Out of the exploitation of paradox - the Marxist analysis of "exploitation" view of the essence of the new

[Paper Keywords] Marxism, exploitation, labor theory of value
[Abstract] established in the labor theory of value based on the Marxist concept of exploitation, the existence of our country to explain the basis of exploitation, under socialist conditions, labor, capital, technology and management and other production factors are allocated according to contribution exploitation does not exist the corresponding share of the primary stage of socialism is indeed the fact that there is exploitation, but can not recognize the legitimate exploitation, elimination of exploitation is the value of the socialist goal.



Marx and Engels Although there is no clear definition of exploitation to do, but it is undeniable that the Marxist theory of exploitation is a core issue in the system. Correctly understand and deal with the exploitation of the importance of self-evident. However, with the constant depth of China's economic reform people, people face this seemingly simple and is well-known problem in the interpretation of Marxist theory behind the existence of too many errors. In recent years, many scholars, "You have your point of view, I have my views," in front, China understanding of the issues on the exploitation of society, are losing a basic value judgments. In view of Marx's exploitation on the basis of the development of the times change, new understanding and accurate grasp of the meaning and essence of exploitation is the bounden duty of our theoretical workers.

One hundred schools contend: Recent Research Brief Marxist Theory of Exploitation
The study on the exploitation of the issue, the current academic community centered around the meaning of exploitation, exploitation, discrimination standards, exploitation of China's current stage presence and how to evaluate such issues.

On the exploitation of the content, the Chinese People's University Professor Wei Xinghua, in reality there are two forms of exploitation: exploitation of legal and non-legal exploitation. Legitimate exploitation, is in the form of public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership under the conditions of coexistence , the owner of production by virtue of its possession of the means of production and capital gains. In our country not only allowed by law, but under current conditions and development should be encouraged; and the illegal exploitation, referring to the society existence of corruption, tax evasion is not the law of economic behavior. Beijing Normal University Professor Bai Baoli that point of view from the appearance of exploitation seems to be whether by Factor Contribution reasonable question, but in fact according to factors of production distribution of the contribution of the implementation of the main distribution must be addressed, namely the distribution of the main owners of production factors must be borne. Therefore, the exploitation is in fact the relationship between the ownership of factors of production, which is between people of the elements of exploitation of the relationship between ownership problem. Peking Contending that the exploitation shall mean the social or other factors of production occupy the fruits of production, and exploitation is a factor not, or did not fully get the results they deserve. will occupy the exploitation of limited Other factors contribute to the sense of production, noting that the creation of social wealth depends on, including an ordinary labor, including the efforts of the various elements, not just labor. In this sense, the exploitation of income that is an unreasonable and even illegal income, while the illegal income is no different with the looting and theft.

Judging criteria on the exploitation of the Chinese People's University, Dr. Li Yufeng that the judge is not an act of exploitation, should not be legal or not as the standard. That any lawful act, income is not more exploitation, where the unlawful act, income is a further point of exploitation, in fact, the Political superstructure is the use of the standards of the presence or absence of exploitation, and exploitation areas itself is an economic category, the standards can only be used to measure economic significance; Academy of Social Sciences, Professor Yue Fubin that the judge is not an act of exploitation, should be used "three benefits" to assess the standards. He believed that although the rent, profits and interest in Marx's discourse is seen to be exploiting income, but in reality they received people do not have exploited. Qinghua University Professor Cai Jiming the elements of remuneration as the standard, that market economy conditions, economic resources or factors of production is the marginal product revenue contribution. In an exchange of labor and capital, if the labor compensation (wages) lower than the marginal product of labor income, it means that the exploitation of labor by capital. Xiamen University Professor Hu Peizhao insisted on equal exchange standards, or the value of labor standards, labor creates the value that can not live wholly by the labor income should be, and other elements involved in sharing. This share in the proper place within a reasonable range, it is not exploited. labor factors in distribution, as long as their wages equal to the value of labor, exploitation can not be said. Investors can not get the average profit is exploitation. Every Jin Ju Jiaoshoujianchi Ziben the nature of the original standard that if Siyou seed capital and business owners from the original capital investment Person to the surplus value is through honest labor and lawful operate the Qude, and then this residual value, the amount of Bulun how much can not be exploited. Conversely, if the original capital of private enterprises by means similar to the primitive accumulation of capitalism come, such as by misappropriation of the state, enterprises and individuals, property, and other illegal means formed on, he engaged in this capital business and other profit-making activities, then the individual and private business owners to act is exploitation, and the relationship between worker exploitation embodied relationships.

