On the duality of Marx's labor theory

Paper Keywords: Marx, duality of labor, Labor, Political Economy
Abstract: Duality of labor first discovered by Marx and the argument. The duality of labor based on the classical Marxist Political economy of labor in the value of discarded based on the point of view, the creation of a scientific theory of labor value theory of surplus value so as to lay a solid basis. labor duality theory is to understand all of Marx's labor theory of value and the starting point and the hub of Political economy, is to uphold and develop the whole part of the basis of Marxism.


First, the duality of labor theory to overcome the limitations of classical Political economy
Classical Political economist William. Petty from 1 bushel of corn = 1 ounce Baiyin Gong where to find the value of goods measured by the same amount of labor laws, labor time that is proportional to the same commodity value, and inversely proportional to labor productivity. He said: "If you find a new, more extensive silver, so get 2 ounces of silver and 1 ounce of silver previously obtained just as easily, then, other things being equal, the current price of 10 shillings a bushel grain 1, and the previous one bushel price of five shillings, the same low. But he also said that "the mother of wealth, land, and labor is the father of wealth, and dynamic elements. Despite the" Petty has realized the importance of his discovery and its application in specific difficulties. Therefore, in order to achieve specific purposes, he also tried to go another route, "that" must be found between land and labor between the natural equivalent to the value free 'in one of the two, or better among the two in this' show it. "results, Petty believes that" the average day, an adult food, not the day of labor, but the common measure of value scale ", so that Petty in Value of the lost person in the left. The fundamental reason is to create value Petty confused with the creation of use value of labor and labor, his work as the production of gold and silver is the direct production of exchange value, and the other working as a production of use value.

Adam Smith in order to answer "What is the exchange value of the real scale, in other words, constitutes the real value of all commodities, what is?" He proceed from the division of labor, that "a person is rich or poor, to see what he can extent, enjoy life's necessities, conveniences or entertainment products. However, since the division of labor has been fully established, each of the items needed, only a very small part of the Yang to work on their own, they have to be given the largest part of the labor of others, so he rich or poor, depending on how much work he can dominate, in other words, to see how much work he was able to purchase. a man in a cargo hold, but do not want their own consumption, and is willing to exchange for something else, for him, this cargo value, equal to enable him to purchase or to dominate the amount of labor. Therefore, labor is the measure of all the true scale of the value of commodity exchange. "labor theory of value in the notes he made two contradictory Shiyou value of regulations." the real price of any item, that item is actually to get the price to pay, but the hard work and trouble to obtain it. "" private ownership of land in the capital accumulation and the early stages has not happened before the barbaric society, the need for various items the ratio between the amount of labor seems to be only a variety of standards for exchanging goods. "" In this social situation, all the produce of labor belongs to workers themselves. "in the" progressive community "(capitalist society), product of the "real price" is no longer solely on the production of the commodity form of labor-consuming, but by the wages, profits, rent compose. "each of the three components of the real value from their purchase or the disposal can to measure the amount of labor. measure the price of labor is not only broken down into that part of the value of labor, and the measure of the price of rent and profit broken down into those parts of the value. "Whatever the community, these three are more or less a must part of the price of most commodities. "wages, profits and rent, are exchangeable value of all income and all the three fundamental sources. This set has provided a value scale, away from the labor theory of value, come" Smith's dogma "that the wrong conclusions. Although Smith had tried to rely on the two sides of the labor as their own methodology, describe the economic process in the external form, reflecting the differences reflect the specific work; close work with the abstract point of view to examine the process of internal economic contact, but without success, the crux of the problem is that he can not distinguish between concrete labor and abstract labor, and do not understand the linkages between them, so do not understand the process of capitalist economy, the nature of the external form and internal correspondence. Marx pointed out: "Smith later abandoned his own theory, but are not aware of its own contradictions. The source of these contradictions, just go to the starting point of his scientific look up. "
Ricardo always adhere to the labor theory of value, and said, "My measure of value is the amount of labor." "Cost of labor in a commodity on the ... ... is really the measure of value of goods. ... ... The value of the exchange value is to regulate it, and therefore by the amount of labor-consuming to adjust. and that the decision is the value of the goods necessary labor, "all goods, whether manufactured goods, minerals or land products, the provisions of its exchange value is always not very favorable, and as having Special production facilities unique to the person under the conditions of production has enough sense of the minimum amount of labor, but those who do not enjoy this facility for production to be invested when the relatively large number of labor; that is, by those who want to continue under the most adverse conditions in the production of the people who must invest more labor intensive. the most adverse conditions mentioned here, is required so that people have in their production under the most adverse conditions of production. ', the storm India He is a "labor time used to determine the value of school leaders." Ricardian theory of value, but there are shortcomings and contradictions. "The first difficulty is how the exchange of capital and labor law consistent with the value. The second difficulty is that the same amount of capital , regardless of their organic composition, all are provided equal profit, or to provide general rate of profit. In fact, this is a problem of not being aware of: the value of how it translates into cost prices. This is mainly because of Ricardo never over the nature of the labor to produce goods, ignoring the value of a social relationship. Marx criticized Ricardo only from the "value" concept of ... ... just pay attention to the provisions of the magnitude of value, not as a use value and value of unified objects to inspect the product itself .

