Cost accounting principles Higher Education

[Abstract] In the modern market economy, benefits the whole community to play an increasingly important role. Thus, universities must focus on Cost Accounting and management Education to improve the overall efficiency of universities. It should be noted that the cost of college Only by following specific accounting accounting principles to control the cost of Education, limited resources for maximum benefit. This will be the process of Higher Education Cost Accounting principles to be followed to explore.

[Keywords:] accounting principles; Education costs; Higher

College is a place of training personnel, pay more attention to social benefits. However, the university is also inseparable from sustainable development to achieve economic benefits, so the colleges and universities to actively carry out Cost Accounting and management Education. However, costing only follow college specific accounting principles to control the cost of Education, to improve the internal management can play a maximum benefit of limited resources.

Higher Education Cost Accounting as pArt of non-profit organizations, non-profit organizations should be in accordance with accounting standards. As the current accounting standards institution is based in the main non-business activities accounted for almost no cost basis, so that some accounting principles requirements and accounting costs had a conflict. In order to ensure the quality of education in Cost Accounting, colleges and universities in complying with the provisions of existing accounting standards on the basis of most of accounting principles, must follow the following accounting principles:

First, the accrual principle

According to <<of Accounting System>> which states: "Universities generally use the cash basis accounting system, but the business of operating revenue and expenditure accrual accounting." From the provisions of Accounting System, we can College during the accounting treatment seen at the same time there is cash basis and accrual basis of two principles, dealing with the budget revenue and expenditure of funds handled in accordance with cash basis, income and expenditure on the operation of the treatment by accrual for. So what is the cash basis and accrual system?
According to China Association of Certified Public Accountants edited <"Accounting>" (2005), a book on the accrual definition: "Those who have achieved the revenue and profit have occurred or shall bear the cost, regardless of whether the money collection and payment, should be as current income and expenses; who do not belong to current income and expenses, even in the current payment amounts have been, should not be as current income and expenses. "accrual accounting is based on continuing operations and the two basic stages prerequisite to correct accounting period divided into different assets, liabilities, income, expenses and other accounting elements of ownership, and use some, such as accounts receivable, payable, accruals, prepayments and other projects to record the resulting assets and liabilities and other accounting elements.

Cash basis is based on actual receipts and payments processing business transactions for the standard to determine the current income and expenses, calculated based on current accounting treatment of gains and losses. In the cash basis, all paid in cash in the current real costs, whether or not compensation income in the current period should be accrued as a current treatment; where the cash actually received in the current period income, regardless of whether this issue should be accrued as income treatment period ; the other hand, where the issue has not yet received in cash income and not pay with cash, even if it is attributable to the issue, not as current income and expense.

Cash basis and accrual basis is a confirmation of the corresponding base. Business activities not once but many times, and its profit and loss records but also phases, each of the profit and loss account is supposed to reflect all current actual operating results, cash basis obviously can not completely do this. Therefore, the accrual to reflect more accurately the specific accounting period of actual financial condition and results of operations.

Higher cash basis has been adopted because such an assumption: Universities and supervision of accounting to reflect the process of social reproduction in the state budget funds allocated areas of the campaign to the actual current and actual expenditure of funds received as accounting data, the report accurately reflect the income and expenditure budget period to check the national budget on education funding in the implementation of its results. But in practice, the cash basis does not accurately reflect the income and expenditure of the school led to the book's assets and liabilities and the actual match. For example, non-payment of tuition fees of university students is not reflected in the book. At present a large amount of students in arrears, less about the school assets. In addition, expenditure on fixed assets included in all at once, resulting in current expenditure huge amounts, and only the accounting book value of fixed assets, not depreciated, through a fixed fund accounting of fixed assets share in the net assets value of funds purchased through the extraction of repair to maintain the reproduction of fixed assets, so that the carrying amount of fixed assets serious discrepancy between the value and actual value.

In the modern market economy, economic transactions and the transfer of real depArture from the very common occurrence, to the credit settlement based on a wide range of modern, all receivable, to meet unpaid, accrued and deferred transactions and economic deviation from the cash flow issues and a considerable degree. and accounting to accurately reflect the cost of Higher Education, the use of commonly used in corporate cost accounting accrual basis has become a necessity. accrual is the cost of Higher Education accounting, the matching needs. It not only helps to correct accounting of the cost of education, but also accurately reflects higher economic activity in the education rights and responsibilities. school teaching equipment, housing, books, etc., in a period of time are one-time investment, is invested prior to use in the post. on these fixed assets through the "accumulated depreciation" of accounts to accounting. so as to reflect the net value of fixed assets of the school. In addition, repayment of interest on bank loans and wage arrears and other such liabilities under the cash basis only when the reimbursement included in the books, underestimating the financial risk, and in every month under the accrual included in the books, you can fully reflect the higher the debt situation and the the level of education costs.


Second, the benefit cost with the principles of

With the principle of cost-benefits, also known as the matching principle, which requires income to match their associated costs, the cost accounting period be an imputation on some object or the cost of the income or output with the match compared. The same accounting period of the income or output and associated costs and expenses, shall be recognized during the accounting period; matching principle is based on income or output and the cost of internal relations, requires a certain period of income or output to obtain income or output and the costs incurred during the same period are recognized and measured.

