Analysis of 1948 phase of the Palestinian National Movement

Paper Keywords: Arab nationalist movement Hamas, Fatah
Abstract: The Palestinian people against Israeli military occupation of the nationalist movement has experienced a long history of struggle. Whose campaign representative, practitioners, ideology, the struggle continues rheological methods, from 1948, after the war so far, the greatest impact three movements in the Arab nationalist movement, Fatah and Hamas. They represent the Palestinian national movement in the history of three different stages: stage of the Pan-Arab nationalism, a particular stage of Palestinian nationalism, Islamic nationalism stage. This Campaign is several ambitious goals for the beginning, but with the huge advantage of Israel and the United States over its favor gradually shrinking, and struggles of its internal disagreement from time to time, or even deteriorate into violent conflict, which became the Israeli-Palestinian peace process interference factors.

Palestinian nationalism as a movement of social thought and political practice, from the beginning of the trend of political development in the local community and the general public thought had a crucial impact. Particularly after the 1948 war in Palestine, many Palestinians finally realized "establishment of an independent Arab country" necessary, but "Western governments and the Arab world regimes, for different purposes but with the same unknown word in the hope that the Palestinian problem should disappear" in order to fight for their rights, lose their homes Palestinian nationalists to seek national independence and embarked on the long road to liberation. With the goal of struggle, of struggle and practice and the international situation and the Middle East changes.

A comparative perspective on since 1948, analyzes the Palestinian movement, despite its factionalism, members of the complex, but the most influential are: the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), Fatah (Fatah), Hamas (Hamas). This three movement in the Palestinian national movement in the history of representing three different stages: stage of the Pan-Arab nationalism, a particular stage of Palestinian nationalism, Islamic nationalism stage. although they also continued to coexist, but in the Palestinian National the evolution of movement, its internal differences arise from time to time, or even deteriorate into violent conflict and the Palestinian-Israeli peace process as the interference factor.

First, the stage of the Arab nationalist movement
After the 1948 war in Palestine, the Palestinians in the diaspora state divided into three camps: one is the support of Jordan's royal family influence Nasha Xi and his followers than the other one is by the "Palestinian local nationalism" in the trend of the early the beginning stages of radical youth groups, rising by the Arab nation was inspired by passion and hatred of the Jewish invasion, the greatest impact is anti-Arab nationalist movement of the Hashemite dynasty, .20 in the early 50 century, a group from the Palestinian and Arab students in Beirut, founded the movement, leaders Qiaozhi Ha Bash (GeorgeHabash) and the movement of the members were students of American University of Beirut, a history professor at the school they 康斯坦丁祖 by Rick (Con . stantineZurayk) of .1948, he wrote a pamphlet <<Significance of the disaster>> the first issue, which is the development of Arab nationalist movement has profound ideological significance. Zurui Ke said: disaster is due in 1948 relative to the modern Arab world behind the industrialized West caused. only through radical reform to eliminate the root causes of the disaster. the military, must be long-term planning and organization, politics, and must implement the United Arab overcome the split, the formation of a modern, industrialized , unified Arab nation, the United States. "enemy of Israel is not only Arab, but also a model to be emulated - it will not be defeated unless the fundamental reform of the Arab community is complete, that feudalism, sectarianism, fatalism and Mystery After the doctrine have been eliminated. These reforms must have a clear blueprint and generations of political support. "
A nationalist movement founded by the underground publications <<Revenge>> they think revenge is the only way to solve the Palestinian question, and revenge the war is a war of all Arabs, the only way to win the leadership unity. Although the movement the ideology of Arab nationalism, but its core is the question of Palestine, the goal is "to achieve the unity of the Arab nation, the liberation of Arab lands from the hands of imperialism, for the shame of the 1948 war of revenge" which makes Arab nationalist movement and contemporaries larger, more influential than the revival of party organizations, more targeted. so attractive to the Palestinians.

