Characteristics of the U.S. government and public administration Inspiration

Paper Keywords: characteristics of the United States Government Public Administration Inspiration
Abstract: U.S. public management system has its salient features, analysis and reveal the basic concept of public Administration the United States, the main mode and features, combined with China's national conditions. Drawing on American experience, is to promote the healthy development of our government and effective public management approach.

First, the characteristics of the U.S. government public Administration
Public Administration, government and other public organizations to integrate social resources, social and public affairs of a system of effective governance, institutional arrangements and mechanisms. From the basic elements of perspective, including management of the subject, object management, and management of three ways respect; from internal relations, is the subject and object, subject and subject, object and the object of three management and coordination of interests. specific to grasp the characteristics of American public Administration, should the U.S. government and the government, government and business, government and citizens, government and non-profit organizations in four areas were analyzed.

(A) the relationship between the Government and the Government: decentralized management, self-management
Under the U.S. Constitution, the United States to implement three levels of government: federal, state and local governments. Which local governments including counties, municipalities, townships, school districts and various types of SAR 5. The U.S. government relationship with the Government has three Features:
1. The federal government's decentralization. The U.S. government power into three, namely, legislative, judicial and law enforcement, and with the constitution of the nation's basic law to define their respective powers down. The legislative power was given to Congress. Congress has to coin money, maintain armies , declared war on foreign, intercontinental and international trade regulation, federal power to tax and expenditure policies. the President was given executive power. the president is commander in chief of the armed forces, the right to veto the proposal in Congress, the Senate approved the appointment of the conditions Ambassador, the Supreme Court, Congress created a federal judge or any government officials in each of his annual work report to Congress, submitted a motion to Congress to oversee the implementation of the laws faithfully and so on. judicial powers have been given the Supreme Court and its subordinate courts . The Supreme Court is the most important responsibility of dispute in the spirit of the Constitution to provide an authoritative interpretation of the Constitution, ruling that the government's law or a breach of the spirit of the Constitution. It is the various branches of the U.S. government, including state and local and other disputes between referee, is a final decision on major issues in many institutions. In such a system of separation of powers within the powers of each branch are independent in accordance with the function of a given run, but the same time, the use of power is subject to the other two systems to form a pattern of checks and balances.

2. The federal government and state government decentralization. The Federal Government and State Governments is a federal relationship, so that the federal child relationship characteristics: First, the power of the federal government is transferring out of state last resort, and its distribution of competences defined by the Constitution, to take list system, the Federation has the authority to list out, where there is not enumerated federal power. The federal government is responsible to the state government alone can not exercise the functions, such as defense, foreign affairs, currency banks, exit and entry management, foreign trade, postal and the national economic and social management of the affairs. Second, the state government the power the Constitution has clearly defined. The Constitution does not explicitly give the federal government but it is not expressly prohibited by governmental authority, attributed to the state government or the people. Third, the federal and state governments in their respective areas of its management with the highest power, has its own legislative and judicial powers, the federal government and state governments, local governments have no direct affiliation. The federal government state government local government management and control is through the federal appropriations law and public finance additional conditions to be achieved. Fourth, the state government generally in accordance with the federal government to implement the framework of separation of powers and mutual checks. The state is basically set up a parliament, by the Senate and House of composition. the governor power to appoint the heads of state and other senior officials of ministries, but some of the important state officials such as Attorney General, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, the Auditor General, etc., is not appointed by the governor, but were elected by the voters. Therefore, they not responsible for the governor, but to share executive power with the governor, which limits the governor's power of appointment and removal power, greatly undermined the governor's control over the executive.

