Current Situation and Countermeasures of Water Pollution in China

Abstract Gaikuo Xing described the Chinese rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater and marine and other water pollution situation, pairs of potential sources of pollution, and Pai Wuliang were analyzed and summarized, the last of the actual situation in our country have put forward some related countermeasures.

Keywords: water environment; pollution; Control Measures

China's water shortage is a national resource and water quality water shortage in the country. The United Nations provides that regional water resources per capita is less than 1 700 m3, known as the resource-based water. China's per capita water resources, already inadequate level of world per capita 1 / 4, is a resource-type water shortage. Also, because the water quality of water required to meet the national drinking water standards, water quality in China is still a water shortage in the country.

For measuring water quality, convenient evaluation of water, of the water into the following categories: �� class, the main source of water for the State Nature Reserve; �� class, mainly for centralized drinking water source protection zones precious fish protection areas, fish spawning areas; �� class, mainly for centralized drinking water source protection area II, general fish protection areas and swimming areas; �� class, mainly for general industrial use zone and non-direct contact with the body of water entertainment area; �� class, mainly for agricultural water district and the general landscape requirements area.

This standard, China's water pollution problem has been in a very serious situation. According to Statistics of Ministry of Water Resources in 1997 [1], the national river pollution river length (including the type ��, �� class river length 27.7% of total river length , inferior class �� 15% of river length) has 65 405 km long river of total 42.7%. completely pollution, loss of use value of water rivers inferior class �� 15% of the total river length. And Songliao, the Yellow River, Haihe River , the pollution of the Huaihe river length goes to 65% to 80%. If you press and worse than class �� �� design, serious pollution of the river length evaluation of total river length of the valley percentage were: 70.4% Liaohe River, Huaihe River Basin 69.5% 67.3% of the Haihe River, Taihu Lake water 46.7%, 32.1% of the Yellow River Basin.

Compared with 1984, ten years more than doubled the length of polluted rivers, .10 years later, in 2008 China Environmental Quality Bulletin published data show that the national surface water pollution is still serious. The overall water quality is moderate seven major river systems pollution, Zhejiang and Fujian area is slightly polluted river water, lakes (reservoirs) eutrophication prominent. Haihe River, Liaohe River, Huaihe, Chaohu Lake, Dianchi Lake, Taihu Lake pollution is serious, seven major water systems, not suitable for drinking water sources of the rivers have been close to 40%, of which the most serious Huaihe River and Dianchi Lake. industrial river pollution is particularly prominent in the more developed towns, cities reach 78% of the rivers in the drinking water is not suitable; 50% of urban groundwater pollution, worsening water pollution of our water resources shortage of industrial and agricultural production and people's life hazard.

More than 50 lakes in the country represented by over 75% of water pollution, while the inferior class �� Percentage of area lakes and 19.6%, or 1 / 5. Representation of the 50 reservoirs, 1 / 3 of the reservoir from contamination. Groundwater resources The pollution is very serious, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, five provinces (regions) of the groundwater resources, �� class proportion reached 36.2%. see if you do not solve the problem of water pollution in the long run, may use the contemporary dwindling water resources on to the next generation will be no water available.

1 Current Situation of Water Pollution
1.1 Rivers
In 2006, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Songhua River, Huaihe, Haihe and Liaohe rivers, seven major river systems of the 197 monitoring sections 408, �� ~ �� class, �� ~ �� �� and worse than Grade V rates were 46%, 28% and 26%. The major pollution indicators are permanganate index, oil and ammonia nitrogen. In general, pollution of river basin water quality is better than the tributaries of the main stream, generally stronger than the urban river reach, pollution from gradually shift to the upper reaches of the lower reaches of .2008, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Songhua River, Huaihe, Haihe and Liaohe overall water quality of seven major river systems and rivers .200 2007 409 flat sections, �� ~ �� class, �� ~ �� and worse than Grade �� cross-section rates were 55.0%, 24.2% and 20.8%. Among them, the Pearl River and Yangtze River water quality is generally good, the Songhua River was slightly polluted, Yellow, Huaihe, Liaohe moderate pollution, heavy pollution of Haihe .

Huaihe River is a most contaminated rivers. Huaihe River in the evaluation of the 2 000 km of the river, the 78.7% of the rivers do not meet drinking water standards, 79.7% of the river water does not meet the standard of fishing, do not reach 32% meet irrigation water standards. According to Statistics, 3,000 seriously polluting enterprises, is the discharge of industrial wastewater pollution enterprises, accounted for 160 of Huaihe River Basin. basin discharge of 182 towns had 15,500 units, industrial waste water emissions 1.61 billion m3, urban water emissions 700 million m3.