In the realization of Arab unity under the guidance of thought, 1955 years later, the Arab nationalist movement entered a new phase, which support only Nasser Arab leaders to unify the stage .1958, when Syria and Egypt merged to form United Arab Republic When members of the Arab nationalist movement has reached a frenzy. Movement enemy is growing, with the exception of Israel, there is the United Kingdom and the United States and all Arab governments subservient to the West, overthrow that they are a prerequisite for Arab unity. by Nasser, the impact of socialism, by Mohsen Ibrahim (MuhsinIbrahim) and 纳耶夫哈瓦 Temai He (NayifHawatima) led by left-wing, that "unity", "freedom" of "socialism" and "recovery Palestine "slogan. Liberation of Palestine has become the movement's second phase, the completion was entrusted to the leaders of Egypt, Arab nationalist movement and its initial goals, gradually slipped away.

In 1964, the PLO (PLO) was established, Nasser Ahmed, Shu designated candidate Kerry (AhmadShukayri) was elected Chairman of the PLO Executive Committee, which is a heavy blow to Arab nationalist movement. They always from ideologies and political movements to mobilize the Arab world under the leadership of the Liberation of Palestine, Nasser, Nasser appears in, A nationalist movement forces weak, only a limited extent by his use of the Hashemite family as hostile and Jordan . At the same time, they face new competitors - Fatah. Fatah active military with the courage to prove his action, and the liberation of the Palestinian Arab nationalist movement that can only be done by the Arab regular armies, cross-border strike is angered Israel a dangerous move, they would be in a bind.

1967 "Plan" after the war, to Nasser as a symbol of Arab nationalism is over. A nationalist movement to failure: Arab unity farther from reality, Israel is more powerful, reactionary Arab governments have not been overturned. Qiaozhi Ha Bash led his organization set up a "Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine", no longer subject to pan-Arab political, ideological restraint .1969 year, 纳耶夫哈瓦 Temai He and his group from out of form "of the Palestinian people Democratic Front. "At that time, the Palestinian Fatah has become the dominant force in the independence movement, the PFLP and DFLP to armed means to follow the Liberation of Palestine, as its" little brother. "
A nationalist movement, the main reason for its failure are: 1. It is the pan-Arab nationalism, part of the campaign is not directly targeting the Liberation of Palestine, but by Nasser's promise to import the lost bear. In Nasser's orders, the nationalists engaged in a variety of inciting a coup Arab countries, such as the 20th century the late 50's coup in Jordan from 1960 to 1962 coup in Yemen, Syria, 1963 coup .2. Movement founded by the students is difficult to get rid of control by the student's personality point of view, it is difficult for the actual political struggle, but the fascination with all kinds of slogans and propaganda, are attracted to the ideological struggle in the dark did not outline clear-cut political program .3 . Movement lacks broad social base. Because of its growing number of schools of disputes, to schools based on the social basis of contraction, the financial base has shrunk. Particularly in the mid 60s from the 20th century onwards, in the socialist phase of the Arab nationalist movement expulsion of members of the middle class to provide funding, although there are from Egypt and the Soviet Union's financial support, but a small number and restricted its freedom of ideology and political action.

Second, the Fatah: Palestinian National Liberation Movement phase
On "Arab solution" will inevitably lead to disappointment Palestinians to organize themselves spontaneously. Fatah's founder and early members of the mainly from the Palestinian coastal areas, many of them in the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip refugee district of young people growing up, of them Most people have at the University of Cairo, have been actively involved in student organizations, such as Yasser Arafat and others. After graduation, these young activists in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region to find work, mainly working in the public sector. Gradually, they feel the need for new movement in Palestine: Israel's prosperity and its status of Palestinian refugees worsening in sharp contrast, the anti-Arab national struggle is only in words, only the Palestinian nationalist movement, only by Nasser will act in .1959, the Fatah was established.

Founding phase of the Fatah established two principles: First, they must organize and arm themselves, and second, not to join any Arab parties and movements. This fully reflects the place of its Palestinian nationalist ideology and its attempts to wake up to the armed struggle of Palestinian Arabs the determination of the liberation of the motherland. It's the emergence and development objective is affected by the rise of the Third World, guerrilla warfare and the people's war boom in international influence, Algeria, Cuba, Vietnam and China, have become role models to follow it to the 1967 .1965 In asking the state's Fatah in secret to "storm" in the name of commandos to carry out armed struggle, but because of the Arab national preparedness of the armed struggle of Fatah made extremely difficult, and always maintained at the level of small-scale harassment. since 1965 January 1, "fired the first shot," to 1967 "June" war two and a half years, "Fatah" attacks caused only 14 Israelis killed and 72 injured.