3. Local government self-management. The United States the large number of local government, there are 3 more than a thousand counties, more than 20,000 cities and 17,000 towns (not part of the administrative jurisdiction of a city or county and local government as a comprehensive management ), 15000 Campus (Campus of the main functions is to provide public education at the primary and secondary education), 30000 Special areas (such as irrigation district, park district, fire district, water management, soil conservation district, cemetery management area, health districts, etc.). local government they are all autonomous institutions independent of each other, there is a common characteristic, that is, self-management. The first authorized by the Constitution of the state enjoy greater decision-making power and flexibility. Some states also place the principle of white rule written into the state constitution to limit the state legislature's power to intervene in local and state officials to form the so-called constitutional Home Rule. The second is commonly used in the organization and operation aspects of corporate management. the U.S. government's governance structure is a copy of the company almost corporate governance. the United States to implement most of the city council the city manager system, the county manager system implemented in imitation City County Council - Executive Manager system, the SAR, the school district system is the board or committee system. In the U.S. local government, the voters, Mayor or the City Manager (Chief Executive), Municipal Council (legislative body) is also coordinated with each other checks and balances, thus forming a rational governance structure. Third, the extensive participation of residents in local government management. in local government, a set of decision-making staff team, they do not get paid (or only a small amount of subsidies) and public volunteers to various boards and committees, their staff from government decision-making and advisory role. such as Christie, Texas, Cooper City, Minsk imposed "municipal council ten City Manager, "the local government management, directly elected by the voters and the mayor of the municipal council with the policy and decide what to do, and its administration by the City Manager to execute. In the municipal council the following, with 51 dedicated The Council and the Commission, a total of more than 500 people as volunteers for the decisions of legislative bodies to provide advisory services.


(B) the relationship between government and business: to create an environment to guide the development of
1, support the SME training market players. The United States has a large number of small businesses, its agricultural output accounted for outside the U.S. than half of all output, employ about half of the labor force outside the government, creating new jobs every year (not including government sector) of 60-80%. to support small enterprise development to address the financial, technical, and many other constraints, the Government in 1953 set up a Small Business Administration (SmallBusiness Administration), the interests of small businesses for protection, assistance, guidance and support, the Government has allocated special funds to support .1953 years, through loans, development assistance, government procurement and other measures, there are 20 million small businesses get through the Small Business Administration for help.

2. Anti-monopoly to free competition, .1890, at the strong populist appeal, the U.S. Congress overwhelmingly passed the <<Sherman Act ">, and as a parent, and passed by Congress in 1914 << Clayton Act "" and "" Federal Trade Commission Act "> together, constitute the basis for U.S. antitrust laws, the maintenance of economic freedom and free economic system has an important role.

In 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court declared Standard Oil, American Tobacco Company and due to "dominate" in violation of antitrust laws and ordered immediate dissolution of the two companies, each split into several independent companies AT & T In 1984 a virtual monopoly by the U.S. state, interstate and international telephone services, in order to break the monopoly, the U.S. government will first be divided into eight .1994 accused the federal government better its technology with Microsoft's PC, sign a special contract manufacturers, hurt the computer market competition, consumer interests, and technological innovation activities, the company sued. this antitrust, competition well protected, to protect the interests of consumers.

3. To provide a good infrastructure and public services, optimize the development environment. Enterprises need a good infrastructure and public services, areas such as utilities and transportation and most expensive private capital do not want to get involved, so the U.S. government huge investment in these areas. For example: for electricity, the U.S. government invested a large amount of nuclear power plants; in transport, the U.S. government subsidies through direct investment or investment to accelerate the construction of the highway; in cross-regional large-scale infrastructure facilities, the federal The Government adopted a unified planning, direct management of the way, the organization built the Tennessee watershed management districts and projects; in regional development, the federal government organized the development of the Appalachian mountains, breaking the administrative divisions, to achieve regional comprehensive ; in scientific Research, our data show that in closely related with the production of R & D investment in 1997, before more than 50% of the federal government, the U.S. government for the development of such a large investment, high risks, many areas of private concern, given active support.

(C) the relationship between government and citizens: the protection of rights, stimulate vitality
1. Protection of fundamental rights. Americans believe that government power is transferring out of citizens, adopted .1891 ((Civil Rights Act>> provision of personal freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of belief, freedom to own property and personal freedom associated The basic rights are inalienable, can not deprive the government.

From a religious view. Americans freedom of belief. According to the 2002 estimates, 90% of U.S. religion, in which Protestants 52% of the total population (including the various denominations), Roman Catholic 24% Mormons account for all 2%, Jewish 1%} 1% Muslim, 10% other religions and non-Christians 10%, much higher than 74% of Italians, Swiss, 73%, 38% of the British, French 34% ,} '} called in the world. the government of all the churches and religious tax exemptions for business behavior system, social donations to the Church can also be tax cuts.