1.2 Lakes and reservoirs
The widespread pollution of lakes, especially the heavy metal pollution and eutrophication problems are acute. Most of the lake water is characterized by eutrophication, the main pollution indicators were total phosphorus, total nitrogen, COD and permanganate index . in a few large lakes, more than 75% of lake eutrophication, especially in the Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake and Dianchi Lake, the most polluted. Taihu Lake in the early 20th century, the water quality is still a good 80, 80 light pollution began to appear late, especially after 1987 , the trend of pollution is more serious, organic water pollution indicators and indicators of increased eutrophication. to the mid-90s to the main Grade �� and �� water quality began to appear, meaning the Taihu Lake has been seriously polluted. Chaohu Basin is still in eutrophication, water quality monitoring points in 11, 7 are �� �� and worse water quality. Dianchi Lake water quality in the 20th century, a good 70 years, rich in biodiversity. to 90 years, severe eutrophication, water quality standards than class ��, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus in high concentrations, had reached 7.5,9.19 mg / L. Because the area around the Dianchi Lake in Kunming, and large quantities of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage discharge, resulting in heavy metal pollution and eutrophication of Dianchi Lake very serious, as the number of indicators of drinking water sources have failed, algae ridden, summer and autumn 84% of the surface was covered with algae. lake can not be a lot of drinking well water in rural areas, resulting in drinking water for more than 30 million farmers. As drinking contaminated water, poisoning incidents occur; Dianchi specialty whitebait is significantly reduced, reducing fish species, rare species basically disappeared.

Focus on 28 countries to monitor the lake (library), the meet Grade �� 4, accounting for 14.3%; �� type 2, accounting for 7.1%; �� class 6, accounting for 21.4%; �� class 5, 17.9%; inferior class �� 11, accounting for 39.3%. The major pollution indicators are total nitrogen and total phosphorus. in monitoring the nutritional status of 26 lakes (library), the severe eutrophication of 1, 3.8%; in degree of eutrophication of 5, 19.2%; 6 mild eutrophication, accounting for 23.0%.

10 key state-controlled large freshwater lakes, Erhai and Xingkai as Grade ��, �� Bosten for the class, Lake, Jingbo Lake and Poyang Lake class ��, �� class for the Dongting Lake, Dalai Lake, Hung Ze Baiyangdian Lake and for the inferior class ��. The lake is mainly nitrogen and phosphorus pollution indicators.

Lake city is even more serious. Kunming Lake (Beijing) Grade ��, West Lake (Hangzhou), East Lake (Wuhan), Xuanwu Lake (Nanjing), Daming Lake (Jinan) is worse than class ��. Compared with the previous year, qualitative difference between Kunming Lake, the lake water quality in other cities did not change. The major pollution indicators were total nitrogen, total phosphorus.

In the national surveillance of large reservoirs, Miyun Reservoir (Beijing) and Shek Mun Reservoir (Shaanxi) to Grade ��; Board Shop Reservoir (Anhui) is ��; Danjiangkou Reservoir (Hubei, Henan) and Lake (Zhejiang) class �� ; Dahuofang Reservoir (Liaoning), the Bridge Reservoir (Tianjin) and Songhua Lake (Jilin) is �� class; gatehouse Reservoir (Shandong) and the Laoshan Reservoir (Shandong) is worse than class ��. with the previous year, Lake and Danjiangkou decline in water quality, water quality of the other eight large reservoirs did not change. The major pollution indicators were total nitrogen .9 large reservoirs in the nutritional status.

1.3 Groundwater
195 cities nationwide monitoring results indicate that 97% of the urban groundwater pollution in varying degrees, 40% of urban groundwater pollution increasing trend year by year. In Beijing, commonly detected in shallow groundwater was of great potential harm DDT, BHC pesticide residues and other organic and single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs and other "three to" (carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic) organic matter. groundwater overdraft and pollution each other in a vicious cycle. pollution of water quality caused by water shortage, intensified exploitation of groundwater, so water funnels expand, the groundwater level dropped significantly; falling water tables and changed the original dynamic conditions of groundwater, causing the ground water intrusion to the groundwater, shallow to deep water continuously flows deeper groundwater pollution to the development, so that the extent of groundwater pollution is increasing.

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National Water Quality in the overall light pollution. Compared with the previous year, a slight increase in water quality. Offshore waters to clean waters of the majority; maintain good water quality in ocean waters.

In 2008, a total area of coastal waters monitoring of 281 012 km2, of which ��, �� type water area of 212 270 km2, �� class is 31 077 km2, �� class, bad class �� 37 665 km2.

Calculated according to monitoring sites, the National Water Quality in a slight increase compared with the previous year, ��, �� type seawater of 70.4%, up 7.6 percentage points over the previous year; �� type water 11.3%, unchanged from the previous year; �� class, bad class �� water accounted for 18.3%, down 7.1 percentage points.