Based on the theory of exploitation, in recent years, theorists "on the income distribution system reform of the theoretical basis for Research", "the theoretical basis of distribution according to work" and "distribution according to work and by a combination of factors of production theory Based on the "and so did not agree, or that there are still big differences. Some scholars believe that the value assigned to the factors of production theory of value based on the way by expanding the concept of labor is no way out; production is not necessarily private ownership the root causes of exploitation, only it will bring the monopoly of exploitation and abuse. Some scholars believe that the creation and distribution does not matter, the ownership of production is the primary determinant of value distribution. Some believe that ownership is the legal basis for the factors of production , various factors of production in the contribution of value creation is the foundation and so on. The Distribution According to Work and the ratio of production factors and quantify the scale of the contribution of production factors and methods to be more theoretical circles further study and discussion.

On the exploitation of the evaluation, some people think there is a reasonable exploitation. Li Yufeng that the exploitation itself is unreasonable, but the existence of exploitation under the present social conditions has to be justified. He believes that by exploiting the existence of the social productive forces determined by the level of development. In the current restrictions on the level of development of social productive forces, the exploitation of the existence of a certain rationality, which in theory should be recognized that it should guide it in the policy, limiting it. Qian Jin believes that recognition of the existence of exploitation , while allowing the existence of exploitation, not to use capital gains to protect individual owners of production, but the overall protection of society from the survival and development. There are views that exploitation should be resolutely banned. Contending, Professor Cai Jiming that since the exploitation is to determine the contribution of others occupy the factors of production, should be resolutely banned. Wei Xinghua, Professor Zhou Xincheng believes that exploitation is a natural historical process, it is produced to a certain degree of productivity of product development, exploitation existence is the result of inadequate development of productive forces can not be judged in the abstract and non-exploitation of non-exploitation of good and bad forms of exploitation have advanced behind the points, from some form of exploitation is to promote the development of productive forces is bound to be judged by its power angle However, thoughts and feelings with color and not just be judged by moral values.