Fatah's turning point was in March 1968 of the "Kalamata Victory", it makes the Arab world famed Fatah, was elected in 1969 the PLO Executive Committee Chairman Yasser Arafat, Fatah, took over the PLO. evaluation of this change, some scholars, wrote: "the leadership of President Yasser Arafat's Fatah in 1969, the takeover of the PLO, is a watershed in the history of the Palestinian movement, and enhance the confidence of the Palestinian people all over. The new PLO stressed that an independent Palestinian decision-making. "-5 However, the Fatah guerrilla action can only frequent border with Israel in the Arab countries after the October War In 1973, all front-line Arab countries and Israel do not want to re- war, it is impossible to support the PLO's armed struggle at the expense of their own national interests. Also, any of the territories before 1967 are not liberation, Fatah, in particular its leadership, began the path toward political and diplomatic . Needless to say, changes in the way the struggle to make a serious split within the PLO, the PFLP, the struggle Front, the Arab Liberation Front, composed of "refusal front" and demanded to continue the armed struggle. Fatah organization have split the opposition Arafat asked to correct the "wrong line." As the PLO in Jordan and Lebanon to establish two "state within a state" status of the loss, the PLO completely out of touch with the Israeli war, the conditions for armed struggle no longer exist, since then, to the PLO as the representative of the mainstream Fatah will focus on the promotion and practical aspects of a political solution to the Palestinian question. Links http://www.hi138.com Research Papers Download end of 1988, official documents for the first time the PLO recognized Israel's legitimate existence, recognize the United Nations partition resolution 181 and Security Council resolutions 242 and 338, proposed refusal of force, violence and terror. PLO mainstream firm unswerving to promote the further development of the Palestinian-Israeli peace process in 1993, finally reached <<Oslo "Agreement>, to achieve a limited Palestinian autonomy. However," <Oslo "Agreement> by some organizations within the Palestinian opposition, including Hamas and other militant groups set up a "national democratic Islamic Front," and the agreement with the violent attempt to stop the implementation and further development of the peace process. "Since 1994 until the end of 2001, all the suicide bombings, without exception, is opposed to Arafat, against the the Oslo peace process for the organization. In case more than once, by Arafat's security forces to crack down on these organizations, bringing the question of Palestine has been at the brink of civil war. "-o
Third, Hamas: Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement phase
Hamas ended Fatah's hegemony in the Palestinian national movement as its most powerful opponent. Its rise, has a strong religious background and ideological foundation, also reflects the Palestinians in the occupied territories, the Arab countries, Pakistan Solution of the organization down. instead of A's Arab nationalist movement and nationalist Fatah's Palestinian nationalism, Hamas proposed: "Islam is the only solution" .- It is the ideological and organizational roots can be traced back to the Muslim Brotherhood, in fact, Hamas is a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Gaza In 1987 alterations, the Palestinian "British Tifa Da (uprising)," broke out, the Brotherhood established Hamas as its " political wings. "founder of Hamas war of 1948 left most of the refugees or their descendants, has a university education experience, unlike the Arab nationalist Fatah movement and the creator of most urban Hamas leader almost from the countryside. They returned home and had not only not mentioned flattened, which also strengthened their resolve to end the occupation. Hamas's charter mentioned: "do not believe meeting to meet the requirements to achieve the right to a fair solution to oppression. "Like A nationalist Fatah movement and the early, as all the Liberation of Palestine, Hamas insisted," every inch of Palestinian land rising from the banner of Allah ".- In addition to the inherent characteristics of the Islamic Hamas also shows its real nationalism. It is the alienation of the national liberation movement as a religious jihad, including suicide openly encouraged by all means, including attacks against Israeli targets, and strict limit these activities within Palestine and Israel. Hamas, the biggest difference is the emphasis of social solidarity and extend an impressive variety of charitable organizations and social service system network. This not only been widespread support for more people closer to it and the relationship between the grass roots to consolidate sources of its funding - day course. from the whole Muslim world, especially in the form of donations from the internal Palestinian Muslims to accept the tax, so that Hamas and the taxpayer lives and accompanied by a serious corruption of Fatah in sharp contrast.

