On Environment and Sustainable Development

Abstract of the world environment situation, analyze the causes of environmental degradation that must take the road of sustainable Development, and the corresponding measures.

Keywords environment; sustainable Development; status; deterioration of the reasons

At present, environmental issues have become an obstacle to social and Economic sustainable Development an important factor. Therefore, the in-depth study of the characteristics of environmental change, analysis of environmental problems occur, the law of Development, will coordinate the relationship between humans and the environment, provide a reliable theoretical basis.

1 World environmental situation
World Environment from a regional, small-scale environmental pollution expanded to global environmental issues, environmental issues have become the main common characteristics [1]. Environmental pollution from small industrial city expanded global environmental problems extend from the developed to developing countries, from the first world extended to the third world, become the common problems of mankind throughout the world, become a global issue. On the one hand, the developed countries in the process of industrial upgrading industrial to developing countries to phase-out to third World output of waste; the other hand, the Development of industrialization in developing countries themselves, and because of poverty and debt forced them to over-develop their own environmental resources, their environment is being more seriously damaged, many local Economic development and the environment have emerged destruction of the vicious cycle, thus worsening the global environment, the direction of North Korea.

1.1 Air pollution and water pollution
Air pollution from domestic, industrial and automotive exhaust emissions, its carbon dioxide emissions surge is mainly due to the deterioration of the human environment [2]. According to Statistics, global carbon dioxide emissions in 1996 to nearly 23.9 billion t, causing global warming, polar ice melt. Statistics show that since the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide has been in increase in the state. In addition, municipal solid waste caused by air pollution can not be ignored, garbage disposal by the interests of drive, in order to reduce processing costs, often do not adopt measures to address the environmental costs of waste, leading to serious air pollution and water pollution.

Domestic sewage and industrial wastewater emissions increased year by year, a lot of water laden with organic pollutants, nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients of pollutants, and many refractory organic matter dumped into rivers and lakes, causing serious water pollution. South China Sea heavy oil pollution, coastal eutrophication trend of serious and increasing frequency of red tide, eutrophication of freshwater lakes and cause serious pollution, which seems to grow algae, green hair color, smell. such as the 2007 shocked the nation, Wuxi Taihu algae pollution incident , resulting in the city of Wuxi City, the public drinking water crisis.

1.2 Forest dropped
Since industrialization, forests have been over-cut, according to FAO Statistics, the Earth every minute 2 000m2 of forest have been destroyed. Since 1950, the world's forests have lost 1 / 2. Which is a typical Loess Plateau in China example of its forest cover from 5% of liberation developed into the most serious soil erosion in areas of the Yellow River water per cubic meter of sand actually contains 37kg, is the world's highest river sediment. As sediment deposition, the Yellow River into a high-ranking "hanging river."
1.3 The reduction of arable land
Severe desertification. According to Statistics, there are 2 100 million worldwide each year hm2 farmland become completely useless because of desertification, or nearly useless. More than 100 countries worldwide, 9 million people and 25% of the land threatened by desertification . With the acceleration of the industrialization process, acid rain damage around the expansion, intensified, harm the ecological system of land and aquatic ecosystems, materials and human health. In recent years, life on Earth as a protective shield of ozone thinning, or even empty.

1.4 alarming rate of species extinction
Industrial revolution, human large-scale Economic activity, lead to species extinction rates reached appalling levels. According to the Research, into the civilization of human society since 2000, about 110 kinds of mammals and 130 species of birds extinct. In the short short 25 years, including mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, including water reduced by 45% the number of animals, sea animals, the number decreased by 35%.

2, the causes of environmental degradation
2.1 Economic activity, urbanization and industrialization blind expansion
2.1.1 the impact on the atmospheric environment. With the Economic level and technology level, the process of urbanization and industrialization are rapidly advancing forward, bringing the concentration of Population and factories and enterprises. The large-scale industrial production and plant categories and increase in the number of residents using the fuel, the factory uses a lot of smoke and dust emissions from chemical products, has greatly changed the composition of the atmosphere [3]. According to the analysis of urban air pollutants in the dust the most prominent, and in soot emissions, it is also laced with carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, fluorine, chlorine gas.