Read from the speech and press and publication. The United States about 1,750 newspapers and 18,000 periodicals, and thousands of radio stations. These news organizations do not need to pre-press, the United States without pre-trial system, so they happened at home and abroad reflect rapidly. Congress speeches and voting process is televised live. In the United States, the media has a huge social and personal effects and extensive, especially some of the mainstream media is even greater. The American press has its specific effect First, through the media to express ideas and aspirations of citizens of the platform. The second is through the media reflect public opinion, is conducive to proper public policy. Third, monitoring the government through the media, government officials at all levels, smart and alert in under the surveillance of journalists, many cases involving corruption, bribery, reading level, dereliction of duty, corruption, misjudgment, incompetence, espionage cases, public disclosure by the media to the nation.

2. Protect social rights. (1) through the provision of social security and public welfare for citizens to live a decent life, but also for the United States provide a huge consumer market. The United States since the 20th century, 30 years, the largest economy at that time violent social unrest caused by the crisis to the Social Security Act by President Roosevelt as a symbol, the implementation of government-led social security system. After 70 years of adjustment to add, and gradually developed into a broader, integrated system. has the following characteristics: a is expanded. United States to take a more realistic approach, from social issues to be addressed staff, and gradually expand the area, enrich and perfect a 1935 �� implementing the Government's social security plan to address the most pressing at that time two major issues of unemployment and old age; 1939 For years, the spouse and children began to enjoy security benefits of the provisions incorporated in the scheme; 1950 who in turn is satisfied that the disability insurance program; 1965 to implement the Government's Medicare and Medicaid poor; implementation of income since 1970 were very low for the elderly, the disabled, the additional grant be given to the insurance scheme income. Now the U.S. government's social security system covers 16 specific projects in four major areas. Second, the management of grade separation of powers. the United States by the federal government, state government, joint responsibility of the local government levels, hierarchical management model to ensure the implementation of the efficiency and flexibility. such as retirement insurance, old age health insurance directly from the federal management; unemployment insurance, Medicaid, mainly poor management at the state level; some projects by federal, state and local government management. state and local governments in the concrete implementation and management has a certain autonomy. The third is to guide people sharing. positive guidance through policy, the private sector in general, the implementation of the retirement, unemployment, health care and other aspects of welfare, the strength of large companies provide their employees with good pension and medical insurance. The Government encourages individuals in the government, employers protection projects, participate in a variety of private insurance, such as the purchase of private retirement pension can enjoy tax-free concessions. This will enable private and public shared responsibility for social security, decentralization of the financial burden and risk.


(2) protect the citizens through the development of education, the right to education, the U.S. government has taken three approaches: First, do protect the citizens the right to education. U.S. imposed 12 years for school wide system of free public education ,20-24 years old the ratio of population to higher education more than 80%. The U.S. government a significant portion of revenues for education inputs, such as Virginia, the state expenditure on education accounted for more than a third of the financial expenditure. Second, mobilize the whole private education . Federal Government, state governments, local governments and community organizations regarded education as a major event in the formation of multi-track system of education, mobilize the enthusiasm of many aspects to education, the use of market discipline to do the "three wide" (universal, comprehensive, full) education This is the most significant feature of the American education system. the United States a number of social groups (religious, trade unions, business) and education groups (education, foundations, associations, Research) to promote the development of education in the United States played a huge role. Third, pay attention patriotic education. the U.S. government attach great importance to develop various forms of American citizens national identity, national identity and cultural identity. in the United States have a variety of museums, memorial halls, museums, memorial halls free and open to visitors around the clock .

3. Protection of Political rights. Political rights, namely the right of Political participation, reflected in every aspect of American society, from the mayoral election to the presidential election, decision-making to oversight from the government, all reflect this kind of Political participation.

(D) the relationship between government and non-profit organizations: as partners, to guide the development of
Non-profit organization is the American society nor non-governmental organizations, business organizations and the general term, also known as the third sector, non-governmental organizations, social intermediary organizations, including the independent sector, public agencies and academic institutions. The main features of is a regular, non-governmental, non-profit, public benefit, volunteer participation. the U.S. government by developing non-profit organizations to manage public affairs, to form non-profit organizations, government organizations and mutual cooperation, and common management of public affairs, a good pattern.

