Brief history of the above materials

[Abstract] This paper briefly describes the history of the material, and then were metal materials, inorganic non-metallic materials and polymer materials made the simple introduction.

[Keywords:] inorganic non-metallic materials, metal materials, the development of polymer materials

The course of development of human society is based on material as the main indicator. Historically, the materials are considered a milestone in the evolution of human society.'s Awareness and use of materials the ability to determine the shape of society and the quality of human life. Historian also by the materials and equipment as a sign of the times: such as the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, polymers age ... ...

100 years ago, primitive people with stones as a tool, called the Old Stone Age .1 million years ago, human stone processing, making sophisticated tools and utensils to enter the Stone Age. Now in eight of archaeological excavations prove that thousands of years pottery has been made practical, in six thousand years ago, has been refining the brass, four thousand years ago, bronze tools have been simple, three thousand years ago in the manufacture of weapons with iron meteorite. Our ancestors in the second thousand five hundred years ago in the Spring and Autumn Period will be smelting pig iron has been more than eighteen hundred years earlier in Europe than .18 century, the steel industry has become an important part of the industrial revolution and the material basis of .19 mid-century, modern open-hearth furnace and converter steel-making technologies, so that human beings really into the iron and steel era. At the same time, copper, lead, zinc has been applied to large, aluminum, magnesium, titanium and other metals have come out and applied. until the mid-20th century, the metal material in the material industry has a dominant position in the middle of the century .20 After the rapid development of science and technology, as the mother of invention, and the food industry, new materials have appeared epoch-making change. The first is the advent of synthetic polymer materials, and only half of the widely used century of time, polymer materials have been a thousand years of history with the metal neck and neck, and the volume of output has been more than steel, as the national economy, national defense areas of advanced science and technology indispensable material. followed by the ceramic materials development. Ceramics is the earliest human use of natural raw materials provided the materials made of .50 years, synthetic chemical raw materials and special preparation process of the development so that the ceramic material produced a leap from traditional ceramics to the emergence of advanced ceramics changes formation of many new functional ceramics industry, to meet the electricity, electronics and space technology development and needs.

It is now also by chemical composition of the material into different metal materials, inorganic non-metallic materials and three types of organic polymer materials and their composites.

Metal materials science is to study the composition of metal materials organization, structure, defects and the intrinsic link between the performance of a discipline. Metal materials science and engineering workers, but also to study various metal smelting and alloying of the reaction process and phase relations, preparation of metallic materials and the formation mechanism of the crystallization process and materials used in manufacturing and in the process of change and the damage mechanism. its classification by chemical composition can be divided into iron and steel, nonferrous metal and composite metal material. by use classification includes structural materials and functional materials.

Metal matrix composites (MMC) because of its good performance has been widespread concern. It is a kind of metal or alloy as the substrate, with metal or non-metallic wire, wire, fiber, whisker or particle group was divided into reinforcement of non-homogeneous mixture, the common denominator is a continuous metal matrix. Currently, the aerospace sector in particular, the materials used to promote the system, its performance has reached its limit. Therefore, the development of a higher operating temperature, specific stiffness and specific The substantial increase in strength of metal matrix composites, the development of high-performance structural materials has become an important direction for .1990 propulsion system in the United States $ 32,500,000 in the form of advanced composite materials (mainly MMC) market, the annual average growth rate 16%, much higher than the 1.6% annual growth rate of high-performance alloys.

Links to Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com inorganic material is based on certain elements of the oxides, carbides, nitrides, halogen compounds, boride and silicate, aluminate, phosphate salt, boric acid salt composition of the material. is in addition to organic polymer materials and all materials other than metal materials collectively. in the crystal structure, inorganic non-metallic complex crystal structure than metals, and no free electrons. with more than metal bonds and the stronger covalent bonds of pure ionic and mixed key. This highly specific chemical bond bond energy, high bond strength to give this category materials for high melting point, high hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, high strength and good resistance to oxidation and other basic properties, as well as a broad conductivity, heat insulation, light transmission and good ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism and piezoelectricity. inorganic non-metallic materials from the traditional cement, glass, ceramics developed to new advanced ceramics, amorphous materials, artificial crystals, inorganic coatings, inorganic fiber, semiconductor materials and optical materials. because the new addition to the traditional inorganic non-metallic materials, inorganic non-metallic material advantages, there are certain characteristics such as: high strength, with electrical and optical properties and biological functions, they have become the modern new technologies, new industries, traditional industries and technological innovation, and modern national defense and biomedical indispensable material basis.

Synthetic materials for the organic polymer materials, also known as polymers. Since the 20th century, 20 years Bristol Plantinga famous German scientist has created the discipline, the development of polymer science and technology is extremely rapid, and now has become a very large polymer industry . It has high strength, good plasticity, strong corrosion resistance, good insulation properties, and excellent performance and light weight, in is the fastest growing engineering a new type of structural materials. polymer materials arranged in order according to their molecular chain or not, can be divided into crystalline polymers and amorphous polymers categories. the higher the strength of crystalline polymers, crystallization depends on the extent of the ordered arrangement of molecular chains. engineering is usually based on mechanical properties and the use of state will be divided into three categories: plastic, rubber and synthetic fibers. which, of synthetic fibers, synthetic resins and synthetic rubber production capacity, respectively the world's first, second and third.


References:
[1] Xie Shenghui. <<Materials Science "A History> curriculum ideas and teaching outline. 2006,26, (5).

[2] Xu Shunsheng. Metal Materials Science Overview. Shanghai Institute of Metallurgy.

[3] Wang Jun, Yan Biao, Xu Zheng. Metal matrix composite materials development and future .1999,1005-2046.

[Four] DONG Yanming, Necessary and Sufficient Condition. Polymer Science For Dummies. Science Press, 2008.

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