On Sun Yat-sen's "popular sovereignty" Thought

Paper Keywords: Sun, popular sovereignty, direct Democracy, power distinction, local self-government
Abstract: "popular sovereignty" idea, is the Sun's core Civil rights ideology. "Popular sovereignty" depends on the actual realization of the common people in general directly involved in the implementation of the democratic process, Sun proposed a "direct Democracy" concept. "empowerment distinction between" clearly reflects the Sun "sovereignty" of the basic principles of Democracy, "local autonomy" is the realization of "popular sovereignty" as an important means.

Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of Democracy in the ideological system occupies a very prominent place. He creatively put forward the "direct Democracy", "power distinction between", "local autonomy" and other scientific concepts, a comprehensive exposition of the "sovereignty" of the glorious thinking reflects the Chinese people against the feudal autocracy, the pursuit of new democracy, participation in national and social management of the strong desire. of Sun Yat-sen on the "sovereignty" of this thinking, enable us to correctly understand and objective evaluation of Sun Yat-sen Civil rights ideology of the important historical position.

A
"Direct democracy" ideology of Sun Yat-sen in the "indirect Civil rights" and proposed. It believes the West is a representative parliamentary politics, embodied in the "indirect Civil rights" enjoyed by the people only a limited right to can not achieve the target ownership, less than for us to follow. He pointed out that in addition to indirect Civil rights, complex line of "direct democracy" to get rid of flaws in representative politics, on the one hand the implementation of universal suffrage, abolition of the asset electoral system as the standard, while the People collection or referendum, the exercise of direct democracy in the election, recall, initiative, referendum four major powers. the only way to eliminate the limitations of representative government, so that democracy is one of the new. direct and indirect civil rights civil rights difference lies in the direct democracy system, the people except the right to vote, but also enjoy the right of recall, initiative and referendum. only a power to vote, people can not truly headed disposes. Sun Saying that only the right to vote, as the original old machines, "only to advance the power of the machine, there is no force pulling back." vote than the people outside, then there is the power of removal, "the government all the officials in one hand, you can put out, but also can be transferred back side, can come and go freely from the people. "That is the will of the people can elect and dismiss their own officials. Sun that produced the Civil Rights Act must be guaranteed state laws directly related to the interests of the people, should reflect the will of the people and protect people's interests, so people should have the right to create law. This power, called the right to create. For legislation, Sun Yat-sen also advocated the right of the people have a referendum he thinks the law promulgated by the state, against the will of the people if the place, people are not satisfied, they should have a right to themselves to modify, change after a good, they have to the Government to implement the new law amended, repealed the old law before, This is the referendum. four civil rights like the drainage system of four or four access button, "We have a drainage system, they can direct management of the water, with the pick button, they can direct management of the lamp, with four civil rights, can directly manage the country's political. people have a four civil rights, civil rights be considered as sufficient, able to implement the four civil rights, civil rights be considered as a direct and complete. "It is from here, see Sun Yat-sen, the real people sovereignty, the people should be universal access to the power of direct management of state, the people become the subject of power, civil rights and representative than the indirect, direct democracy embodied in the establishment of democracy more fully some of the sovereignty of the people truly, there is real famous. In addition, Sun has fully affirmed the "direct democracy" of the possibilities. He did not fail because of the system in general practice in Europe and doubts can be achieved in China, on the contrary, in his view than the European countries, China has the conditions for their implementation. He cited the most developed country in the modern civil rights devaluation Switzerland, the Swiss people vote on the executive, the power of removal, the right to vote may elect a more capable, the power of removal can correct the wrong choice. they have created in legislation and and referendum rights, the right to create legal remedies are not complete, the right of referendum can correct errors of law. The Swiss people have the four powers, the implementation of direct democracy, real democracy. Unfortunately, only a Swiss national in the U.S. and Europe, there is no other great powers to implement such a system. In this regard, it was suspected that such a good system can only be implemented in a small country, but not in the big countries to promote, but can not be achieved in China. Sun refuted this view, pointing out that " as Japan already has a small railway, and then to transform the railway, would have to spend a long time H,-JI Secretary, of a lot of money, is very economical, because fear of difficulty seek security, focus on the economy, these countries are aware these new inventions, or not using it. "Europe and America," political machine have a lot of shortcomings, the government has become the old machines ", the people and Government of daily conflict. we going to create a powerful new machine, it is very easy. China is not the case, there is no burden of history, it is appropriate for effective democratic political system in Switzerland. Thus, "direct democracy" in China is totally feasible. Sun to direct democracy as a global trend, that this is the direction of development of democratic politics, although democracy has not yet reached the level of general, but it presents an extension of the trend. He asked the Chinese to learn from Western countries, learn the latest thinking and most advanced system, not world trend to do the tail, behind the crawl with the others, so will always be left behind. He called the best democratic system should introduce to the Chinese people, so that those living in China later, he confidently predicted that, as long as China Learning the world's most advanced thinking, the implementation of direct democracy system, ahead of the times, "the case for several years, there must be a brilliant solemn found in the East China Republic of China, the Republic of driving all over the world carry on."
It should be recognized with respect to indirect civil rights of direct democracy, including a more complete democracy, has a more democratic, more extensive and more effective features. People can and referendum by legislative power, the bourgeoisie has played the role of a certain degree of restriction Through the power of removal, restricting government officials can not do whatever they want. Here, he noted the "sovereignty" depends on the actual realization of the common people in general directly involved in the implementation of democratic procedures, awareness of the need to have some practical and effective form of government, the people could truly effective exercise of state power. This knowledge is valuable.