1. Non-profit organizations in the public administration plays an important role. The United States is the world's most developed countries, non-profit organization, the nation's approximately 1.6 million non-profit organization is officially registered in the government enjoys tax-exempt status of organizations, 1.01 million in education, health, retirement protection and other public service organizations, 6.5 million private foundations, religious organizations 350,000 tax-free. Many countries in Europe and other industries by the government in the United States by the non-profit organizations are management, 51% of the hospitals, 46% of the university, 86% of arts organizations and nearly 60% of the social services are responsible for the non-profit organization. non-profit organizations as a government in public governance and good partners do played an important role, mainly in the following four aspects. First, effective in promoting economic development. On the one hand, providing a large number of consulting services, information services, high-tech incubator and so on. On the other hand, pushed hard to support rapid development. The most striking is the nonprofit organization's achievements in environmental protection, or take their propaganda and mobilization, etc. to increase public awareness of environmental protection, or through demonstrations, protests and other means to influence policy makers. Second, the effective promoting social harmony. U.S. non-profit organization is an important source of employment, employees of more than 1,500 people, accounting for the total U.S. labor force 11% a. It is also an important channel for social welfare. If the nation's largest organization of a fund-raising - United Way, there are 2,100 divisions in the country, specifically for social welfare, community service donations, the total amount of donations each year up to 30 billion. It is an important channel for addressing other social problems. in the United States non-profit organization, directly facing the humanitarian, family services accounted for 30%. These organizations dedicated to youth education, family counseling, women's protection, physical and mental health care, disaster relief and other services. The third is effective in promoting the government policy decisions. the one hand, the promotion of democratic decision-making. non-profit organizations are providing public goods, it promotes the diversification of public goods, and promote the formation of social autonomy. On the other hand to promote the scientific decision-making. the United States engaged in policy analysis more than 2,000 non- profit organizations, government decision makers in the United States the main source of policy ideas in the Political, economic, cultural, military, diplomatic and other national affairs staff play in decision-making and advisory role, and even influence the decision. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http: / / www.hi138.com 2. U.S. government adheres to a non-profit organization to guide the development of market orientation. mainly the following three characteristics: First, the lower the threshold to enter. any person who submitted to the state registration documents relevant government departments, organizations have a certain the purpose of profit is not divided between the owner and director, the organization set up a company to achieve the minimum standards, can generally be registered. If you want to become a free-for-profit organizations to apply only to federal tax authorities, the federal tax authorities will carry out the applicant scrutiny. Second, only the promotion of non-intervention. the United States attaches great importance to the relative independence of the non-profit organizations, government can not interfere in the internal affairs of non-profit organizations and business activities, but take a non-profit organization promoting the development of a variety of ways: through tax incentives policies to encourage people to contribute effectively guide the positive contributions of people; through direct grants or contracts to purchase non-governmental organizations provide direct assistance to the way services; the same time to allow the issuance of bonds and the return of the tax and various indirect subsidies to support the name. Third emphasis on self-management and judicial administration. U.S. non-profit organizations primarily through internal self-discipline and justice to management. the one hand, in accordance with regulations, non-profit organizations and other legal organizations, have a responsibility system to ensure that it can take as its organizational behavior the legal consequences arising from this responsibility to the board as the core system. If the non-profit charitable assets of the company's charitable trust by improper use or failure to comply with the state attorney general the power to remove the duties of company directors and officers, and its additional fines. On the other hand, according to U.S. laws, state minister of justice, non-profit organization responsible for overseeing the fraud is responsible for its audit; federal tax authorities responsible for overseeing the tax-free non-profit organization to honor non-profit purposes, whether to perform a tax on obligation tax-exempt organizations. They have an obligation to any person for any non-profit organizations to review reports. the power of the state attorney general is a violation of the non-profit organizations sued the federal tax authorities shall have the right to cancel a non-profit organization The tax-exempt status.

