On the basis of public administration system of ethics

Paper Keywords: public administration Ethics constitutional basis for party government
Abstract: The emergence of public administration Ethics is a new era. Given the complexity of social life and the public demand for diversification, public administration, Ethics can not just stay in the specification or the virtues of the traditional theory of the domain among other to be from clarification of the system to get basic level, a consensus to ensure effective public administration Ethics, which is currently the weak link in China's public administration, should also be a serious problem.

Administrative Ethics is the administrative activities related to value-oriented fundamental questions like, this value orientation has been confirmed to be within the government administrative organization and administrative staff all the daily behavior of the overall value of the objective of the Government and its staff made decision-making and action. by the Chief to the change in public administration began in the West? .0 Century 80, the resulting clamor of public administration ethics. Compared with the former, public administration, highlighting the public nature of ethics, public and social resistance, institutional infrastructure is no longer the traditional administrative authorities or government officials, but also extended to civil society, civic groups, non-governmental organizations and individuals a greater range of citizens, the administration will "rule" (8 }'~}) transformed into "governance" (gover-~), trying to administrative body relative to the control mode of administration turned to the administrative body and administrative counterpart two-way interaction. can be said that good system design and appropriate system of philosophy not only constitute a public the premise of administrative ethics, the ethics of public administration itself has become an integral and important content.

Wilson's first administration were in accordance with the idea of separation of the political and administrative executive team can guarantee the stability, the professionalization of administrative activities and administrative procedures for continuity, which is based on his political activities at different levels form contains profound insights. He considered that elected representatives (politicians) through the political process to determine the Government program to be taken, the Chief Officer is responsible for the specific implementation of these programs. In other words, the policy formulation and policy implementation is divided into different types, respectively, from the two populations to play. Therefore, he argued that once an organization's mission has been established, the legislature passed the executive budget, then the political process will end, also will begin the administrative process. (Wilson, 1887), in his view, the administrative activities The essence of the implementation of the decision-making. It is obvious that Wilson's thinking reflects the ideological trend was the mark of science, simply as a purely technical, administrative activities, the activities, administrative staff must be completely abandon personal preferences, hold a neutral position on the value of the work. But this is clearly not feasible, several decades of political / administrative dichotomy has proved the value and moral principles in total disregard of administrative staff is cold, administrative tools, not help the realization of public interest, but will hurt the public interest.

The rise of public administration, people began to change ideas, more and more emphasis on the value of the executive branch and administrative staff to keep the responsibility, otherwise, the public power to easily become a means of self-interest and administrative activities will depart from its original intention. And administrative activities of decision-making, that is, Public policy is fundamentally different from private decision-making, the biggest difference is that the ultimate consequences of private decisions to bear their own private, but the consequences of public decisions ultimately have to be borne by the public. a rich man how to spend his money just a private morality, but how government officials can not simply dominate the budget for his personal preference, but must obey the public will.

How to clear the public will, through what channels to ensure that the pursuit of administrative activities is the public will? Westerners (especially Americans) to the attribution of the Constitution, because the Constitution is the fundamental law, reflects the national vision and aspirations of the people, all only after all appeals is the proper test of the Constitution, which is the constitutional concept.

Modern constitutional thought is the source of enlightenment, that is tyranny of the civil rights awareness and publicity. Was aware of some of the ideological forerunner of the biggest drawbacks is the feudal autocratic extremely unfair distribution of power and authority, but any disposal of power, so the proposed the "rule of law" (the rule of law) thought. the rule of law advocates claim the law must meet the universal principles of natural law must be freely elected, representative of the people, as the highest authority of the legislative body to develop. As early as 1215 the British King John to obtain the right to tax the necessary war had reached a compromise with the lords In "" The Great Charter>> to sign the charter in the Western world's most important legal document, this directly come out of the event itself, the idea of constitutional government, because it is royal (later to extend the administrative powers and privileges of officials, etc.) set a range of industry standard, affirmed the independence and by individual citizens effective protection of legal rights, by contract negotiations expressed in the form of broad consensus on the most minimum of respect for such a consensus, subject to constitute the predictability of human behavior, constitutional provision of a "peaceful evolution", "power struggle" like the political progress and social evolution of the whole new way.