II
"Distinction between empowerment" is the most clearly reflects the Sun "sovereignty" of the basic principles of civil rights. So-called "power distinction between" is "the country's political power to split into two. One is the power to put this power in the hands of entirely submitted to the people, the people have sufficient power to directly go to administer the country, the regime is civil rights. one is the right to rule, to put this power fully submitted to the government authorities, the Government is to a great power control national affairs, the right to rule that the Government rights. "This" regime "and" governance rights "separation, or" civil rights "and" government power "of the separation, the actual cause of all the people and government authorities The distinction between authority and responsibility, which is the "power distinction between" the basic meaning. To illustrate the power, can the relationship between the issue that more clearly, even through the withdrawal, Sun made the analogy: the right and can be compared to car The owner and driver. He said: "The driver is driving to the right, the car owner is entitled to incompetence, this should be by the owner the right to have a special home to be able to drive a car on his behalf. Republic of the event, is the same reason. people are the masters, is the right of the people, the government is designed home that is there to people. "Sun" power distinction between "the idea is to make the hands of the people have civil rights, government the hands of a governing power, the power of the people and government are balanced, it is necessary to form a universal happiness for the people's government, while still allowing people to constrained control it. complete solution for modern democratic politics, the disadvantages arising from, the real "sovereign In China "principle.


