On meet the needs of society: public administration, target selection

[Paper Keywords] objectives of public Administration, social needs, service, fairness, efficiency
[Abstract] the goal of public Administration, the "service", "improve efficiency", "the pursuit of fairness" and a different paradigm. But in essence, the pursuit of these paradigms are just a way or means, and not represent the goals, the objectives of public Administration should be positioned to meet the needs of society.


Marxism holds that the Government's ultimate goal should be to eliminate its own, to achieve human freedom and liberation. But in the government and the State must still exist this long period, what is the Government's objective in the end, as the value is mainly reflected the government's public Administration What is the meaning of existence from the theoretical and other issues still need to be clearly explained. particularly in the social development has been hindered, in the administrative reform difficult to achieve a breakthrough, but also from deep theory to study these issues in order to guide the administrative reform The goal of the development of public Administration is the significance of the existence of public administration and public administration, goal-directed activities. But in the end what should be the goal for public administration, academia, and not conclusive. We the following academics in public administration recognized three basic target paradigm is reviewed, hoping to draw their own conclusions, and ask for advice in academic circles.

First, on public administration is to provide services
Some scholars believe that "the main objective of the government administration is to provide public services." Another scholar from the perspective of social contract theory that "management is service, the substance of the administration is using the powers conferred by organizations and their members serve the public interest" "Government is the contract between citizens of the product, which in essence is a common interest for citizens and social service organizations. With the development of society, it is growing out of and superior to the society above, but can not change the nature of such services , but the object is a different service. The Government is still the most fundamental functions of the service function, "" the object of public administrative services should be citizens, three aspects of state and society. "
New public management point of view, the service as the goal of public administration will be faced with the challenge of the following questions: Why is the service as a goal? Functions of modern government is to provide services? Modern government can do to provide better service ? If you can not get these three issues in a positive response, then, to serve as the goal of public administration is the wrong choice. first answer the first question, the service as the goal of public administration, with the social contract theory to explain because guarantee the realization of public will to protect the rights of citizens is the government's responsibility. But the civil rights and government power is dynamic, beginning with the establishment of contract is not the same, so even if there is such a contract, and the reality of the situation there will be big difference. In this way, how to understand the government services that citizens want to be, in accordance with the contract (that can be said that the provisions of the old system), or determined in accordance with the reality of the situation? from the "service" in the word can not be reflected. to the second question, if the definition of the main functions of modern government for the provision of services, then, is what aspect of the service? for enterprise development to develop specific objectives, to the enterprise product pricing, having a service? Most people think that the Government may provide a public service, not a private service. The problem is the public service and private services, where the boundaries? public service and private services are interchangeable, and this point should be able to be recognized. Moreover, public Only the Government can provide services to it? even public service should only be provided by the Government, then it can offer you? David? Osborne and Ted? Gaebler in the "" Reforming Government ">, a book clearly Since the beginning of Wilson, "the leaders of most governments has been that the Government's role is unilateral: the collection and provision of services", many of the non-governmental organizations belonging to the provision of public services has also been placed in government hands, "Progressive Party and the New Deal advocates believe that government employees at all levels of government should use the decision to provide most of their services. "But," to the 70's, almost no mayors, governors or members can imagine there are other possible way. They have been chained to the car tax and service a large. "With the economic slowdown and financial crisis hit, all kinds of problems, the government raise taxes and increase services in the dual paradox in the wandering not before, resulting in increasing the service tax has not kept pace with the abolition of the government's voice is getting higher and higher. the United States government to reform some of the first local government has made significant achievements, they think "is not the government to provide services obligations, the Government's obligation is to protect the service provider can be achieved. "" municipal authorities will be provided more and more often they play the role of catalyst and facilitator. municipal authorities will be more and more regulations are always their own task is to determine the scope and nature. and then combine a variety of resources for others means to solve these problems ... "Therefore, the Government is not the sole provider of public services, but the government does not necessarily solve the problem of public service delivery .

Summary view of new public management, we believe that the provision of services as if the goal of public administration, will produce the following questions: First, the Government will occupy a lot of non-governmental provision of public services and even private services. Second. The Government will collection and provision of services in the circle of stagnation. Third, the government can not guarantee the provision of public services, leading to the production of the government crisis of legitimacy.