Second, the Enlightenment
China's reform and opening up 30 years in public management has accumulated a certain amount of experience and achieved a great breakthrough. But the whole system of public management is still not fully adapt to the socialist market economic system and social development requirements, is also facing the global economy of the new technological revolution and the challenges to cope with various crises. U.S. public management practices and experience that we can learn many things, the Enlightenment is far-reaching, especially in the following areas:

(A) of the scientific treatment of the problem the government itself is an important prerequisite for the government's public administration
Government is the central subject of public administration and the main perpetrators, improve public administration must first deal with the relationship between the government itself.

1. To insist on administration. "Any constitution is to be a series of government restrictions on the exercise of power", "the executive is most important is the fulfillment of the Constitution." U.S. federal government's mandate is clearly defined by the constitution, and to take A list of a column out of the system. Our country is in the government from the all-oriented government to a limited transitional phase, the Government's role is not very clear, the Government offside, the phenomenon of dislocation and is not in place is still serious. Therefore, according to the "law does not allowed, is the prohibition of "the principle of strictly limited government action to the extent permitted by law, accelerate the formulation of laws and regulations regulating government acts, the establishment of government accountability.

2. To optimize the organizational structure. Decided to organize efficient organizational structure, a clear duty is to optimize the organizational structure of the core. The United States to implement three levels of government framework, the federal government, state and local government responsibilities very clear, few cross. Of the implementation of five level administrative framework, between levels, the same level of overlapping functions between the various departments of the problems and the absence of inter-functional problems are not well resolved. First, the organizational structure to optimize the same level of government. strengthen and improve regulation in the economic and social management agencies, to withdraw or interfere directly in the micro-economic activities and social affairs institutions; to integrate scattered in different departments of the same administrative functions, eliminating overlapping. Second, we must straighten out the set on the lower levels of government agencies. in accordance with the nature and levels of government central leadership, give full play to the principle of local initiative, a reasonable division of the central and local economic and social affairs functions, in principle, is a national and inter-provincial (autonomous regions and municipalities) in public affairs and major issues, such as foreign affairs, defense, currency manufacturing and distribution, macro-economic regulation, national economic security by the Central Committee; and regional and social development, public affairs and related issues such as economic restructuring, urban construction by the relevant local government; to be associated with the overall interests of the State Central unified management, but the task requires the implementation of the affairs and local issues such as Civil affairs, personnel, social security, family planning, unified by the central authorities responsible for implementing the local norms. On this basis, rationalizing central and local governments in the corresponding areas of roles and responsibilities, reasonable to adjust some areas of central and local vertical management system. once again to begin to reduce the administrative level. actively direct control of counties, towns to explore such institutional reform, and gradually form a scientific framework of the administrative hierarchy.

3. To strengthen the system of supervision. The United States through the separation of powers system to strengthen the executive, legislative and judicial checks and balances, mutual supervision, through citizen participation in government and self-management and other systems, to strengthen government supervision of the exercise of public power . Our system of government is different from the United States, separation of powers is not suitable for China's national conditions, but we still need a design of a system to effectively monitor government effectively mobilize the masses to participate in public management, and exercise democratic supervision of the initiative.

(B) to create a good environment is an important task of government public administration
1. For the cultivation of market players to provide a good institutional environment. First, we must unswervingly consolidate and develop the public economy, but the state-owned enterprises must shrink the front, some things can only play an important area of people's livelihood should be Some effects, to make more non-public economic development. At the same time, to really implement the autonomy of state-owned enterprises, the real implementation of separating the real competition to the market the main state-owned enterprises. Secondly, we must unswervingly encourage support and guide the development of non-public enterprises to make investment and financing enterprises of different ownership, credit, taxation, land management, market access and other aspects of equal treatment, the formation of a fair competition. to make non-public enterprises have the opportunity to of state-owned enterprise reform, access to public utilities, infrastructure, financial services and the social sector. In particular, some small and medium enterprises, through financial assistance, tax breaks, government procurement, widening financing channels, a series of policies to enhance employment and training support to facilitate SMEs to accelerate growth.

