ecological reconstruction measures in the implementation of any direct economic losses, such as food production, income, and reduced benefit areas should be provided corresponding economic compensation. Therefore, the ecological services, ecological construction, the operator should at least be partially compensated for these two, the cost of compensation for ecological construction and land use change in the opportunity cost of compensation.


Third, the compensation of the main analysis

Ecological compensation is the main beneficiaries of ecosystem services, ecological services for the beneficiaries receive in terms of eco-products because attributes of public goods, not keen on buying from the market ecological services, but more a way to take a ride free use of ecological services. This requires the establishment of appropriate mechanisms to compensate for ecological services to enjoy this part of the ecological compensation for the beneficiaries of charge, but how to charge reasonable compensation for it? covers a wide range of ecological compensation due, to play in both government and market the role of ecological compensation the Government should play a leading role in, such as the development of ecological compensation policy to provide compensation funds to strengthen the supervision on the ecological management of compensation policies. Meanwhile, the market economy system in the implementation of ecological compensation also need to play of market forces through market forces to promote the ecological compensation system. [6] to whether the items are for public goods as a criteria for the classification, identification and classification of different beneficiaries, combined with the level of benefit to the beneficiaries of the levy the appropriate compensation.

The kind of public goods is neither possible nor necessary to be exclusive to its consumer products, or that have non-exclusive and non-competitive products. Public goods versus private products,. According to the characteristics of public goods, exclusive use or consumption of commonality is the difference between private goods and public goods in the two definitions of standards. [7] can be divided into pure public goods, public goods and non-pure public goods, pure public goods fully meet the non-competitive and non-exclusive two characteristics, ecological services, some features are pure public goods, such as carbon dioxide and release oxygen. pure public goods because there is no price signal, which can not be the allocation of resources through market mechanisms, which need to be configured state; but not pure public goods are not strictly meet these two features, such as some non-pure public goods with non-exclusive or exclusive part of the cost is high, and after reaching a certain number of competitive consumption, such as the use of water resources and so on. ecological services some features with the characteristics of public goods, but the consumer has a regional or group, and so was accurate to say that such public goods should belong to the quasi-public goods and club goods. quasi-public goods in certain range of the principle of burden by the beneficiaries pricing.


Fourth, ecosystem services division

70s from the 20th century mankind began and value of ecosystem services of .1977 is proposed in Westman, "Nature's Services" (nature's services) and value the concept of assessment [8], just as the Earth's ecosystems most difficult to accurately measure the value of services and lack of appropriate valuation theory and methodology and the slow progress .1997 Daily and Constanza et al.'s work, will the valuation of ecosystem services Research to the forefront of ecological Economics, and has made significant progress.

Constanza et al. General has been published internationally with a variety of different methods of ecosystem service value assessment of Research results, the global biosphere is divided into 16 ecosystem types, and ecosystem services is divided into 17 types, in the world first carried out on the global biosphere estimate the value of ecosystem services, which is the most influential on ecosystem service value of the results. Since the late 20th century, 90, the foreign concept of ecosystem services, the value of ecological benefits Theory and evaluation methods introduced at home. However, this measure showed the value of ecosystem service value is similar to the gross national product, even more than the gross national product, and therefore the value of ecosystem services as the standard of compensation is unreasonable. This calculated using the results of the ecological value of ecosystem services as a measure of the size of benefit, thus reducing the ecological value of different methods to measure generated controversy and doubts, the ecological value as a tool for ecological compensation fees.

By the classification of ecosystem services (Table 1) can be seen in a variety of ecosystem service value is different, according to public goods by the various categories of property the value of ecosystem services have very different proportion, followed by conserving water from small to big (1.66% of total value) Nutrition constant (1.98% of total value) of fixed CO  2 (4.73% of total value) using organic matter (9.60% of total value) the release of oxygen (17.36% of total value) air purification (of the total value 30.44%) soil erosion (34.78% of total value). which the total value of private goods 1.894 × 1012 元 / a, 11.58% of total value; quasi-public goods 10.851 × 1012 元 / a, 66.32% of total value; pure public The total value of 3.613 × 1012 items 元 / a, of the total value of 22.09%. Therefore, the properties of quasi-public goods benefit from the burden of the local area accounts for the main part of the ecosystem services, followed by the attributes of pure public goods, ecological functions, in part by the Central Government, as representatives of beneficiary groups to pay compensation.


