On Gherman - erudite maverick physicist

Paper Keywords: Gherman strange quantum numbers actually model Yaesu Farquhar
Abstract: This Article Gherman grew up, life performance, exceptional scientific intuition and unique style to make a brief introduction. To commemorate the "quark model" the 40th anniversary of founding, membership in order to promote scientific methods and skills Gherman great scientific spirit.

Murray Gherman (Murray Gell-Mann, 1929 -) due to the classification of elementary pArticles and their interactions respect of outstanding contributions, especially his proposal of "quark" pArticles model, opened up a human understanding of the physical structure of a new era , so that he won the 1969 Nobel prize in Physics, pArticle Physics community as a well-deserved top figure. even his reputation was one of Einstein's successors are on his growth process, exploring the results of footprint and outstanding , and his keen intuition, the distinctive style of Research to make a brief exposition.

A scholarly family came from the master of science
September 15, 1929, Gherman was born in New York, a professor of family. Father and brother in training and under the influence of a wide range of interest Gherman. In addition to life-long love of linguistics, natural history and mathematics, he also love music and entertainment, like skiing, hiking trips; approach to life that he dared to take risks and challenges; is pArticularly worth mentioning is that he was a crazy bird watchers, who roam more than half of the world to find hundreds of bird species observed .

Gherman from an early age showed superhuman wisdom, often referred to as the Wizards. In his only 8 years old, won a scholarship to, with honors from a local public school liters a person high school in New York. Gherman graduated from Yale University at age 19 in 1951 received his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University as Researchers .1953 lecturer in the University of Chicago, joined the order to charge m (EnricoFermi) as the core of the Research group into .1955 California Institute of Technology, he employed, he served as associate professor of theoretical Physics, one year later was promoted to full professor. Therefore, Gherman is a very early prominently in scientists.

2 new quantum number - the number of introduced exotic
Quantum number of the singular is one of the main contribution Gherman in the late 20th century, 40 the early '50s, Researchers in the cosmic ray and accelerator experiments discovered a large group of new features at a time when they can not explain the particles. In order to reveal the peculiar nature of these particles one by one have fast (10 - 2 `s), slow decay (10), and have always cooperative, non-cooperative decay. Gherman and Kazuhiko Nishijima in Japan in 1953 and 1955, respectively, made independently of the singular concept of quantum numbers, and the creation of a singular interpretation of the particle's Gherman a West Island Law. strangeness program noted that different particles have different S. specify the K meson with strangeness S = l ; n, s = son of a super-1; u s = son of a super-2; SZ a super-sub of S = 3, and anti-strange particles with the corresponding number of particles in opposite sign, the photon, n meson and nucleon S = 0 , lepton number is not singular. Gherman that in strong interactions, strangeness is conserved. that those who can achieve strong role in the process, the reaction around the strangeness of the algebra and is constant. This explains why the decay of strange particles can not be caused by the strong interaction and non-strange particles in collisions why strange particles produced in pairs. Gherman also proved that the electromagnetic interaction in the strangeness is conserved, and in the weak interaction in the number of non-singular conservation.

Singular number of the program proposed, the development of particle Physics marks a new phase. It meson, nucleon and hyperon classification provides an important rule. It not only successfully explains the behavior of strange particles, but also predicted some of the later confirmed by the experiment after another new exotic particles (eg, Peng Chaozai) exists. strangeness conservation Laws in particle Physics has become a basic Law.

3 beautiful simplicity of the eight founder of the theory and Law
In the singular number 1961 on the basis of conservation Laws, Gherman also proposed SU <3> symmetry. Of the experiment was found in people from a large number of hadrons, were orderly, regular description of .1962 years Gherman and Israeli physicist Neiman (Neemann) independently proposed the "octet" of the classification method, named after it is due to particles can fill in every 8 people SU <3> group of 8-dimensional representation. They assumptions, the quality of the smallest 8 baryons (protons, neutrons and the excited state): two nuclear, lack of super-sub-3, 2 and 1 three-hyperon hyperon n to form one. 'super multi-state. " is like an octagonal, eight particles each branch vertex. This 8 baryon, spin is 1 / 2, are all positive parity, the quality is similar. but charge different isospin different strangeness different Figure 1. From the figure we can easily find that 8 is an orderly arrangement of particles, the vertical coordinate y, the abscissa is 1 (isospin component.) can be seen from a certain arrangement of law. that is left on the right, under the direction of a line of particle charge with the same number; along the horizontal direction to the right, with the singular straight line particle number (or overload) the same. Accordingly, Gherman in his octet Law of the program report that: "Eight and Law: the role of symmetry in the theory of a strong" and the "symmetry of baryons and mesons," as the program officially published paper title.