Sun believes that Western political system defects mainly in two aspects: First, the government can not solve the people's confrontation. To him, the Western countries since the introduction of the civil rights, the government's capacity will line degradation. The reason is that people fear that the Government has ability, people can not manage, so always against the government. In such circumstances, the Government can not fully work, the government can not fully work, although the State Government, and no government will be on the same. He stressed, "If this holds kinds of attitude, the long run, do not try to change, it is difficult to look political progress. "The second is very difficult to solve this system of government the government against the will of the people, the phenomenon of violation of people's interests. Therefore, Sun pointed out that the reason why the people of the existing antagonistic attitude of the government support, not the people intentionally, one of the most important reason is that those "who occupy the state organs, the beginning of the election by the people to receive this qualification, the following is a flagrant violation of the people means to act, and the people nurturing The Ho. "Thus, Sun Yat-sen put two sides of the same issue myself clear, that people want to have a universal government for their own services. Omnipotent Government after government has become, but also" listen to the people, "and not contrary to will of the people. How can we achieve a win-win people and their government do? Sun Yat-sen's political system from the perspective of creative ideas put forward, which is the "power distinction." He pointed out that for this problem, European and American politicians and scholars have not proposed Sciences solution. "I thought of a solution. My solution is to go to school grounds in the world's first invention. is the right to be able to separate truth." He stressed: "the right to separate the people for the Government attitude can change. If the right can not separate the attitude of the people is always the Government can not change. "Therefore, the Chinese" do not dance in Europe and America's mistakes, as I should have invented doctrine, should a clear division of power. " "We want to progress in China, the nation's future is no danger to the implementation of their civil rights, their fundamentally can not but think of a way." This approach is the "power distinction." Sun Yat-sen in his discussion of the implementation of China's political power need to divide and conquer at the same time, it demonstrates that "power distinction between" feasibility. He pointed out that "power distinction between" in line with China's reality, that is suitable for China's national conditions, and easy to implement. because: The first Chinese history, the right can be separated from precedent. Shu He compared the fools and the wise, that fools the right not to, and Zhuge Liang is able to not have the right, and fools, but the conduct of public affairs, although not to the wise can do, can govern Shu, formation of the three situation. Given this historical precedent, so the Chinese people, the reason for the power sub-rule easier to understand and accept. According to Sun saying: "If the government is good, we have forty million people put him as Zhuge Liang, the state have full powers to them, if the government is bad, forty million people we can implement the mandate of the emperor to recall them, to recover the State's human rights. "Second, respect and trust of the Chinese people have the mental habits of Homo habilis. Sun Yat-sen those who cited the ancient Chinese Sui, Shen Nong, Yao, Shun and so on, that they are capable at the time, moral character, ability, high strength, and thus subject to the respect, support them as leaders, management, everybody's business. So a few from China years of history, "where there are large and capable, a new invention, done a great labor in the human person, can do the emperor, can be organized government." Sun believes that this genius concept of the state when the chief management , still exists in China today. Thus, the implementation of power in the partition of China, to the people of the country people to have the ability to control, is that to work. Third, China has established on the basis of feudal monarchy Republic of China, there is no history of Europe and the United States Government the chronic form, you can use the most advanced form of government structure. as he said: "We now have to solve civil rights issues, we must also build a new machine, resulting in the principle of the new machine is to separate the power and energy. the people to the right, the machine is to have energy. "On the one hand the people enjoy full civil rights, can control the government, on the other hand, the Government has a strong ability to govern. Since the right of the people Therefore, government capacity is great, can not be evil, can only be good, that is not to harm the people, but only for the people's interests. In this way, civil rights issues to a good solution. Links to Research Papers Download Center http://www.hi138.com From the above analysis, Sun Yat-sen "power divided," the positive meaning is clear. First, he put all government staff as public servants serving the people, not riding heads of the people domineering master. Sun Yat-sen said: "those government workers, not as an honor, a very distinguished President, General, only to catch them as a car driver," or as is the "policeman, cooks, doctors, carpenters, tailors." In short, "no matter what kind to them as workers, are possible." for government workers, people not only the right to elect, as well as the power of removal, so that civil rights can be a good solution. Second, he stressed that the Government staff to the "special home" component, that is, "the state of affairs, entrusted to the capable people," the government efficient universal. Second, he linked to the regime and the right to talk about governing with the people's power to check government power, so that the Government follow the will of the people to actively promote social stability and healthy development.

C
"Local autonomy" is the ideology sen an extremely important part, but also the implementation of "popular sovereignty" as an important means. He In "<Basis of the Republic of China>> The article points out, to" the sovereignty In fact, the name of the people ", must be implemented by the people, the implementation strategy by the people, there are four, the first strategy is" local self-government. "is" to place things on, so that the local people themselves to governance, the Government has no interference. "here The so-called "local", the Department relative to the "central" is concerned, is under the jurisdiction of the Central and has allowed the local unit autonomy in favor of "first to the county for the autonomy of the unit, in a county, the effort to blow away the cobwebs, the dark the root of people's power plant, and then expand the charge of, and in the province "." ���� matters within the scope of local self-government, by its own people to apply for self-rule areas, this is the local self-government. Sun Yat-sen in the hope that through the introduction of local autonomy, the establishment of the Republic of China truly realize the sovereignty of the people, the populist political vision into reality.