Duality of labor theory is that Marx than Ricardo more adept at the use of dialectical thinking to analyze the value-creating labor category, for the same labor process, Marx not only saw its specificity, but also saw its abstraction. "All labor, from the side, is the physiological significance of human labor in the cost; as the same or abstract human labor, which forms the value of goods. all labor, on the other hand, human labor in the special purpose of a certain form cost; useful as a specific labor, it produces use value. "In other words, the second factor is the product of labor to produce goods from the duality of decision, commodity producers concrete labor and abstract labor is the unity of labor, goods, but the two factors is the product of labor and forms of duality. In this way, use value and value to the properties of goods exists different nature, with their different sources, which simply ended with the outstanding representatives of classical school are often confused with the phenomenon occurred.

Second, the duality of labor laid the scientific theory of the basis of Labor
The introduction of the duality of Marx's political economy of labor, "the first work to determine what kind of value and how the formation of value formation and to determine the value of no more than the solidification of such labor." Marx believed that abstract labor "is all the facts understanding of the basis "," is critical to understand the problem the whole secret, "is" the best place my book "and the" new factor. "commonality and abstract work because no difference determines a variety of different specific labor and a variety of products to compare and exchange of labor, the first fundamental solution to the prescriptive nature of commodity value; abstract work of the abstract can not itself determine the performance of commodity value, Marx said, "and the roughness of the product itself opposite The value of the commodity object body is a natural substance with no atoms. so that every product, no matter how you Dianlaidaoqu, they are elusive as the value. abstract labor is a "with the spooky" things, you must exchange in order to performance; abstract labor value of the historic show the performance of individual workers to labor for society a specific social form. work with the individual, but also has social, each individual commodity producers to obtain each other's products, must be Products included in the calculation of the amount of labor, in accordance with the principle of equal exchange of labor, carried out not by the magnitude of value of goods produced its individual labor time, but by the socially necessary labor time. As for the complicated labor, Marx believed that it is simple work doubly decided commodity value of labor is simple and abstract labor, which for the first time argued that only the genius of the human form of abstract labor value, and only in the commodity economy, before the formation of value.

Bourgeois classical school of economists also recognize the value of commodities is labor created by the magnitude of value by the production of goods and labor-consuming decision. But classical scholars only a general "labor general" concept, has never been understood to create commodity use value of labor and labor value of the goods forming what is the difference, but to confuse the two, or even the creation of use value of labor said to be the value of the specific entity. Therefore, they still can not explain why the production of different use value of the heterogeneity of the formation of the value of labor to be homogeneous labor issues; only entangled in the exchange value of the quantity on an issue, not with the quality of it, committing can not work both qualitative and quantitative analysis one-sided error and eventually become a Labor incomplete. Marx's analysis of the labor theory of value that does not completely distinguish between two different nature of the work, he said: "without exception, economists have overlooked such a simple fact: Since the product has a use value and value of the duality, then the labor embodied in commodities are bound to have a duality, and like Smith, Ricardo and others as just a simple analysis of labor, can not be bound to encounter strong phenomenon everywhere . In fact, this is the whole secret of critically understand the problem. "
Ricardo that the value of goods can only be determined by the consume of labor, and the magnitude of value is proportional to the size of the work with this value includes only the direct production cost of the merchandise out of the labor, not including the time required for the production of production of labor. But he did not know the new value creation and the transfer of production to the old value, and finally back to the "Smith's dogma." Duality of scientific work illustrates this problem. new value creation and transfer of value of production been able to simultaneously, is due to the production of goods with the duality of labor. As a concrete labor, it produces use value, production, transfer and save the old value; as abstract labor, the creation of new value. concrete labor and abstract labor is the labor two aspects of unity of opposites. as long as the use of production tools for processing the object of labor, we must consume human physical and mental; in turn, as long as the production of labor-consuming, it must pass some form.