2.1.2 The impact on water environment. Urbanization increases impervious area such as housing and roads and drainage works, reducing infiltration, increasing the flow rate, groundwater not surface water added, destroyed the natural water cycle, leading to Overall the Earth's surface tension of water supply and industrial production waste, wastewater, waste gas directly into rivers, lakes, sea or into the surface, will have an impact on the water, endangering people's health. in the city water, in particular the various detergent, washing powder, bath, toilet, etc. The extensive use of liquid, so that the chemical composition of urban waste water and toxic substances has risen, with a few cities improper sewage treatment and disposal, so that water pollution is more serious.

2.1.3 urbanization and industrialization on the aquatic environment. City of serious damage to the biological environment, changing the composition and structure of the production environment, so that organic producers and consumers in the proportion of organic disorders. Housing density, street cross , is full of concrete buildings and roads, blocking the channel between the biological Populations, affecting the balance of the ecosystem development. while the pollution generated by industrial production has seriously affected the ecosystem of the original ecosystem, so that some poor creature is real adaptive out of the environment.

2.2 The rapid growth of Population
Currently, world Population more than 60 million, while Asia, Africa, and Latin America accounting for the additional Population in many developing countries 90% of world Population growth. These areas are mostly low quality of the Population, resource development in poor condition, economic poverty of the country is Human conflicts with the more prominent areas of the environment. since World War II, accelerated urbanization, the world's Population, now the world's urban Population has more than 30 million of the total world Population of more than 60%. large cities, large cities to develop a more fast. millions of people the world over the city from 243 in 1980 increased to 390 in 2001. Therefore, rapid population growth over expansion of urban population, resulting in reduced self-purification ability of urban environment, pollution, and a series of serious environmental problems [4].

2.3 fertilizers, pesticides, heavy use of plastic film
First, the chemical fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer geometric traditional high levels of farmers, crops absorb quickly, can rapidly improve crop yields. But a lot of the negative effects of fertilizer increased stand out, resulting in soil compaction, soil degradation, more serious is causing water pollution, high levels of agricultural fertilizer water discharged into rivers and lakes, especially paddy water, causing fish, shrimp, crabs and other aquatic animals decreased until extinction.

Second, the pesticide contamination in recent years, increasing year by year. Vegetable farmers, fruit growers in the pursuit of high yield, high efficiency, a lot of pesticide spraying. Meanwhile the process of spraying pesticides also caused by the perpetrators of my skin contamination. In addition, long-term excessive use of pesticides on food crops , so that pests have a very strong resistance to immunity, will also lead to excessive application of pesticides is more serious, so a vicious cycle in which vegetables, fruits, increase the amount of pesticide residues in long-term consumption of excessive application of pesticides that fruits and vegetables, serious human health hazard.

Finally, plastic film mulching and the emergence of a variety of greenhouse production, improve the vegetables, fruit yield per unit area, broke through the production of seasonal and regional restrictions on the lives of the people benefit. However, according to scientific data, now use of such plastic film, buried in the soil 200 years and will not rot, like the use of greenhouses and inappropriate waste handling, has formed a "white pollution", threatening people's lives and health.

3 Sustainable Development
In 1987 the United Nations issued a <"We Have Common Future>" was Written, the book was first proposed the concept of sustainable development and that sustainable development is to improve the quality of life and the environmental carrying capacity, both to meet the people The current daily needs, without compromising the needs of the next generation of survival and development in order to maximize the minimum consumption of natural social and economic benefits [5]. Therefore, sustainable development is the world's developed and developing countries to pursue ideal model.