In the past few decades, many Western scholars have made the study of administrative ethics to explore, suggest a moral foundation of public administration, clear and concise ideas. For example, Belle (Bailey, 1965, p263) that "public organizations The three most basic moral character is optimism, courage and kindness justice. "Wilbur (York Willbern, 1984, p102) the study of the morality of public services, that" the moral standard of public officials can be divided into six types or six levels ", which are: loyalty and obedience to the law to regulate conflicts of interest, adhere to service orientation and procedural justice, democracy and the responsibility to fulfill and abide by the ethical norms of public decision-making to maintain the coordination of collective and social ethics. Library film ( Terry Cooper, 1987) maintain that the practice of public administration of justice is the core of inner goodness, the process of justice along with a wide range of autonomy, accountability, due process, the pursuit of sound requirements. Wosi Lei and Groot (Worthley and Grurnet , 1983) suggested that the value of public service systems, including rule of law, duty, efficiency, autonomy, responsibility, competence, objectivity and fairness. Anyway, they all insist on the basic concept of a constitutional, constitutional form of public administration ethics in Western institutional basis.

Modern administration can be traced back to the Republic. After thousands of years of feudal monarchy, only "domestic" or "affairs of state", without administration. The one hand, mainly confined to a few elite government officials because of its affairs and royal family members, the majority of people missed the close, there a high degree of closed or even mystery; the other hand, clueless, or because of their little tricks, or political and not, or row of the non-governmental, results, set bit from person to person, the government because people out, too much arbitrariness and contingency can not infer a rational pre-court or the behavior of the emperor or officials, while not always in pursuit of their efficiency as the goal. in the strict sense have no way of administrative action.

Sun Yat-sen founded the Republic of China government, the insight into the shortcomings of traditional Chinese feudal dynasties, advocated formation of a democratic way to European and American national government, at the same time, he was acutely aware of the plaque was lack of political knowledge of ordinary people and did not know why the matter of democracy, or even They rarely on public affairs, political activities of interest, therefore, need to take a gradual approach, Sun proposed a "military", "political tutelage", "constitutional" three-step program. first by means of revolutionary soldiers of the armed overthrow the old system, the establishment of the new regime, the military's command to establish the status of the revolution. In stage of political tutelage, then through modern education, the spread of advanced concepts in public, so that deep heart of democracy. in the public acquisition of democracy, freedom, after the new thinking , the time is ripe, will implement the "constitutional."
However, the Sun play the fine dried worry, die young, become a modern administrative practice of unfinished business. After the chaos because of warlords, the variation of the "military" a departure from the Sun Yat-sen's mind. Chiang Kai-shek after the unification of China, for the control of warlords around the had to strengthen the military and political tutelage of the people do not stress, has been reluctant to move to the constitution, and finally lead to post-1931 years ago by a number of liberal intellectuals off the democratic discussion. Hu, who clearly put forward the implementation of constitutional government itself is a learning process, during which people are feeling the impact of constitutional government. If you have other conditions are ripe, fully civilized people, the sight also. They Er, not without profound that the substance of the constitutional government of the Republic is to avoid delay and stick to the training policy and even constitutional degradation to the military only.

Communist Party of China began as early as the Yan'an period of administrative practice, fully summed up the lessons of history and the mistakes the KMT regime, the Marxist classical writers to practice some discussion of the use of, start a lot of constructive innovations, creating a new world. For example, enacted a number of bills, regulations, the army, party and people's livelihood activities incorporated into the law and governance framework; popular culture knowledge, improve literacy, enhance public participation in politics capacity; airing, to absorb democratic public participation; extensive mass mobilization, while various forms of education, promotion activities, many grass roots was first organized. Links http://www.hi138.com Research Papers Download after the establishment of the PRC, the Chinese Communist Party became the ruling party, full charge of state power, and set about restoring the national economy. to the poor and white, waits to be established on the basis of advanced industrial countries, had to take nationalism system. administrative power pervade aspects of social life, and even reach the public daily all areas of life in the socialist transformation of the completion of .1956, and ultimately setting up the core of the Chinese Communist Party, under the leadership of the party to a formal administrative structure of the formation of a high degree of integration of administrative and political, administrative and party and government are inseparable, this aspect can be smoothly to the political ideals, moral values carried through the party and government, on the other hand strengthen the executive team building, end, and gradually set up the relative exclusion of restrictions, leading to administrative activities "politicized" and the administrative team, "elite oriented. "government people involved only those politically reliable people who through the party organizations at all levels of assessment, access to the party or the trust of party leaders, some sectors of the population, such as workers and peasants, children, jobs As a former military and other advantages and a more personal experience of the "clean" and get all ages. Moreover, in order to effectively promote the modernization process, as the new Chinese administration's economic base, the state subsidies and the implementation of the rural urban, agricultural support industry model, and organized by the State to assume the production, marketing, distribution and other functions, and establish a planned economic system.

In the past 30 years of reform and opening process, the State authorities are fully aware of the existing administrative system on the market, changes in the social life not suited to carry out a number of restructuring, remodeling, and launched a more administrative deep institutional reform. However, the undeniable effect than anticipated. If you do horizontal comparison, we see more clearly that China lags behind modern administration has seriously affected the development process of Chinese society, rooted in the lack of Research in public administration practical and ethical enough to set the institutional basis of stability. This is an important issue to be taken seriously.