Four Sea coastal waters in the Yellow Sea, South China Sea, good water quality in coastal waters, the Bohai Sea water quality in general, poor water quality in the East China Sea. North Bay water quality excellent, good water quality in the Yellow River Estuary, ��, �� type seawater of more than 90%; Liaodong Bay poor water quality and Jiaozhou Bay waters, ��, �� class less than 60% water and the proportion of poor water �� class less than 30%; other very poor water quality in the Gulf, the proportion of poor water �� class account for more than 40%, of which most of Hangzhou Bay poor, poor class �� as high as 100% sea water.

According to incomplete Statistics, China's coast since 1980, there were over 300 red tide, which occurred in 1989 and continued up to 72 d at a red tide, caused 400 million yuan of economic losses, only one in Huanghua, Hebei shrimp on 6 666.67 hm2 cut on tons .1997 October to April 1998 occurred in the scope of the Pearl River Estuary and Hong Kong, thousands of square kilometers large sea of red tide, a marine fisheries production is the loss of hundreds of millions [1].

Important marine fish, shrimp, shellfish, algae spawning grounds, feeding grounds, migration routes and nature reserves mainly by inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate and oil pollution. Inorganic nitrogen pollution in the East China Sea, Yellow Sea Fisheries District in fishing waters and waters of the Pearl River estuary is relatively heavy, phosphate pollution in the East China Sea, Bohai Sea and South China Sea coastal waters of some relatively heavy fishing, oil pollution in the East China Sea some relatively heavy fishing waters. In addition, heavy metals and toxic organic compounds and other toxic substances accumulate in the area, and through the enrichment of marine life, marine animals, and as for food poisoning caused by other animals.

2 sources of water pollution
In 2008, total emissions of 57.17 billion wastewater t, 2.7% more than in 2007. The industrial waste water emissions by 24.17 billion t, accounting for 42.3% of the total wastewater discharge; urban domestic sewage discharge 33 billion t, accounting for the total wastewater discharge the amount of 57.7%, 6.4% more than in 2007. wastewater chemical oxygen demand emissions 1 3,207,000 t, of which COD in industrial wastewater emissions of 4.576 million t, accounting for 34.6 of total COD emissions % of urban sewage in the chemical oxygen demand emissions 8.631 million t, accounting for emissions of chemical oxygen demand 65.4%. wastewater ammonia emissions 1.27 million t, of which the industrial ammonia emissions from 297,000 t, accounting for ammonia emissions of 23.4%, life ammonia emissions 973,000 t, Zhan 76.6% of ammonia emissions. sewage discharge is large, Dan Wushuichuli low rate of industrial wastewater treatment rate by about 80%, emissions standards for only 60% .90% or more of urban water pollution, 50% contamination of groundwater quality, the focus of more than 50% of urban drinking water sources do not meet the standards.

2.1 Industrial Pollution
Industrial production of sewage water environment is a major source of pollutants, although fewer emissions than domestic sewage, but the harm is much greater than the sewage, if the wastewater is not treated directly into natural water in the ecological environment will cause serious damage. industrial water pollution mainly from the paper Industry, metallurgical Industry, chemical Industry and mining industries. And in some cities and rural water around the processing of agricultural products and food industries, such as wine, the system leather, printing and dyeing, chemical oxygen demand in water are often the main source and biological oxygen demand. In addition, industrial production process of waste into the water the other would cause a lot of water pollution, such as air pollution, and finally may be in the form of acid rain pollution in the water body.

2.2 The domestic pollution
Sewage produced by human beings increases every year, continued to increase the proportion of the national sewage discharge .2006 total 29.66 billion t, to 2008, increased to 33.01 billion t. The concentration of urban sewage treatment rate was only 57.1 %. all over the country on the local water sewage COD and biological oxygen demand of the same. For example, domestic sewage, Shandong Province accounts for 40% of the total waste water, and sewage is generated in Chongqing City, the local water 68 % and 85% of chemical oxygen demand biological oxygen demand.

2.3 Agricultural pollution
First, livestock waste pollution of the water environment in rural areas. With the development of large-scale livestock breeding, livestock manure emissions increased dramatically, becoming a major source of environmental pollution in rural areas of the country .2004 generation of livestock manure about 2.8 billion t [2]. and animal manure to fields is only 30% to 50%, without the safe disposal of animal dung pile caused any direct emissions or nitrogen and phosphorus pollution caused by eutrophication serious pollution of groundwater and surface water environment, drinking water in rural areas led to the majority of security problems. Second, chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides caused by water pollution. Our unit of fertilizer inputs of cultivated land is 2.8 times the world average consumption. According to Statistics, 2004, China's chemical fertilizer amount 4 4120000 t. No. 1 in the world. However, the average utilization rate of fertilizer is only 30% to 50%, the loss of a large number of chemical soil pollution caused by agricultural runoff exacerbated the lakes and the sea eutrophication. become the main source of water pollution decent [2]. In addition, the amount of pesticide per unit area is 3 times the world average, most of which are biodegradable and highly toxic organophosphorus pesticides, generally only 10% of pesticides 20% attached to the crops, most of them were washed into the water.