Proceeds with the principles of cost accounting elements as a confirmation of request, for profit. Accounting of the main economic activity will bring some income, is also bound to place the corresponding costs. There must be beneficial to have the fee, the fee is for income, the two who is the unity of opposites, the profit is the result from comparing the fee. benefit cost with the benefit principle is based on the principle that who benefits and who should pay costs. benefit from the principle of a causal link between recognition of gains and losses, but not all costs and causal relationship between income, income in accordance with the principle of distinction between the cost of a causal link with the direct costs not directly associated costs and indirect costs. direct costs and income to determine the direct ratio of net income; indirect costs through the judgment appropriate and reasonable standards, the first in all products and all of the revenue-sharing between, and then with the income to determine profit or loss cost.

In practice with the principles of benefit cost has two meanings: First, with cause and effect, the income or the cost of production to match its corresponding ratio; second time with, to a certain period of income or output and the cost relative to the same period cooperation. For example, education students for training expenditures incurred not included in the cost of language training students to go to the cost of nothing to do with the students, excluded in the calculation of costs. The term school supplies purchased under the expenditure can not be included in the semester to go.

China <<Public Accounting Standards (Trial)>> General Principles Article XVII: "There is an institution whose business activities and related operating expenses ratio of income should be" and not costing colleges must follow the benefit cost with the provisions of the principle. But the cost of education in the accounting of the accounting principles used and can accurately analyze the relationship between inputs and outputs, accurate calculation of a period or a pArticular educational product cost. measurement of the costs to be higher After determining the object at a reasonable cost, accurate and cost benefits with the application of the principle of the education costs and benefits of education matched the cost of scientific Research and new knowledge or technology to improve the output matching.


Third, the distinction between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure principle

Revenue expenditure, also known as "revenue expenditure" refers to enterprises that occur during the operation, its efficiency is only related to the current fiscal year, which benefits from the compensation of the expenses this year. These expenditures occurred, shall be credited to the relevant year cost subjects; capital expenditure is made in the benefits of property or services involving a number of accounting expenditures incurred during the period, such expenditure should be capitalized and included in the asset class of the first subject, then, then the resulting phases by benefits, into the appropriate expense account. capital expenditure and revenue expenditure is relatively known. It is the unit on its effectiveness and in two or more of the fiscal year expenditures, including the composition of fixed assets, intangible assets and other expenses.

Revenue expenditure is different from the capital expenditure, the former all the revenue from the current year's compensation, which first recorded as assets divided by depreciation or amortization is apportioned each year in costs. Distinction between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure, In order to correctly calculate the profit and loss, and accurately reflect the value of assets. such as the revenue expenditure as capital expenditure, the result is less about the current cost, multi-account asset value, inflated profits; the other hand, is more of a current cost accounting , less about the value of the assets, virtual cut profits. distinction between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure requirements of accounting principles should be a reasonable distinction between revenue expenditures and capital expenditures. any benefit expenditures associated only with the current accounting period, it shall be regarded as revenue expenses, included in the cost of the cost accounting period; all the benefits of expenditures related to several accounting periods, should be regarded as capital expenditure and efficiency in the production of several balanced accounting amortization period, a few were included in the accounting period The cost of the cost. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com According to <<Public Accounting Standards (Trial)>> "expenditure is the institution for carrying out business activities and other activities of the capital cost incurred and the losses and expenses for capital construction projects. Including business expenses, operating expenses, subsidiary units of subsidies paid higher expenditure, capital expenditure. "But now the current <<Public Accounting Standards (Trial)>> no capital expenditure and revenue expenditure to distinguish. based on revenue expenditure and capital expenditure criteria for the classification, to determine the cause of expenditure is revenue expenditure, capital expenditure is capital expenditure. and operating expenses of the subsidiary unit subsidy, paid according to the matching principle superior unit of expenditure can not be included in the cost of education.

Division of revenue expenditure and capital expenditure is important because the right to determine which expenditures should be included in the current costs, which expenditures can not be included in the current cost. To accurately calculate the cost of education, we must follow the distinction between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure principle. expenditure of Higher Education institutions, there are also revenue expenditure and capital expenditure, to be accurate accounting of the cost of education, must also follow the distinction between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure principle.


Fourth, the principle of earmarking

The principle is the earmarking of funds for specified purposes, should be used for the purposes specified, and individual reflection. This principle is a unique institution of accounting standards, it only exists in the Public Accounting. This is different from the higher cost accounting One of the important features of general business, earmarked for the country's various special funds and special funds should be used according to the specified purposes, not for other purposes. the principle of earmarking of funds for colleges and universities has been weakened permission of course, but is funded by a constraint on its use of funds and control, is a higher return on investment does not require the use of funds a requirement, is a manifestation of the rights of investors.

More capital investment in the main, more colleges and universities committed to the project must be provided for by funding obtained for different purposes when the use of funds, earmarked and dedicated account; accounting statements should separately reflect the acquisition, use, to ensure special funds use the results. "earmarking" unique budget accounting principles, accounting principles, and fully reflects the wishes of non-profit organization use of funds by investors thought. Higher Education Cost of the process of making sure to follow this principle, ensure national interests smoothly.

Accrual basis, revenue costs with the principle of distinction between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure principle, the principle is closely related to earmarking, and they regulate different aspects of accounting from the main, correct accounting of revenue and cost accounting of the cost of education is higher process must follow four basic principles.


[References]
[1] Guo Rui. Education cost accounting of [J]. Heilongjiang Higher Education Research, 2002, (04).

[2] Yang Kezhong. Higher Education Cost Accounting and Management Studies [J]. Harbin University of Commerce, 2004, (06).

[3] Liu ZL. Higher education cost accounting of [J]. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University, 2007, (01).

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