2. For the enterprises with good market environment. We must first standardize the market economic order. To speed up the reform of monopoly industries, electricity, postal services, telecommunications, railway and other industries and water supply, gas supply, heating and other municipal utilities, bold competition mechanism, the implementation of investment and diversified ownership. to severely crack down on all kinds of selling fake goods, infringement, commercial fraud and other illegal activities, and supported the formation of morality, property rights, based on the law for the protection of the social credit system. Second, accelerate market-oriented reform of factor markets. China's goods and services prices are still 5% government control, capital markets, land markets, technology markets, labor markets, the market price of the product elements of the pricing mechanism is imperfect, the price of a lot of factors of production is not determined by the market, but by the executive power in the configuration. In recent years, urban renewal demolition and land transfer, credit and capital markets funds "misappropriating" and other areas, the power allocation of factors of production is still fairly common, it is necessary to speed up elements of market reform. Third, we must properly guide the market behavior. Government through the development of open and transparent development planning and industrial policy, release of market information, market access specifications to guide the economic behavior of market players.

3. For enterprise development to provide a good macro environment. Large-scale infrastructure such as highways, airports, energy, telecommunications, major construction, engineering and technology Research centers, companies do not want to enter or difficult to enter, the government should increase investment. Of course, In these areas, the government monopoly should not be alone package, to be good at introducing market mechanisms. The Government should use fiscal policy, monetary policy, control means, keep the economy running smoothly.

(C) the effective protection of Civil rights is an important part of the Government Public Administration
1. Through effective protection of Civil rights for development. Only focus on the protection of the interests of elite groups, while ignoring protect the fundamental rights of citizens groups, ordinary citizens can not be effective and equal participation in the use of national political power, is neither fair, can not achieve long-term stability. Therefore, we should further improve the system, the effective protection of various constitutional rights of citizens. a guarantee of basic Civil rights and political participation in the process, is a citizen wishes to understand the process, is a play people's enthusiasm and creative process, which is a great way to promote economic and social development process.


2. To effectively solve the livelihood problems through the promotion of development. At present, China's rapid economic growth on the one hand, on the other hand social security, education, health care, employment, housing and other social problems are still quite prominent, the Government should take the responsibility. Of course, Government can not put all these issues are wrapped up, the main U.S. social security system also is the first for the elderly, persons with disabilities, to low-income populations face such a gradual expansion of social security. So we have to be specific for these people's livelihood analysis, to identify those people really need the government to take all measures to ensure that they can go to school, think highly of disease, live in private housing. to continue to increase government input to reduce the property, income inequality brought to consumption inequality.

(D) to develop non-profit organization is an important measure of public administration
United States Government has always regarded as their partners, non-profit organizations, non-profit organizations, government can not do a lot, so that we can things in public to play an important role in governance. America's experience. Our non-profit organization Overall, the development lags behind the non-per million people in China Willy organizations only 2.1, less than the average level of developing countries, 1 / 5, only the equivalent of the U.S. and France L40 L90. to alleviate the huge demand for public services and contradictions, to improve the market economy system, strengthening public administration, promote socialist modernization, we must actively develop various non-profit organizations.

1. Ideas and concepts to change. Whether government or private sector, should start implementing the scientific development concept and building a harmonious socialist society to a high degree of awareness, attention to non-profit organizations.

2. To support efforts to increase. On the economy of various trade associations, chambers of commerce, consulting institutions, education, public health, charity, poverty reduction and public safety and other areas of the various foundations, associations and other non-profit organization helping the poor, to be in the system, the law clearly non-profit organizations in the public service system, the status and role, the current inter <<Societies Registration Regulations >>,<< private non-enterprise units Provisional Regulations on Registration and Administration>> In addition, non-profit organizations also no specific laws and regulations. through financial support, tax incentives, government procurement policies to support non-profit organization development.

3. To the reform of institutions with an opportunity to promote their development. The country and more than 130 million business in Hunan 80,000 units, a considerable portion can be converted to non-profit organizations. Carrying out the reform of public institutions, reforms and institutions should combine non-profit organization development, improve public services, the macro layout, will be education, health, culture, science and technology a significant part of the transition to non-profit organizations and institutions, so that both non-profit organizations to undertake part of the transfer out of the government's public service functions, but also for the institutions to find a good way out. Links http://www.hi138.com Research Papers Download