Can be seen, Marx is based on function or quality of work of different categories of labor to carry out deep, broad and complex working out of simple labor, productive and unproductive labor, and other new forms of labor categories, he will hide the inherent contradictions in the labor that is identified as the duality of labor is to understand the political economy of the "hub", thus constructed the labor theory of value as the cornerstone of economic thought building. It is the concept of the duality of labor, Marx to reveal the dual structure of labor productivity, labor productivity and decision the level of the duality of various factors. Marx pointed out: "Labor productivity is a useful form of specific", "also said:" Labor productivity and labor intensity increases, from one hand, plays the same role. They are within any additional period of time the total products. "

Third, the duality of labor theory is to understand the political economy - "<Capital>> hub
<<Capital>> the logic of the labor force are from the duality theory, this great work papers have been repeatedly criticized the macro economics and not destroyed, is that no one on the Marxist theory of labor duality original convincing challenge.

As long as any kind of real scientific theoretical system, and must include the three integral parts: First, a set of categories reflecting the objective reality and logical development; second is that these areas within the contact, mainly in the related field contradictions between its development; third contact or where to dispose of those contradictions in the laws of motion. political economy to have an integral part of the three. Marx said: "In form, the narrative method of Research methods must be different. studies must be full possession of material, analysis of its various forms of development. explore the internal relations of these forms. Only after this is completed, the movement of reality to the appropriate account of it. After completion of these tasks, you can use from the abstract to the concrete The method, according to the order of historical development, the analysis obtained from the various areas of conflict between them and their account of the development of the regularity of the system out, so that the original material in the possession of the complex in complete and structured thinking reproduce. <<Capital>> That is how the capitalist mode of production and the corresponding relations between relations of production and exchange of scientific ground exposed, so it is by the scientific system of three components one by one set of areas related Contradictions between areas of development, the laws govern the development of these contradictions - composition. to understand the duality of labor is to understand the political economy of the hub, we must follow the <<Capital>> integral part of these three to be study. Links to Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com study from the areas, according to the abstract to the concrete method, you can see the concrete, respectively, labor and abstract labor associated with a range of areas: the specific work - Use the value (use value of labor) - the labor process - constant capital - unlimited expansion of production; abstract labor - value (exchange value) - the value of residual value of the proliferation process one by one - variable capital - is relatively reduced the purchasing power of working people; Labor - Products - Currency - absolute surplus value and relative surplus value - rate of surplus value - wages - capital accumulation (expanded reproduction) - organic composition of capital - relative surplus population - the economic crisis. This set of categories is generated from the duality of labor, not found duality of labor can not come to reflect the relations of capitalist production, this set of scientific disciplines, it is impossible to understand the nature of capitalism.

Inspection from the relevant areas of conflict, you can see the relationship between the contradiction: the duality of labor conflicts - conflicts two factors of commodities - goods and money conflicts - conflicts of labor and capital - the value of the labor process and the proliferation of conflicts - the socialization of production and capital Marxism tenure conflicts - conflicts of constant capital and variable capital in the reproduction process of capitalism one by one a series of contradictions (unlimited expansion of production and reduced purchasing power of labor conflicts masses) - the economic crisis. these important conflicts are the labor contradiction of duality. not that duality of labor, it is impossible insight into the intrinsic link between these contradictions, it is impossible to understand capitalism and the inevitability of the development process and die.

Contradiction from the domination of these visits several important laws: the law of value is the basic law of commodity production, with the development of labor productivity, which dominates the contradiction of duality of labor, which dominates the contradictions between two factors of commodities; as the law of value deformation - law governs the circulation of commodities the contradiction of goods and money; in the law of value based on the law of surplus value produced is the basic law of capitalist production, dominates all aspects of the capitalist production process, and all contradictions; the role of the law of surplus value produced the general law of capital accumulation, resulting in the capitalist law of population. These two laws and a common constant capital and variable governs the contradictions of capital, dominated the process of capitalist reproduction of a series of contradictions, especially the working people and unlimited expansion of production and the relative purchasing power of the contradiction reduced, leading to overproduction of the relative cyclical economic crisis. All these laws are closely related with the value of goods, while the value is abstract labor created. If you do not distinguish between duality of labor, not to abstract from the labor division of labor out of these laws can not understand the above, it is impossible to understand the capitalist relations of production reflects the political economics.