"Provide services" in the field of public administration was concerned because no government must consider and address the issue. However, services are often seen as a result of the general government behavior. And the target usually refers to a clear and practical the point, the service is not a clear point. because there is a service that acts more "targeted" goal - to meet the needs of the community. is to meet the needs of the community goals of public administration. For example, "to people of service ", it can be to explain: The way services to meet the needs of the people. when the" people "into the political concept of" citizen "of the time, then you can put to meet the needs of citizens as the chief goals. The So the "goals" because of the requirements of public administration has not only citizens, but also of social organizations (including enterprises) so as to meet the needs of the community should be targeting the public administration. social needs, it is society (including social organizations, individuals) of public administration (or government) needs. Of course, this demand does not include any government needs the community, this demand is within the scope of government functions and needs. things are looking Government is not a reasonable choice is not even a legitimate option. the Government can only cares to pipe and tube good thing, it is limited range of functions, civil and social organizations can not find anything the government. So rather The goal is to meet in public administration that part of it to meet the needs of the community.


Second, with regard to public administration aims to improve the efficiency of
Efficiency, especially in the economic efficiency of public administration has been the core issue. Wilson In "<administration Research"> put the administration on the efficiency of the target location. He pointed out that "The purpose of the administration of the first to get How can the Government clearly the highest possible efficiency and minimal consumption of money or manpower to complete these specific tasks. "Principles of Scientific Management such as the management theory of the injection, the study of public administration more targeted How many located in the administrative activities for the government improve the efficiency of service delivery. and public administration activities in the economic development needs, Weber theory of bureaucracy and public administration theory of leisure is also targeting to increase its efficiency. In China, many Researchers regard the efficient administration of public administration Research as a starting point and purpose. Although it is the unity of efficiency goals by criticism of the new school of public administration, but Western countries with the rise of new public management, efficiency and gradually occupied the a place of public administration objectives.

According to the requirements of efficiency, to improve the efficiency of public administration as a goal, then. The following activities will be unavoidable aspects: �� round after round of administrative reform. Is generally believed that an efficient public administration and administration by the administrative organization organization of personnel decisions. administrative reform, especially reform of administrative institutions has become bound to each of the next government to carry out his job. However, the administrative reform as a necessary means to improve administrative efficiency is a misunderstanding, administrative reforms repeated many times in our country and no effect is obvious to all, administrative reform is a temporary solution behavior, not because the key functions of the agency problem but the problem. What functions are not clear, simple sub-sub- together can not have any effect, taken together, will only increase the workload of the government and people do not trust the government. The goal of public administration to perform its functions is the realization of way. Only by understanding the objectives of public administration in order to define clearly the functions, but also to science that can be effective in the administrative reform. �� of public service reform. to improve the quality of civil service development needs of the times, but the quality of civil servants increased, it will increase administrative efficiency, which in itself is questionable. Moreover, civil servants improve the quality, efficiency, and public administration activities, there will be no pursuit of the goals? today's world, countries with respect to the quality of civil society and the slave society of feudal administrative and political staff will certainly be much higher quality, but public administration effectiveness of the activities and there is no substantial breakthrough Gengshi Bi shortcomings of public administration is worse than the past. quality would not necessarily produce high efficiency, high efficiency may not necessarily lead to high satisfaction. �� improve the technical equipment. technology extension of the body, through advanced technology and equipment, people can not be completed before completion of the work of many, knowledge and understanding of the world deeper than before. But technology has brought us not only the development of efficient, there are feelings of indifference and unprecedented technological rationality, the cult of technology will inevitably lead to difficult relationships. and require no feelings under the domination of the technology and tools to improve the efficiency of the people can only be empty talk. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http : / / www.hi138.com From the above points of view, the goal of efficiency in public administration, will have the following problems: �� the loss of equity. the pursuit of efficiency, especially at the expense of the simple pursuit of efficiency is usually at the expense of fairness. �� aggravation of social development. well-based local or individual basis is weak relative to the place or individual is always able to produce high efficiency and, therefore, the pursuit of efficiency will inevitably lead to further increase regional differences. �� ignore disadvantaged groups, undermine the image. too much to support disadvantaged groups will inevitably lead to low efficiency, therefore, for the pursuit of high efficiency, public administration can only Jiangyoufalie, resulting in most of the weaknesses of the community groups to increase dissatisfaction with government actions, influence government image.

We believe that, in essence, efficiency is also a manifestation of social needs, is a means. The improvement of efficiency as the pursuit of public administration activities can often cater to the tastes of some people, especially such a level of economic development in China not high, people have experienced the constraints posed by economic underdevelopment of the country, even more so. which makes them legitimate targets to pursue her coat, to the detriment of other people's legitimate and reasonable interests. This is essentially the means and upside target would undermine efficiency, and ultimately undermine social development.