Sun believes that "local autonomy" This idea has extraordinary significance. First, the local self-government is the foundation of the Republic of China building, the so-called "local self-government who is also the country of the foundation stone." "Foundation is not strong, the state not solid, "and" Solid State share ���� the children and grandchildren. "To this end, he lists a number of foreign examples were given. China is the advanced culture of the state of the Chinese people also smart of the people, after revolution, established the Democratic Republic of the that the Republic of China, but "the so-called Republic of China, who only its name, without fact, all the power, still corrupt bureaucracy, arbitrary Taketo hand," there is not much difference with the previous. why not? is that China lacks a national of the based on local self-government. "For example, building on top of the dunes by the winds, even collapse, so the 'second revolution' failed, not the Yuan down with us down our own reality. We work hard to cite the revolution, not only After punishing the former Mi, and to be practical, step by step building a solid foundation, do not pull their call. "'1916, he also pointed out:" Since the overthrow of tyranny and building a Republican, five years, politics has not been perfect, imperfect political reason, real local self-government is not well developed. If the local government not only comprehensive, state the reason why the United States today to strengthen a vibrant, is because in the "not independent before, thirteen states have their own way, while the local government has developed, so after its founding, political booming, with its political foundation of local self-government of the whole paternity developed it. "different from other American countries, because there is no basis for local self-government, the national chaos. Second, local self-government is to achieve by the people of to-side." by the people " Sun often said in later life is a concept, so-called "by the people" refers to "political sovereignty lies in the people, or directly to the exercise of, or indirectly, to exercise," "the right is the official, not the people, the official rule , the right is the people, not the government, was by the people. "he said in 1912: Xinhai" revolution, China's land and sovereignty, has been recaptured from the hands of the Manchu emperor to the hands of the Chinese people to the . but we only have political sovereignty of the people of the name, there is no real political sovereignty, or not running the country. must be the political sovereignty, it is to get the hands of the people before they can rule, be called by the people. "How can we achieve" by the people "mean? the most important is the local self-government can be achieved only when the local implementation of the autonomy to really shift the power from the hands of officials to the people. Once again, the full realization of direct democracy and local self-government is an important guarantee. If As mentioned earlier, direct democracy, including the right to vote, recall, initiative and referendum rights, no matter what kind of power must be taken by the direct vote of the people of the way, this approach should not be determined directly by the National People's exercise of civil rights in the Central, it should only by the the people exercise at the local, local self-government with results, the implementation of direct democracy can be. Thus, the realization of direct democracy, depends on the implementation of local self-government. of direct democracy and the date of implementation, that is, when the local full autonomy. Subsequently, the Sun Yat-sen and According to China's specific conditions in China, this system demonstrated the possibility of implementation. He believes that China has a long history, "since ancient times, China has had the presence of village self-government." ancient China "Republican of the flavor," is that people to "autonomy" of important things to "take care of themselves from the meeting of the." few thousand years of feudal autocratic rulers in addition to the people's money, prepare the people rebel, but did not give the people anything, but people still make their own life This is because the reason they are able to self-government. Based on this, local self-government in China is fully implemented, and it is achievable.

Republic of China Sun Yat-sen as the basis for local self-government, true democracy as a powerful guarantee, the close integration of direct democracy and local self-government, emphasizing political sovereignty by the people exercise power directly through the local self-government, facilitate the proper processing center and local power relations and realize the idea of popular sovereignty, though not realized during the lifetime of Sun Yat-sen, but it is a kind of good programs, and a realization of China to explore new ways of sovereignty in the people, has important theoretical value .

In short, the Sun Yat-sen as a bourgeois politician thinker, he described the "popular sovereignty" doctrine in the history of Chinese thought occupies a very important position, but the theoretical basis of this idea is not a Marxist historical materialism, but his own History of people's livelihood. with the historical and class limitations, as people seize state power can not solve the more fundamental problems, which will not be able to realize "sovereignty" of the ideal. However, we Sun Yat-sen can not be underestimated, "sovereignty" of the positive significance. It should be noted, "popular sovereignty" idea, Sun Yat-sen in China reflects the ideal of a democratic political system established to make the hard work and valuable exploration of Sun Yat-sen One of the precious intellectual heritage. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com