Realize the value of private goods is to rely on the market, if the product can not enter the market value of the product can not be achieved, so if the burden of the corresponding proportion of eco-builder construction cost, but not able to make products in the market can be realized, then there must construction costs to meet the shortfall caused by the problem. So here will be built entirely by the cost of quasi-public goods and pure public goods benefit-sharing, personal items, as the right to transfer to the development of eco-builders (especially the level of market development at the end of the region). Therefore, in Table 1 shows, there are public goods value of property services 14.464 × 1012 元 / a, quasi-public goods, which accounted for 75.02%, that is shared by the ratio of local benefits. pure public goods accounted for 24.98%, that is, the proportion of the state share.


Fifth, compensation model envisages

Currently, the world ecological compensation mode is mainly used in the payment system of public, corporate or regional autonomy agreement between, the three market trading system. National scholar Zhang Tao (2003) that most studies of ecological value in order to measure the value of ecosystem services the specific values ​​as the goal, trying to use this as a standard of ecological compensation, compensation of ecological services providers. But the value of ecosystem services and GDP measure the results are often quite in order to compensate for the obviously not reasonable. In this paper, previous Research results to service functions of different ecological properties of criteria for the classification of public goods to the value of the various types of services, based on the value of ecosystem services in accordance with the individual proportion of the total value of the share the ecological construction of all costs incurred.

1. For compensation for the accounting needs of intensive Research. Shall establish a scientific and rational index system, not only the need to consider production costs, opportunity costs, economic development should also consider differences in social development differences, a reasonable allocation of the increase in social welfare, shared development results. but at least should not be less than the opportunity cost that can be achieved, if the calculation results is small, the impact effect of policy implementation, were satisfied by the low compensation, or even conflict with policy implementation. [9]
2. The need to reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency. The collection of compensation methods and the main object of the compensation to the compensation design, how to reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency is the key.

3. For the ecological functions of public goods requires a reasonable division of property. Need to function according to the specific impact of different ecological scope of quantitative research specific to reasonably determine the number of beneficiaries and benefits, the real beneficiaries pay principle.

4. On the need for consistent standards of fairness and social development of the standards. There ecological compensation mode, selecting objective is to protect the basic production and living needs, enjoy the pursuit of ecological goals can be higher due to increase ecological area, reducing ecological production coefficient.

5. Mode coefficients identify more professional, more detailed research, in general, the discussion here only a general idea, in-depth systems still need more time.


References:
[1] Lu Chuan one. Resource and environmental Economics [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2004:29.

[2] Wu Weiguang, Xu Xiuying, Wang Chuanchang. Ecological forest "outside" of features and solutions [J]. Forestry Economics, 2003 (12) :40-42.

[3] Thomas • Side Na. Environment and natural resources management policy tools [M]. ZHANG Wei-wen, Zuhui Huang, translated. Shanghai: Shanghai Joint Publishing House, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2005:78.

[4] A • Myrick • Freeman. Environmental and Resource Evaluation - Theory and Methods [M]. Has Yin Gang, translated. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2002:88.

[5] were attained bell, Ou Hao, Yuan-Hua Dong. Yangtze River ecological reconstruction of the economic compensation mechanism [J]. Yangtze River Resources and Environment, 2001 (1) :22-27.

[6] Like Guo. Ecological compensation policy, theory and practice [J]. Environmental Science News, 2000 (2) :8-11.

[7] Zhang Zhen, Dai Star Wings. Environmental Economics Course [M]. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2007 (2): 66.

[8] Daily G C. Nature 's Service: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosys-tems [M]. Washington DC: Island Press, 1997:392.

[9] Tian country pairs, Xu Yihong, Liu Chang. Heilongjiang province, after the agricultural tax exemption of the financial problems in rural areas [M]. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University Press ,2008:186-191. Links to Research Papers Download http:// www.hi138.com