From the content point of view, sustainable development means the theory is not a single element in isolation, but to many elements of all-round coordinated development of population, economy, society, resources, environment and other elements of the unity of a single run; from the time , it is the long-lasting; from intergenerational relations, it can not only meet the development needs of contemporary people, but also to meet the development needs of future generations; from the scope of the point of view, it is not a particular, local problems, but the overall global problem, it is not only whether the individual regional sustainable development issues, but many regions, even the world's sustainable development.

Links to Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com 4, the specific measures to achieve sustainable development
4.1 improve urban planning, rational distribution
The layout of the city related to natural, economic, technological and environmental and other factors, have overall planning, comprehensive balanced. First of all, the layout of the city to consider the topography, meteorology, hydrology and other environmental impacts. Urban industrial severely contaminated areas, must be arrangement in the next direction. the city should pay close attention to industrial layout to the river, flow, sediment flow law and the self-purification capacity of rivers. Second, the internal layout of the city should also be conducive to protecting the environment. multi-center pattern, radial layout, will help to improve urban ecological environment. on urban land use with compensation to rent land to regulate the demand for land to make the city not only cohesive, but also has a repulsive force. compensation for the use of land, you can put an end to more land, an area of no phenomenon in certain extent, eased the demand for urban expansion and land supply shortage, the basic operation of the urban economy based on the stock of urban land, reducing the blind outward expansion.

Appropriate control population growth 4.2
Through economic instruments and policies to encourage birth control, family planning, adjusting the population age structure and geographical distribution. For fewer and healthier living for a good social security and health care, so no worries. The same time through popular Education, vigorously improve the quality of the population to improve the nation's physical quality and scientific and cultural qualities, in order to achieve population, resources, environment and sustainable development of productive forces.

4.3 to implement a resource protection as the core of environmental management
With new technologies and new techniques to develop new energy sources, can improve resource utilization, while the implementation of institutional innovation, the implementation of compensation for the use of environmental resources, continuous technological innovation, from extensive to intensive manufacturing to the production, by increasing the efficient use of resources to maximize its resources into products. the rational use and protection of land resources, water resources and biological resources, prevent soil erosion, control of environmental pollution, protect wildlife resources, to achieve economic and environmental benefits of a unified development.

The root cause of environmental problems lies in economic externalities. We can use economic policy, through market mechanisms, the inconsistent use of the material caused by the internalization of economic externalities to all levels of economic analysis and decision-making process. By the way after the increase in treatment costs to reduce pollution, the implementation of compensation for the use of environmental resources, can effectively constrain the behavior of polluters, sewage, ensure that "polluters pay", but also focus on environmental management for the government to raise funds, or funds for clean production technology Research development, environment and economy, sustainable development of society. Therefore, compensation for the use of environmental resources is the fundamental idea of solving the pollution. economic instruments for environmental protection, there are environmental costs, environmental taxes, emissions trading and so on.

4.4 to develop the environmental protection industry
According to the ecological economic theory, instead of the traditional process with ecological processes, the specific activities of economic planning, environmental systems designed to keep the basic ecological processes and the continuation of life, to achieve the sustainable use of the human environment. To carry out environmental knowledge in the national publicity activities, increase public awareness of environmental protection, establish a "protection of the ecological environment is also productive" thinking, to enable enterprises to establish a "clean production concept", consumers establish a "concept of green consumption."
5 References
[1] Chen order. Ecological City Construction of Theory of [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2004 (4) :3-7.

[2] Liu Peitong. Introduction to Environmental Studies (second edition) [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1995.

[3] Liu Fugang. Environment Analysis and Countermeasure [J]. University of Texas, 2001 (4) :77-79.

[4] Chen Jing. China's environmental problems and achieve sustainable development, population and environment [J]. New West, 2006 (12): 67,69.

[5] where the whole first. On environmental issues and sustainable economic development [J]. Business Research, 2002 (3) :87-88.

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