Second, the theory of Origin: A Scientific Marxist interpretation of exploitation
What is exploitation? Marx and Engels, though not a clear definition of it, it does not as a specialized Research topics, but we can not deny the exploitation of the system of Marxist economics is the most important areas of economics. immortal <<Capital>> is a Research and expose the great work of capitalist exploitation. To understand the Marxist concept of exploitation, we must first Duality of Marx's labor began .1867, when Marx in the "<Capital> > Volume in the open he found the principle of duality of labor when declared: "commodity work is included in this duality was first proved by me critically. It is understood that the hub of Political economy. labor duality principle in construct a scientific theory of surplus value of labor in the value system plays a vital role in the foundation. "all labor, from one angle, is the physiological significance of human labor in the cost; as the same or abstract human labor, it forms value of the goods. all labor, on the other hand, human labor in certain special purpose form of cost; useful as a specific labor, it produces use value. source of value and use value in the source of the problem, Marx inherited a classical scholar's view .1867 adopted on William Petty is pleased about the "labor is the father of wealth, land is the mother of wealth" in view of .1875 to see <<Gotha Program>> in a "labor of all wealth and the source of all culture "The LaSalle Ciju, immediately denounced:" Labour is not the source of all wealth. the nature and value of labor is also used as the source. In "<Capital>> Volume III articles, the use of labor duality theory of Marx, in discussing the creation of new value value also investigated the transfer of the old problem, a (C + V + M) issues. can be seen, Marx describes labor is the only source of value creation at the same time also concerned about the specific value of labor and the use or production of material wealth. According to Marx in the "<Capital>> provided from the abstract to the specific provisions of the analytical method, we see that analysis of the labor theory of value in the abstract to the The initial phase of the concrete to explain the labor theory of value the most essential, the most simple requirements. described in the Research and theory of surplus value, use value (material wealth) of the creative process no specific start or be aside; value creation process is in the abstract to the concrete to get started and more and more close to the appearance of things. This is the position of Marx's class is directly related to a clear-cut. to establish the beginning of the capitalist mode of production, the process of primitive accumulation in the blood , production was violently deprived of the original small producers become depleted, such as washing of the proletarians of extreme poverty, living a life of humiliation; industrial revolution, the working class misery is trembling and indignant. In view of serious exploitation of the working class squeeze this tragic world, Marx rise to fight for the working class, seeking liberation. Therefore, in the elaborate set up in the labor theory of value based on the theory of surplus value, although analysis of the capitalist production process is the proliferation of the labor process and value the unity of but stressed that capitalist production is not the purpose of use value. capitalists reason for the production of use value, because the value and use value is the bearer of the residual value of the material. In analysis of value formation and value of the proliferation process, as the boundaries of labor proposed exploitation of surplus value theory, to expose the essence of capitalist exploitation.

Commodity value (C + V + M) in, C is the value of the transfer of production, V is the value of labor, V + M is the new value created by labor, M is the time workers in the creation of surplus labor by the capitalist occupy the residual value. Here, the creation of new values is a matter of workers, and non-labor related capital and other production factors; capitalists and workers labor is seen as a mercenary against the exclusion of bad acts in the "labor "concept outside; the principle of equivalent exchange in the commodity economy under the cover of the capitalists over possession of the labor value of labor to create that part of surplus value." Despite the capitalists do not always use it to pay the equivalent of the possession of someone else's has been materialized part of labor to continue for more then a lot of other people's living labor. "But," regardless of the capitalist way of possession of goods if the same production pattern of how the initial conflict, but no such appropriation is due to the way these laws have been violated, On the contrary, because these laws are applied. In other words, capitalist exploitation is based on a commodity exchange and the market economy consistent with norms of exploitation and the exploitation process. The specification of the essence, workers are completely free people, capital to follow the process of wage labor equivalent exchange of goods principle. in the norms of equality under the surface, to occupy the basis of different factors of production, capitalist exploitation of workers and surplus labor. This is the classic writers of Marxist labor theory of value based on the exploitation on the basis of The basic concept of the essence. on the content, even the U.S. economist Samuelson also recognized that: "The concept of exploitation, from the writings of Karl Marx, from his labor theory of value, writing in the marginal productivity theory is the era before the discovery, exploitation, Marx defined as a worker's contribution to the output and the difference between his salary. because Marx, the labor to create all, all profits, interest, rent is the workers are simply exploitation. "Given the position of the different stations, of course, does not agree with Samuelson Marxist concept of exploitation.