The early days, Hamas is the main mode of resistance activities organized demonstrations spread among people in schools and anti-ideological and anti-Israel posters and distributing flyers, and other, which is similar to the Arab nationalist movement, but with Fatah different. Since 1989, Hamas began to set up their own military organization, in 1992, Qassam Corps was established, initially taken for the kidnapping of Israeli soldiers, assassinations and attacks on other means to resist driving .1994 April 13, Kazakhstan Thomas chose the first way of suicide attacks. goals against Israeli civilians. The attacks caused among the people in Israel can not achieve any other weapons, killing a huge psychological effect, until the autumn of 1997, Hamas spiritual leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin was released from prison, was able to stop such attacks .2000 September, Sharon's provocative actions in the Temple Mount sparked the Palestinian territories Al-Aqsa intifada, broke out in Palestine and Israel since 1987 the largest ever to conflict. Hamas proceeded to way of suicide bombings to fight back the struggle against Israel, while Israel has taken the assassination, and "targeted killings" of the way to remove a number of key Hamas leaders, including spiritual leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.

Uphold the banner of the struggle for the Hamas won a lot of "people hours", but Israel and the international community to crack down on Hamas, who blocked the "terrorist organizations" increasingly heavy chains, it also forced to turn to pragmatism and compromise, put forward new ideas for political participation .2004 December, the West Bank branch of Hamas leader Hassan Yousef asked: "long-term truce with Israel is based on conditions on the 1967 borders the West Bank and Gaza Strip a Palestinian state. "Palestine in 2005 after four rounds of the local municipal elections, Hamas and Fatah have equal shares, from behind the front, active participation in administrative affairs .2006 January, Hamas in the Palestinian Legislative Council unexpectedly election victory over Fatah, the largest political parties in Pakistan .10 a month, supporters of Hamas and Fatah militants clashed in the Gaza Strip, after the conflict intensified, to form a coalition government failed. Throughout Pakistan internal struggles, there are a variety of complex internal and external factors, not only reflects the fate of the two sides in the military and Palestinian security forces control of the ownership of a number of serious differences on important issues, but also from the United States and Europe, and Israel, Hamas came to power Foreign suppress the beginning of its implementation and financial results of the siege, so that the Hamas government into an extremely difficult position, to some extent contributed to President Abbas as the Palestinian National Authority and the Hamas-led self-government the coexistence of the two centers of power realities.

IV, Conclusion
Throughout three consecutive Palestinian nationalist movement, an amazing fact is that almost once every 20 years a tremendous impact on the movement, Fatah, the development and expansion in 1968, almost after the beginning of the Arab nationalist movement 20 years, Fatah, Hamas appears to become dominant force in Palestinian politics for 20 years. three sports have the same starting point: mainly through armed struggle, the liberation of all Palestinian territory in history. However, with the overwhelming Israel advantages, they gradually reduce the goal: the liberation of Palestine from the history of the liberation of all territories to the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip. In other words, from the liberation of "occupied in 1948" (Israel occupied 78% of Palestinian history land) to liberate "occupied in 1967." Fatah back in the early 20th century, began to waver in its 70 initial target in 1988, publicly announced and made recognition of Israel in the West Bank and Gaza to establish an independent Palestinian state, the PFLP, and Although Hamas did not appear in official documents like statements, but they have gradually compromised in practice, pragmatic forward in this direction. In Oslo, the PLO representative of the mainstream Fatah and Israel reach a peace agreement Even if the third outbreak of the Palestinian uprising, which also controls no longer resort to force. Arafat's death, under the leadership of Abbas, Fatah, the PLO representative of the mainstream continue to follow the path of peace. Even Kazakhstan Maas, at least in principle, also in July 2003 had made a strategic decision: suicide attacks against civilians targets (although many fail), while actively embarked on the political arena, efforts to remove him "terrorist" label, has entered the post-Arafat Palestinian internal consolidation. this time, consensus and cooperation, differences and struggle, and even evolve into armed conflict, Brother Enemy, will be carved the Palestinian movement in the history of heavy imprint. reposted elsewhere Free Download Center http://www.hi138.com Papers