In fact, the construction of Western public administration ethics is not smooth sailing, spoils system, the oligarchy, such as money politics haunt them for years also, but with the idea of gradually setting up the core of the constitutional status of ethics in public administration was on the right track. American scholars Library shot once said that as a promising academic career and also won the College Research Ethics approved the study of public administration no earlier than 70 years of the 20th century. late 90s before they get rapid development. He concluded that , 70 to 90 years 20 years the United States and the West of administrative ethics are primarily concerned with writing seven themes: citizenship and democratic theory, moral, ideological and constitutional tradition of the founding of the executive organization background, ethics education, philosophy and the use of cognitive moral development.

The role of public administrators is its embodiment of social functions, social functions and so subject to different institutional arrangements for public administration system. In summary, the role of public administration personnel in contemporary three main forms: (1) in the party political integration of system design, public administration spokesmen who are mainly political; (2) democratic system of government in general, the public administration staff are the embodiment of all the will of the people; (3) in representative government, the public administration staff are all kinds of benefits coordinator. China is implementing the administrative reform, including separate system of government seeks to break the pattern of party and government together, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China's administrative system of representative government but also to avoid instability, therefore, administrative reform is to confirm the universal democracy regime, but the activities of public administration in China because of "the absence of the client," there is no perfect agency relationship, which easily lead to lack of system of public administration activities, incentives, making the pursuit of universal political concepts of democracy hinges on the public officers only thinking consciousness above, must be very fragile. This goes back to our above mentioned issues arranged by the Government.

Can be said that contemporary Chinese public administration ethics of fashion is an important reason why the role of public administration personnel is unknown, which means that the main orientation of administrative ethics is unclear, it is also the role of unknown or dislocation was a result of immoral activities in public administration phenomena occurring on a large.

The final administrative action based on what? This is a difficult question to answer satisfactory. As the institutional basis is not clear, is not effective, which left too much to the administrative activities of the stretching of space, resulting in the arbitrariness of administrative activities . efficiency and utility that visual, easy-to-quantify objectives to all levels of government and administrative staff are sought after. In fact, the final administrative action on the issue based on the history of thought is always in dispute. purpose is argued that performance is the most The main, and the moral tone of those ethical principles or generally accepted rules of human behavior is valuable. behavioral effects in public institutions and public officials the value of spectrum to occupy a very important position. legitimate political power of modern states The main pillar of rationality is its performance, if only in pursuit of performance, may be driven by any means a considerable part of the administrative staff, which Genben departure from the official activities of the mind, so must the value of performance to boot, give moral identified through think of the performance concept.

"Narrow the efficiency of public administration tend to focus only management level and economic value. Broad public administration, in addition to attention to the management of the value of the outside", also stressed the civic spirit, justice, fairness, justice, ethics, responsiveness, and patriotism, etc. The value of government activities (')." When we use terms like efficiency and economy, the public administrators to put these words into action as before, that is intentionally or unintentionally repeated emphasis on economic rationality, it All scheduled activities as reasoning. ... ... If they carry out administrative activities in such a way, public affairs has become a means of resistance, so any sense of public good have been reduced to a series of personal preference of a utilitarian result. "[z] to have a single public policy conducive to economic growth as the standard, to some extent at the expense of public health, safety, environmental protection and social justice - this may be our greatest lessons of the past 20 years. This is from a public administration ethics in the side that not enough attention in China, many officials and even senior officials did not consciously target the ethical values, social ethics, and moral needs of the public into public administration activities to measure the important parameters. one-sided emphasis on economic efficiency, improve the result of the growth of material wealth is prevalent in the civil service tend to vulgar materialism, in the process of public administration, ethical considerations are forgotten.

At present, I adhere to the scientific concept of development during the party, the great practice of building a harmonious society, which means that administrative ethics must reflect the will of the people and the Communist Party of the ideal society beliefs. Therefore, there should be two contemporary levels of administrative ethics in China, in the lower level, efforts to build a service point, take just as the goal, as a way of legitimate ethical system. We should fully respect the freedom and rights of citizens to effectively implement the duties of public service activities to promote specialization and professionalism of civil servants to engage in public service activities. Such requirements should be using a variety of administrative ethics legislation, procedures and other administrative activities of daily normal. at a higher level, to achieve the ideal goal of human beings for the purpose, the pursuit of universal equality, happiness achieved. This should be reflected spirit in the administration as finding specific administrative conflicts and the ultimate conflict of administrative ethical value system. Links to Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com