Domestic scholars, according to Marx and Engels summarized view of the exploitation of some of the definition of exploitation, "<Ci Hai>> on the" exploitation "interpretation of the term:" With the capture of private property without compensation to the behavior of the labor of others, "Xu Dixin Editor << Dictionary of Political Economy>> explanation: "exploitation is part of a person or group in society, with their monopoly of production, free of charge or possession of another part of the surplus labor group, or even part of the necessary labor," "China Encyclopedia> > to exploitation as "some person or group by virtue of their possession or monopoly of production, free of charge to those who do not share or lack of production of a person or group surplus labor and surplus products. can be seen from the above definition, the domestic Scholars point to the exploitation of the grasp of meaning is basically the same. I also said that identity, and that such exploitation is our view of learning, research and consultation with practice the common basis of interpretation of exploitation. The problem is, especially since the reform and opening up Since the nineties the twentieth century, many scholars on the exploitation of our understanding of the issues has become a wide variety of. Why in the rapid development of private economy in China and made a "socialist market economy, an important part of" status, people on the exploitation but at least they become more fuzzy? why not? together, first, because some scholars in the use of factors of production theory of value to replace Labor's thinking, the exploitation of Marxism lost the concept of a complete denial of the existence of exploitation of the Shishi ; First, because some scholars of the Marxist concept of exploitation classics dogmatic understanding, simply "exploitation" and China's private economy "grafting", so put on the exploitation of the "legalization" of the coat. So , on the exploitation of real existence to a logical interpretation of Marxism, the science must contact Marxist labor theory of value. to Marx's labor theory of value as the dominant socialist society, a class ideology, a scientific theory to promote , is our basic position of exploitation. This position requires standing view proletarians Labor and exploitation. "Labor's economic outlook as workers, is the evolution of economic contradictions of capitalism, the gradual formation of and development, not only for workers in capitalist society provided a critique of capitalist system and fight for the liberation of their own interests and the theoretical basis of socialist society is required by the workers and consolidate its dominant position in society, and thus play a leading role and continuously improve their quality of thinking skills instruction. as long as the standing position of the proletariat, and to legitimize exploitation can not be recognized, that "Welcome to exploitation", "There are not exploited than exploiting good" and other interesting point of view. can not be Labor theory of value so that in the capital, factors of production value, which denies the existence of the reality of exploitation.

Three times: the socialist market economy, exploitation Marxist Perspective view of the essence of the new
Of course, the labor theory of value is not static, it should be prescriptive nature and process of reunification. Labor is constantly evolving, the worker is constantly evolving, Labor also in the process of continuous development. Today, We should not exist in our country, "private economy" with "capitalist economy", the "private entrepreneurs" with "capitalist." Congress report said: "appears in the social transformation of private technology enterprises, entrepreneurs employed by foreign managerial and technical staff, self-employed, private entrepreneurs, employees in intermediaries, free-lance professionals and other social strata are all builders of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Since the private entrepreneurs are builders, then, Value of goods (C + V + M) of the form, you can make a new interpretation: C is the transfer of production value, V is the workers and private business owners the value of labor, V + M is the co-workers and private entrepreneurs create new value, M is the co-workers and private entrepreneurs to create value more than the value of their labor. Here, the new value creation is the main thing working with the private sector, and non-labor, capital and other production factors unrelated to That is, we insist on a dollar value of Marx's labor theory of negative non-labor factors of production to create value in other factors of production theory of value. Links http://www.hi138.com Research Papers Download is the value of the allocation of the next . Value Creation and how to understand the relationship between distribution? So far, theorists understand it is not consistent. Some people think: Value creation and value distribution are related, but the value assigned to "deepen and expand the" Labor to make a fuss There is no way, should be shifted from the labor theory of value, including labor, including a variety of factors of production or wealth of value. It was also considered: the creation and distribution does not matter, determine the basis for a distribution system, the first or decisive factor is the ownership of production. Here, on these views for discussion temporarily. Our view is that: the decision value distribution of value creation, value creation in the value of restricting the distribution of the number of how much a certain value inherently includes production theory of value is actually distribution of content. built on the labor theory of value based on the theory of surplus value, the value of both the capitalist production theory of value distribution theory is, both internal unity. and emphasized labor's role in value creation and distribution workers in the value subjectivity. Therefore, the value of goods (C + V + M) in the distribution of M can be divided into two blocks (apart from a variety of tax). from the qualitative side, one for the workers and private entrepreneurs labor income. between workers, between workers and private entrepreneurs implementation of the "distribution according to work" principle. "according to work" does not equal "distribution according to the value of labor", "distribution according to the value of labor" means exploitation; other one for the production of factor owners, "Contribution of production factors by" income. "according to production to cable distribution" does not cover "Anlaofenpei". from the amount of side view, the two Jiushi workers and Private Entrepreneurs'Labor income and the proportion of income by factors of production. In our country, if the workers, between workers and between private entrepreneurs and the implementation of the real implementation of the "distribution according to work" principle, if the labor, capital, technology and management, and other production elements in accordance with "contribution" to participate in the distribution in size, then there is no exploitation. Otherwise, the exploitation is there. on the value of the goods composition of the distribution of M, in this issue must also be between two further clarification, one is the production of factor owners, "according to production elements Contribution" theory based on what? is a "distribution according to work" and "Income Distribution," the ratio determined?

