Assessment on the main principles of public policy thinking

(Paper Keywords) the main principles of public policy evaluation
(Abstract) assessment of the implementation of public policy process there are still many problems, one reason, mainly in policy evaluation of the focus is to propose a variety of assessment methods, models, but neglected policy evaluation Research. In fact, only the spirit of stakeholders, diversity, independence, professional, open and fair, representative and other principles of public policy evaluation in order to select an objective, independent, rational and effective policy evaluation subject will be conducive to the improvement of public policy evaluation. On the contrary, the effectiveness of public policy evaluation will be affected.

Assessment of the main public policy is the direct or indirect involvement in the evaluation process of public policy for individuals, groups or organizations. Public policy assessment of the main activities in the assessment in a pivotal position, which determines the development of evaluation criteria to assess the size and scope of assessment methods Choose to play a leading role in the assessment directly affects the success or failure. I believe that the only follow the main principles of the assessment system in order to select an objective, independent, rational and effective assessment of the main public policy in order to achieve scientific effective public policy evaluation.

First, the interests of the relevant principles
Teaching public policy in general that the assessment activities in public policy, in addition to the legislature, political parties, judiciary, social organizations and citizens, the more important subject is the public policy evaluation and implementation of policy makers, professional organizations and personnel, the mass media. In this one, the policies of the main object of this important assessment is unscientific to exclude. because as a public policy on the social organizations and the public, they can personally experience the public policy to their own economic and social life with to the impact on public policy have the final say. Unfortunately, the practice in a number of policy evaluation, with such an important say in groups often can not participate in the process of policy evaluation, they can not put their views, and their vital express understanding that the assessment of public policy is undoubtedly a great loss. assessment as the main policies on the social organization and the absence of representatives from the public led to the evaluation process of public policy interest groups and individuals related to the lack of voice, makes the point covered by the conclusions of the assessment is not comprehensive enough. society organizations and the government acts as the counterpart of public participation in public policy evaluation, public policy can not only improve the objectivity and comprehensiveness of the assessment, but also can enhance the credibility of the conclusions of public policy evaluation.

Second, the principle of pluralism
Over the years, the main body of evaluation of public policy are dominated by government agencies, provincial governments from the central government to local government then has its own Policy Research. But administration officials in its policy review, often through articles stressed that the Government has done, how much government investment, but for the policy to the target group brings much of the effectiveness of what they are often not mentioned. that you know to measure policy effectiveness, we can not just based on the Government to do something.

This policy evaluation of a single subject, making the assessment of public policy often with severe one-sided. And because the assessment of the main restrictions on their level of knowledge, such assessments are not reliable .20 with a lot of the 90 years since the in business management sector has been swept with such an assessment mode - 360 degree performance evaluation, also known as all-round evaluation. It is by the employees themselves, supervisors, direct subordinates, colleagues and other colleagues and even customers to understand the full range of all angles individual performance: communication skills, interpersonal, leadership, administrative ability, etc., through the performance evaluation of this ideal, to be assessed not only from their superiors, subordinates, colleagues and even obtain customer feedback on a variety of angles, but also through these different feedback clearly know their own inadequacies and strengths and development needs, so that the future career development more smoothly. public policy evaluation is guaranteed by the system, standardization of work behavior, but also highly specialized, technical content high Research activity. for the current assessment of the status of a single subject, public policy evaluation can refer to the 360 ​​degree performance assessment and the successful experience abroad, in the current government on the basis of performance evaluation, the implementation of the Government, the party's organization, authority (NPC ) professional evaluation organizations (including universities and Research institutions), social organizations and the general public especially the "affected by the policy on behalf of the relevant interest groups" and other subjects with multiple assessments to achieve the main assessment "diversity."
Third, the principle of independence
Assessment of the main body of public policy based mainly official. The assessment of the official policy is to rely principally under the party committees at all levels of government and conducted policy Research center. From a public policy-makers point of view, this role is itself not independent. mainly in two aspects: First, the policy research center in research funding comes mainly from administrative allocation, which determines such a policy evaluator is difficult to objectively evaluate government policies. Second, the government The policy evaluation will be internal "human relations" adverse effects. a love of traditional Chinese society is about "relationship" countries, particularly human relations inside the government complex in the evaluation of public policy process will involve many interest.