Capital flows from the process and the overall process of capitalist production, inspection, capital flows, including capital circulation process of capital turnover and the social reproduction and circulation of capital, of which the scope of the analysis, contradictions and laws, are all related with the duality of labor; in overall process of capitalist production, the industrial capital, business capital goods, capital and interest-bearing monetary management capital, profits, business profits, interest and rent, profit margin, average profit margin rule, profit margins tend to decline in law, all of these special forms, transformation of the form, etc., must have with them a variety of areas and run by the same laws, are closely related with the duality of labor. Marx is the discovery of the work included in the duality of goods, was profoundly reveals the inherent contradictions of commodity economy, illustrates the relationship between the two factors of commodities, to clarify the nature of value, value entity, Value, and value in the form and the law of value and other issues, so as to establish a scientific labor theory of value; It is due to the discovery of duality of labor, only to find the crack capital mode of production of phenomena password, which the residual value for the establishment of a solid scientific basis for the formation of Marxist economic theory for all the theoretical premise. Marx's analysis of the capitalist labor duality relations as a methodology that : "This is the whole secret of critically understand the problem."
Fourth, the labor theory of duality is the key to Labor's new lease of life
The duality of Marx's discovery and demonstration of labor and the capitalist mode of production in the historical process of development of the contradictions of the duality of labor, Lenin certainly say: "for us to understand these contradictions, and expose the community in this society the sum of the parts , in this society until the end of the beginning of the process of development and growth, and movement. "But the duality of Marx's general areas of labor and discusses the meaning of its time, but only the duality of labor as the two sides of two different characteristics of labor or people from a different perspective on the work carried out by the understanding, which to a large extent masked an important theoretical discovery of its value and significance, and even then he will inevitably make its findings and classical scholars found mixed with the and making future generations while deepening the understanding of areas of labor duality frame insurmountable, bottlenecks or blind spots. Marx's labor theory of value for future generations, according to the imperfection of the social practice led to the setbacks, after the Labor Theory of Value for development, both had a significant impact. Marx's labor duality theory itself needs further refinement and development. Only in this way, the labor theory of value theory in the new historical conditions under which it will be more scientific theory and practice guidance. duality of labor is to understand the scope of political economy should not only be the "hub", but also should be to develop and improve the labor theory of value "hub" and the breakthrough.

Specific work is carried out under certain specific forms of labor, such as academics and the farmer's labor. But Marx believed that the use of force without the aid of knowledge, we can not distinguish between the two are in the pay of workers who engaged in physical complexity of work. Marx His work is a simple mistake "over the abstract." Therefore, to adhere to the labor theory of value monism, we must uphold Marxism and complex work on the areas of simple labor, abolition of manual and mental areas. because of the simple and complex labor is the degree of labor or the amount of the difference, and the definition of mental and manual means qualitatively different, are two nature of the work. Based on the above logic, concrete labor is neither a classical school of individual work areas, namely the existence of the overall shape can be relatively independent of production or has a use value to create a product of his labor or wealth of individual labor phenomenon, nor is Marx's "human labor have a certain purpose in a special form of cost", can only work within Maodun one aspect is the premise of the labor conditions or the possibility of labor. it in different situations have different meaning, duality of labor in Marx's work which has a specific meaning applies only to this case - when it is just as labor duality in terms of abstract work with a party corresponding to the presence of. the specific meaning of various elements of labor and its specific content and forms are advancing with the times.

Abstract labor is the Marxist dialectical method by the inherent nature of the labor conflict on the energy consumption on the physiological significance of the broad party. Marx said, the absence of such specific aspects of the labor aspects of abstract labor or energy-consuming nor labor, at most only a kinds of entertainment or leisure activities. But the Marxist definition of abstract labor biased: He is only the abstract labor as a person's physical and mental cost, brain and hearing, vision, practicing hand, leg muscles, as are body organs features are part physical, abstract labor force should be the strength and the integrated use of knowledge; labor both personal (physical) and a social (knowledge power), included in the commodity value and surplus value in the employment of workers not only created , and with the accumulation of knowledge, power, value creation to becoming increasingly dependent on community; relative to the concrete labor and abstract labor as the same human labor, homogeneous; from different people in different abstract labor point of view, will the complexity of the labor, skilled labor and labor intensity of different levels, both the amount can be different, but also a different quality.

Duality of deepening the understanding of labor, we must seize the unity of opposites between them. Labor duality with respect to any party or individual for a full labor in labor, are only one of its intrinsic essential, interdependent parties, in human society different historical periods, in the unity of opposites between the two sides and the process status in a completely different and play different roles. labor duality of opposites sides of the body - one by one labor and its results, both the specific aspects of labor and the manifestation of abstract labor , but also not at their sides in either the. Marx pointed out: the products of labor or goods with use value and value (ie, two factors of commodities), but is the duality of labor relations between the two sides and the continuation of the former, or correspondence. but he did not turn to reveal the extension or correspondence in the deeper hidden meaning and theoretical significance. goods dialectical relationship between the two factors, not only in quality, but also by the amount in the form of expression. For example, goods the value and use value is the amount of socially necessary to the formation and measurement, but also the phase relationship between the number by which the formation of the unity of opposites ability to reflect the exchange of goods exchanged the magnitude of value, how to price and finally into the production price of these currencies in the form and so on, are not only the dialectical relationship between the development of a natural process and results, but also must be addressed from a theoretical, must be matched by the aforementioned duality of labor and goods with two factors, the dialectical relationship between the chain, corresponding to propose socially necessary labor time duality and the duality with the labor, commodities organically link between the two factors together. Links http://www.hi138.com Research Papers Download