"Income Distribution," the theoretical basis for the development of Marx's labor theory of value. As mentioned earlier, Marx describes labor is the only source of value creation at the same time, there are no specific attention to the value of labor and the use of the material or the production of wealth. Marx believed that wealth or use value of labor and product of the combination of production. He was not only fully confirmed the founder of the British classical Political economy perspective, William Petty said: "Land is the mother of wealth, and Labor was the father of wealth, and dynamic elements ", and La Salle in the critical school" all the wealth and labor is the source of all culture "to further emphasize this point:" Labour is not the source of all wealth. nature and labor, just as use value (and material wealth has always been constituted by the use of value!) source of labor itself, but the performance is a natural force, that the performance of human labor.

Under socialist conditions, adhering to and developing Marx's Labor Theory of Value is an important task is to adhere to the Labor Theory of Value, based on the strengthening of labor, capital, technology and management and other production factors in the use of value (material wealth) PRODUCTION OF research. Marxist socialist commodity production is the use of the value of the production process as the labor process and the value of the proliferation of unified production process, not only should pay attention to the fundamental elements of the role of labor, but also attach importance to factors other than labor the importance of Zuoyong. Marx in his works <<Das Kapital>> in the process of commodity production value proliferation process of a detailed demonstration and instructions, and now, we should on this basis, the production process of commodity use value (Wu Zhi wealth ) of the production process and a detailed description of the demonstration. because the creation of value and use value of production has always been the same two aspects of the production process. Labor is the only source of value creation, factors of production other than labor, while not creating value, but they are creating value and value of the material content that is essential to use the value of the necessary conditions. so should be allowed to participate in value distribution of production factors. Here it must be clear and non-labor production: factors in distribution, access to income Before, (C ten ten V M) of M exists. That is, (C ten ten V M) of M non-labor factors of production before the contribution of the existence of income. We allow the allocation of production factors in the value is the labor theory of value-based, and Zaire to factors of production theory is entirely different. Say, "Trinity" formula is used for income production factors contribute to the "basis" in place of (C ten ten V M) of M, source of the problem. We believe that value creation is the source of value to solve the problem, the value assigned to address is the value of the ownership, so the value is not between creation and value distribution, but also does not have eleven pairs of such relations. That is, the value of the creator does not necessarily get the full value he created, rather than create value factors of production does not necessarily excluded from the value distribution outside. value not the creator of all the magnitude of value he has created, does not mean his being exploited, by virtue of the contribution of factors of production in value distribution does not necessarily be the owner of the exploiters. the value of the distribution of the existence of exploitation, see workers, private entrepreneurs, owners of non-labor factors of production ( mainly private entrepreneurs) whether the income they receive from their labor contribution, consistent contribution of production factors, the proportion of income share is appropriate.