Gherman intends to use the octet method for all new particles and new quantum numbers are consolidated come. Under this approach, also known at the time of the baryon resonance 9 arranged in "ten heavy state" symmetry. solid circles in Figure 2 is 4 �� particles, three excited particles, two three ', the location of particles, only A point is a hollow circle means that the particles had not yet discovered. From the symmetry of this graph of departure, you can launch the space at the tip of ten re-state the point A feature of this particle .1962 year, Gherman at the CERN meeting predicted that the tenth particle, the "missing" particle-n particle, its charge Q = I 1, 1964, strangeness, people in the U.S. Brookhaven Lab found a n particles, and fully consistent with the predictions Gherman. It is this missing particle of Gherman's octet method to be a strong support. Gherman this model is the use of all of the known elementary particles are classified, and returned to set aside not found the location of particles, including magnetic monopoles, and intermediate graviton bosons.



4 magical mystery of the quark model of the proposed
In 1964, Gherman in the Sakata model and the "eight and Law", based on the further proposed a more complex model. He believes that is not the most basic particles of Hadron, but by smaller particles. He was the year in February in Europe <<Physics Letters>> published a paper entitled "baryons and mesons in a simple model," declared: "If you allow us to envisage the strong meson baryon interaction energies with the help of 'hadron octet 'portrayed correctly, we have to seek the status of some of the more fundamental explanation. "So Gherman envisaged SU (3> fundamental that the triplet state should be three kinds of quark: up quark u (up) , under Quark d (down) and strange quark child by the three quarks, mesons from a quark and an anti-quark. quarks are in pairs or three three groups, never alone can be observed. they are the The combination between the exchange by gluons, the quark gluon interaction is equivalent to the quantum, their role and electromagnetic interaction between photons the same. quark model proposed, the development of modern physics marks an important milestone. It not satisfactorily explain why the eight re-law theory can successfully classify the particles are given SU (3> symmetry of the physical basis, but also the exotic isospin number and a deeper meaning, such as a particle of strangeness is contained in its internal number of strange quark S.

Quark theory was a result of the constant complement experimental facts has been considerable development. Such as polyethylene quark c (charm), the bottom quark b (bottom) and top quark t (top) to have been made. Each quark has 3 colors (red , yellow, green) of the degrees of freedom. With the presence of 6 kinds of quarks have been confirmed by all of the experiments, workers have been convinced that the current physics of quarks and leptons is the human level to achieve a basic physical level. This is undoubtedly and from Gherman shows another aspect of the important position of the quark model. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com addition, Gherman also engaged in studies of other important issues, such as the dispersion in the relationship between A matrix theory, renormalization group theory and current algebra and other fields have made outstanding contributions. as quantum chromodynamics, the weak role of phenomenological theory and unified theory of weak and so opened the way for the creation and development. with this At the same time, Gherman also on the United States education, science and religion, science and art, the growing population and deteriorating natural environment, have publicly published their own unique insights.

5 keen intuition and a unique style of scientific Research
Gherman various outstanding contributions not only known to the world, but also to his keen and profound physical intuition and the "deviant" research style is amazing.