3 Water Pollution Control Measures
3.1 Water purification
Pollutant concentration in water decreases the phenomenon known as natural water purification. Water self-purification mechanism 3. First, the physical purification. Physical purification is due to water dilution, mixing, diffusion, deposition, erosion, pollution, leaving the role of resuspension, etc. reduce the concentration of the process. The second is chemical purification. chemical purification is due to chemical adsorption, chemical precipitation, redox, hydrolysis, leaving the process of concentration of pollutants reduced. Third, biological purification. biological purification of aquatic life due to microbial degradation in particular, role to reduce the concentration of pollutants.

3 kinds of water purification mechanisms often occur simultaneously and intertwined, which play a leading role depends on the nature of pollutants and water hydrology and biological characteristics. Water pollution and water degradation process of self-purification process is both produced and exist. but in one part of water area or a certain period of time, these two kinds of processes there is always a main course of the process is relative. It determines the overall characteristics of water pollution. Therefore, when the pollutants discharged into the water after cleaning , water generally showed three different water quality zones, namely, deterioration of water quality areas, water quality and water quality restoration area clean area.

3.2 Water Pollution Control Measures
To strengthen the protection of water resources and prevent the destruction of water resources, waste and serious pollution, the protection of water resources should be strengthened in time to take effective measures to fully protect water resources. First, improving the Laws and regulations, strengthen management, strict Law enforcement. The implementation of " <Water Law "> <<Water Pollution Control Law"> <<The Environmental Protection Law "> and other laws and regulations, and improve relevant laws and regulations, establish and improve the water Environmental Protection legal system. on sewage discharge standard of strict control, especially To strengthen the supervision of industrial discharges and management of the illegal discharge of industrial enterprises should be severely punished. outfall on the concentration of the various sources of pollution, strengthen the tracking and monitoring, identify problems promptly resolved. enhance the water quality of surface water and groundwater monitoring and water conservation. the watershed as a unit to the main line of the river to town for the node, the establishment of protection and supervision of water resources management system, strengthen the oversight functions of watershed management and coordination, between the relevant departments to strengthen exchanges and cooperation. II control pollution from the source. out of treatment after pollution development model, emissions of pollutants from the control to curb the further expansion of pollution. For enterprises to adopt effective measures to improve management, and actively introduce advanced production Technology, improve material utilization rate, reduction of pollutant emissions. through revised industrial policy, industrial restructuring, with administrative and economic means of water conservation and cleaner production. Third, greatly improve the utilization and reuse of water resources. underutilization of water resources 50% recycling rate is about 20% [3], inefficient water use, increasing the water supply and demand situation of conflicts and serious waste. only the implementation of higher water prices, high water pollution sewage charges to encourage enterprises to adopt effective measures to change the current cooling is cooling, changing sprinkler or drip irrigation is the use of advanced water-saving technologies and production processes, of sewage treatment and reuse, reduce production costs, and thus the economic efficiency of enterprises environmental benefits and social unity. Fourth, to improve the collection of the amount of water pollution sewage charges, sewage charges so far higher than the cost of recovery and management of water resources. At present, the positioning of the sewage charge is too low, compensation is far below the water costs, thus improving overall indicators of pollution charges, to equal or even higher than the water recovery and management fees to move closer, to take "strict entry, stringent exit" measures, perhaps the phenomenon of random row can play a role. Fifth, study and solve the sewage resource utilization. water resource use is to solve an effective way to water stress, and produce higher economic efficiency, to achieve better environmental benefits. such as rational use of groundwater extracted during mining to the national coal production of 1.2 billion t calculations, pumping about 50 billion m3 of contaminated mine water, should all purified into drinking water, can have huge social and economic benefits [4]. In addition, water reuse, industrial cooling water recycling are all fully rational use of water resources and effective measures. Sixth, strengthen the publicity and raising the people's environmental awareness. Green is not only with government or related authorities, but also to closely related with each person, so to step up publicity to raise people's environmental awareness, so that each individuals to do their part for the environment force.


4 References
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[2] Xiao Qin. The current water pollution in rural areas and its countermeasures [J]. Animal and Feed Science, 2009,30 (1) :123-124.

[3] Zhao Feng, Huang Minsheng, Dai Xingchun. The current status of water pollution and the ecological remediation of [J]. Shanghai Chemical Industry, 2008,33 (7) :27-30.

[4] GAO Yan Yao, Chen Hongbin, Si-Qing Xia, et al. Thinking of water pollution control in China [J]. Water & Wastewater, 2006,32 (5) :9-13.

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