In order to describe more clearly the existence of private exploitation of this problem, we try an example of "exploitation" to define the meaning. Assumes that a private enterprise in a production cycle, the value of the products is: 80C + (15V '+15 V' ' +20 M II 120, where 80C is the transfer of production value;; 5V ', private entrepreneurs, the value of labor; clever V "enterprise value of labor workers; 20M is corporate profits. and then assume that in the production, the labor contribution to the rate of 1 / 2, other elements of the contribution rate of 1 / 2; enterprise workers and private entrepreneurs in the labor contribution is proportional to their wages. So, is the distribution of the 20M: 80C by private entrepreneurs by 10 units of M; private entrepreneurs with their own labor contribution by l0M in 1 / 4, that is, 2.5 units of M (private business owners the value of labor SV; is the value of labor and 20V 1 / 4); enterprise workers are l0M in 3 / 4, that is 7.5 units of M. This shows that in this business, as long as business workers received (Qiao V Ten 7. 5M) -22. 5 units of the total income, there is no exploitation. If this The total business income of workers who are clever units (equivalent to the value of labor), and 22.5 between the units, it means that there is economic exploitation enterprise; if the business income workers are less than the total coincidence unit, means that the existence of the business over economic exploitation. It is clear that over the definition of exploitation in the Marxist classical writers based on the concept of adding two new "element": First, recognition of private entrepreneurs in the labor and the labor to create value, the second non-labor factors of production according to "contributions" in the value of the distribution. It is required to follow the development of new Marxist concept of exploitation to justice. It is different from the "factors of production theory of value" to the exploitation of those who deny the existence of facts; different from " exploitation of bonding theory, "there were socialist exploitation of recognition; different from" the value assigned by the labor of "stressed, as long as workers receive the compensation according to the value of labor's point of view there is no exploitation; also different from some people regardless of social put forward the objective reality of Marxism, the employee received the full profits of the enterprise is not only the exploitation point of view.

Accordance with the above definition of exploitation and control the distribution of the reality of our country, we must recognize the infringement of the exploitation of workers exist in some private sector in this phenomenon is sometimes quite serious. Main features: the pursuit of the owner of production high profits, will depress the wages of workers under the labor value, access to employment opportunities for workers to have to bite the bullet, they lack the necessary means of subsistence, only in "moderation" in struggling to survive, to survive ; some companies can not fulfill the commitment of workers before employment or contract, long overdue wages, and even Lai did not pay the interest of serious injury to workers; in the production process, the owner of production workers in the labor force to extend the time increase the labor intensity and not pay the wages or, worse, is open to bullying and humiliation of workers, serious violations of their personality and human rights; the system due to market imperfections or missing, the worker's labor contribution and enterprise's economic Nanyi process is linked, in gaining access to the huge profits behind, we see that the workers get their work contribution and not commensurate with the low payroll, and so on.

In short, Marx's labor theory of value based on the basis of Marxism "exploitation" view, is the economic view of workers, under the conditions of the capitalist bourgeoisie, because the position of people in the opposition can not be acknowledged. Conditions in the socialist Xia, it will become a socialist economic reform and in Developing principles Zhenzheng implemented. in the socialist market economy, the development of the Marxist concept of exploitation, one Zunzhong owners of private enterprises work, because they are also socialism with Chinese characteristics builders; second is respect for the non-labor factors of production value and value in the creation of use value in the material content of the role of these factors of production while not creating value, not the source of value, but it is the value of the allocation. Party Shiliu Da "to establish labor, capital, technology and management and other production factors participate in the distribution according to contribution principle" is correct.

In the socialist market economy, private economy and exploitation can not be directly equated between, there may be some exploitation of the private sector, and some may not be the exploitation of the private sector. In public enterprises, because in combination with the market economy process deficiencies in the system, there may be denied. But no matter what kind of exploitation, whether economic exploitation of economic exploitation or over, who are unreasonable exploitation. Now the community has "to allow exploitation", "recognition of exploitation", "Welcome exploitation "," willing to exploitation "and" exploitation is necessary "," exploitation is progressive, "" exploitation of legitimate, "and other phrases, which are not consistent with the socialist nature of the misconceptions and judgments. word , the eradication of exploitation: the value of the socialist goal. Links http://www.hi138.com Research Papers Download