This makes the assessment of the main evaluation process in public policy with a highly subjective, difficult to maintain position and attitude of the scientific and objective. Obviously, the government departments to assess their own and pointed out the deficiencies of its policies is very difficult. J. Q. Will students have made two general Laws of the relevant policy evaluation: Will a Health Law, if a policy study by the implementation of the policy, or their friends, then, all's policy on social issues interventions will have the effect to be obtained. Will Health Law Second, if the policy research by an independent third party, especially if the relevant policies by the skeptics who conducted, then there is no problem for the society's policy intervention will produce desired results obtained. In general, the government workers often prefer to justify their policy is effective, and often within the government there are various constraints of interest. Therefore, the requirements of the Government their assessment of the policy to be objective when it is almost impossible. In addition, due to the influence of traditional culture, government staff more accustomed to obedience to superior leadership, in order not to refute their own future leadership. This will lead to public policy evaluation of information sources by the preferences of higher levels of government departments, making the final conclusions of the assessment of public policy is not accurate. Therefore, we should develop a policy assessment of civil organizations, and make it become the focus of policy evaluation. In this , the U.S. Rand Corporation, Stanford Research Institute International Advisory, International Institute for Strategic Studies in London England the success of such experience, the establishment of an independent professional assessment of our organization has a positive significance. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http: / / www.hi138.com Fourth, the principle of specialization
Assessment needs good policies have two important basic conditions: First, policies, programs and policies with regard to the results of enough information, and second, especially with regard to policy and theory sufficient theoretical knowledge of policy evaluation. However, there are the main public policy assessment activities assessment of the military department official policy is often a lack of policy evaluation of the professional theories, most of the assessment based on experience, then the scientific results of the assessment to be questioned. and professional evaluation organizations (universities and research institutions) gathered a large number of dedicated public policy analysis research and practice activities will help improve the scientific evaluation of public policy, more importantly, members of professional evaluation organizations as "unofficial", the views and opinions free from government influence interest and selfishness, to better guarantee the authenticity of the objective conclusions of the assessment. Therefore, we should strengthen professional evaluation staff team building. must strengthen government policy makers and evaluators of education, training, to grasp the policy evaluation method of scientific theory and related technologies, as soon as possible from the " lay "to" expert "and must take effective measures to encourage and attract professionals, policy analysis, policy evaluation to the work of organizations working to strengthen the assessment of official policy and unofficial policy evaluation staff personnel exchanges and cooperation, to maximize information sharing, will assess the decision-making theory and practical organic unity.

Fifth, the principle of open and fair
Public policy is social life, co-ordination among the various interest groups, the product of interest. Therefore, public policy evaluation should also be set in consultation with various interest groups on the basis of co-equal. To achieve equal consultations, the most important point is that information held by the two sides must be a symmetry, because under asymmetric information, lack of information will be in the party's weak bargaining position, which is not conducive to the interests expressed by the parties, which makes the policy has also tended to have more information party, that is more favorable to it. In actual operation, some government departments in the process of public policy evaluation will be based on their own interests and to provide false information, or for deliberately distorting the political strategy to consider the actual effect, or provide misleading information, which makes the evaluation of public policy in the main body of the assessment process, there has been dialogue with the status of inequality. involved in the assessment of the main information in the absence of comprehensive real situation, it is impossible to scientifically and objectively A policy of systematic analysis. In view of this result because of information asymmetry in the evaluation of public policy evaluation in the absence of the main voice, the Government should aim to develop public policies, rules, standards, conditions and other factors based on national implementation Laws, regulations and policies be made public, in the main body of public policy evaluation in the assessment before the assessment can be obtained from the relevant departments of the object, where the full and true information so that they can combine their personal experience as well as representatives of the public information is a summary of a scientific and objective evaluation. while also establishing a comprehensive information system for timely information collection, analysis, assessment to meet the information needs of public policy.

Sixth, representation,
In recent years, the practice of public policy evaluation, we see that some local governments have been in public policy evaluation (on the next page 128) attaches great importance to social organizations and public representatives. However, participation in public policy because of the social assessment process organizations and public representatives a reasonable assessment of the sound in different ways students participate in the main designated by the parent organization, rather than through elections, in the parent organization, the process specified in the main, the number of views at odds with government departments and public organizations, representatives of social exclusion or assessment in the subject itself is a vested interest in public policy, or with the assessment of interest and other factors have led to broad representation and participation of the main gaps. race may be denied in practice, some local governments are also great fanfare, Xingshi Activity carried out through the numerous activities of private evaluation of public policies by the government, however the personal qualities of leadership in the absence of the corresponding {I spoon system security, most formalistic doctrine. in public policy evaluation process, the importance of social organizations and to really representatives of public participation, public policy evaluation should be subject to assessment to cover all relevant public policy interests of the representatives of the evaluation of whether a positive or negative views of the public should be included.

Participation as a subject of public policy on behalf of assessment should follow the appropriate procedures for the institutionalization of the election, by the open and democratic election process, and those with an interest in policy implementation of public policy evaluation in the main body, depending on the actual situation, in accordance with the the evaluation of public policy and regulations, systems, decisions should be avoided. In the evaluation process of public policy, government agencies, party organizations, representatives of National People's Congress, representatives of stakeholder organizations and the public, professional assessment by the experts, can be fully expression of opinion, these representatives can also be cross-examination, the final assessment by an independent public policy organizations to make public the results of the discussion concluded. which, with particular attention to ensure that representatives of stakeholder organizations and the public have the fairness of the way, to make their views a true representation, but also pay attention to and be representative of the public on behalf of the need for adequate communication between, or on behalf of no way reflect the interests of the represented. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http://www.hi138. com