First of all, Gherman good draw nutrients from the language arts, with a rich metaphor to reflect on the material world, the establishment of intuition to contact, and then put forward the scientific concept. For example, the classification of elementary particles above programs -8 weight method is Gherman correct according to the Buddhist way of life on the order of 8 from the pain of persuasion and named. The text is the Buddha Sakyamuni's article saying: "Brothers, there is relief the suffering of the world the true meaning of the Noble Eightfold Path." In another example, Gherman 1964 to form the 3 kinds of elementary particles Hadron choosing a name, even though future night and think, a headache, but it was hard to find a suitable term. Later in the rest, he thumb through weird since the 20th century encyclopedia, unexpectedly from the Iranian writer James Joyce (Jonnes Joyes) novel <<Finnegan night Festival>> found in the "quark," the term, the novel there is such a poem:
"Quark Quark ... ... ... ... ... ... Quark
Three to five birds the neck straight,
Directed at the gentleman with Mark.

In addition to three times 'quark'
Mark with nothing;
In addition to seeking a goal
All property of Marc. "

Here, the "quark" is the cry of seagulls, and "quark" in the German original is the bottom of society with the smell of people eating soft cheese. Gherman immediately in the "quark" and "elementary particles" between an intuitive connection to his insight, he only needs 3 different quark sub, you can use them to form a combination of all the known hadrons. 3 kinds of elementary particle physics, quarks, and its essence is the same . just because it makes them different interactions there are some differences, so they like the same particle wear different clothes. "quark" allegorical art is the same thing with a different color and taste, and this with the quark consistent with the physical properties! scientific breakthrough that the language as "energy quantum" a breakthrough in physics is as important as .1969, the Gherman won the Nobel Prize. Of course, Gherman to these particles from the "quark" so Qilong name, perhaps with his thick and had a good linguistic quality is a bird lovers are not unrelated.

Second, Francis Bacon said: "There is no ultimate beauty, in its structure does not show Renhe Qi opposite sex." If this sentence to be judged according to Gherman's used to describe the strange meson and hyperon characteristics of quantum number S, it is full of strange beauty. In addition, Gherman creation of the "Eight Theory and Law", complete the equivalent of particle physics in the "periodic table", showing a highly ordered symmetry of the United States. with Gherman's own words, construct "a simple and elegant solution." Therefore, Gherman by the scientific community known as the "20th century Mendeleev." We have every reason to believe that respect for and dedication pursuit of scientific beauty - simplicity, symmetry and singularity, is encouraged to explore the abundant scientific Gherman source of almost all the work he dominated. Otherwise, Gherman Sakata model and not in the "eight weight method" based , further penetration of the creation of his singular beauty "quark model."
Third, Gherman with meticulous, rigorous scholarship research style. He likes to adoption of the report, seminars and conversations with other physicists to exchange ideas, and not easy to post. Did so because he had a with the public different ideas, that he made a wrong view that a person's scientific career will leave indelible stains. In his view, a theorist of his insights will be published by subtracting the number of correct point of view the number of errors, twice the number of errors and even less to measure. Therefore, he published papers always cautious, always will be delayed a year or so before he made out of view, or even never published. as some of his important work just as pre-printed reports into the original literature. even in the special issue each year in commemoration of the Nobel Prize, since there are a blank - it is because Gherman has not produced specifically for his speech and left.

As an outstanding scientific contribution Gherman, so that he has won several awards and honors. In addition to the Nobel Prize in Physics, he has, respectively, in 1959, 1966, 1967 and 1968, has won the American Institute of Physics Institute ���ả���� (Dannie Heineman) Award, issued by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, EU Lawrence (Lawrence) Physics Prize, the Franklin Medal Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the American Academy of J. J Carty (Carty) Medal. He is U.S. Academy of Sciences and a member of the American Academy of Arts. President Nixon he had worked for Scientific Advisory Committee. He was the foreign members of the Royal Society of London, and honorary member of the French Physical Society. He was also awarded honorary Doctor of Science in many universities.

As a "quark" father of Gherman, now in seventies -75 years old. But he is still chasing particle physics community. He's a few words of wisdom, science and legend tells of the confusion, and life itself, This is precisely what the main line running through this article:
"In our work, we are always in a dilemma being; we may not abstract, and miss important physics; we may be too abstract, the results of our hypothetical model, the goal becomes engulfed us the real monster. "Links to Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com