Third, the objectives of public administration is the pursuit of fair
Fair view of the scholars believe that "in the modern market economy and development process, how to ethics, policies, institutions and leadership, strength of the rule of law, fair and effective implementation of the redistribution of social resources, and adjustments to prevent the interests of society and market economy divide between rich and poor could lead to serious to overcome market failure state to ensure basic rights and interests of all social subjects, to establish a fair and just society is the pursuit of the Government's new historical period, the important value target. "
Equity is the eternal topic of human beings. But on what is fair, different areas, different scholars have different interpretations. Some people think that "the spirit of fairness should be: recognition of social citizens have equal rights, not because of personal status, gender, race, and income and some differences, there was no privilege over the rights of others above, product or opportunity as much as possible an equitable distribution among the members of the community, government and equal service to every social body, firm rejection of prejudice and inequality , equality before the law, does not recognize any group, individual or organization has the rights and obligations outside the law. "in the field of public administration, first of all to the public as a public administrative values of the new school of public administration. They suggested that" practical or traditional public administration to try to find any of the following two questions the answers: (1) how can we use available resources to provide more or better services (efficiency)? (2) how we can spend less money to maintain our level of service (economy)? the new public administration increased by the question: Does this service enhance social equity? "according to Fredrickson's argument, "Fair means that the interaction between a fair, just and fair spirit or habit, ... ... it synonymous with the natural power or justice." In "" New Public Administration>> a book he pointed out that " includes social justice organization design and management of forms, including a series of goals, including the choice of orientation. ... ... advocate of public administration is to promote social justice and political power and economic welfare to society, those who lack the political and economic resources to support, at a disadvantage situation of the people. "E4] Although the new school of public administration and social equity has not put forward any reasonable explanation, nor how to achieve social justice for the proposed effective method, but by the values they are raised in the public administration scholars have wide recognition. Since then the Western countries in the new public management movement more or less includes the pursuit of fair values.


In pursuit of equity goals of public administration, will result in an embarrassing situation, that is difficult to clearly define the pursuit of fair and equitable leaving to become empty words. Fairness and efficiency of service that is not a direct measure. In different countries, in different period, the fair has its different requirements, it does not and can not have a unified standard. fair is not as unfair as it is the antithesis of clear and obvious. Therefore, although we can refute the unfair and combat the phenomenon, But how to achieve fair, but do nothing, only empty talk. There are many human beings is not fair, rights and interests of the unfair, unfair opportunities, starting point is not fairness, economic injustice, and so on. To ensure fairness, we must first understand what aspects of unfair, however, resulting in unfair reasons above are not the same, which means the pursuit of fairness are not the same. like "leaves no two the same," not fair for there are differences between the individual, is always there. we can take care of only one aspect of the fair, not taking into account all the aspects. and take care of a particular aspect of fairness, may lead to other areas appears unfair. For example, government departments in the allocation of economic resources, the nature of some of the same company may give the same support, but the nature of the demand for resources may not be the same for the same, maybe a business needs more raw materials, and the other companies need more money and that is not consistent with the principle of fairness.

Since the ideal of fairness and can not have a uniform standard, then the target was realistic, that "meet every possible need to meet the requirements" should be more reasonable. Of course, in meeting social needs, in order to achieve a certain degree of fairness, the government can selectively, but the choices are not at the expense of the interests of citizens (interest) for the price. government acts in public, the most of it is that should be avoided. government agencies to examine the interests of citizens , but to strictly control their behavior, as far as possible in an objective, impartial manner and act in the standard treatment of community organizations and individuals each. Only in this way can be said to meet the needs of society, because according to the principle of Pareto optimality, only individuals (including organizations) to promote the benefits of no harm to others (and organizations), when the benefits of social welfare was increased.

Fourth, public administration goal: to meet the needs of the community
Targeting of public administration in the "service", "efficiency" or "pursuit of fairness," do not touch the existence of government and public administration reasons and purposes. The Government to protect its own citizens established for the benefit of public administration activities generate the one hand, to meet the interests of citizens, on the other hand also the government to maintain the guarantee. Public Administration to provide services because citizens need such services, there is no need to provide services to the service is invalid, and even counter-productive. although in a inequality between rich and poor, strong or weak co-exist in the world, care in the political and economic status of disadvantaged groups and individuals with indelible value. However, only caring enough the importance of the actual content or disadvantaged groups to improve the situation. It can be seen in the "service", "efficiency" and "pursuit of fairness," behind, there is also one of the most essential goal-directed, that is to meet the needs of the community. services, democracy, fairness and efficiency with respect to meeting social demand, is only a means and methods, but whether the social needs are met and a performance scale. The so-called social demand, is the society and to the executive officer of the law belongs to the reasonable demands of the scope of administrative functions. It is public administration to maintain and develop the premise. as long as government exists, civil and social demands on the Government, has never been and will not disappear, and, without these requirements, public administration will be lost meaning of existence. Therefore, from this , the citizens of the reasonable and legitimate executive needs, but also "public administration" the necessary existence and development needs. the one hand, public administration activities to meet the civic and social groups and organizations on the other administrative needs, on the other hand is meet the needs of the executive authorities of their own development. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com