On flood prevention and rescue techniques

[Abstract] the new period of Yellow River Conservancy Commission Yellow River's goal is not breached dikes, river continue to flow, water quality is not excessive, does not raise the river bed, all around the prototype is up and down the Yellow River, Digital River, model-building efforts in the Yellow River Yellow River three struggle to maintain the healthy life of the Yellow River to determine the progress for the ultimate goal.

Maintain the healthy life of the Yellow River should be the primary task is to ensure that the dike does not breach the first, for complete control of flood control technology, water conservancy workers before us an urgent task before us. Some of the works because the rescue technique properly, resulting hydraulic crashed events occur. To ensure that people's lives and property, reduce or avoid economic loss, proper emergency control measures to ensure safe flood water conservancy.

[Keywords:] filter around wells       Guided infiltration        Bank stabilization and erosion control        Dike repair

A, piping, Sanjin, landslides, loopholes and cracks Qianghu method

һ ) ��ӿ (A) of the piping

Piping is also called the fountain, turn the water are often neglected in the sand drum foot embankment near the back, or toe outside the depressions, ditches and other places. Because of levee Here are permeable layer of sandy, when the water level elevation, seepage pressure , which occurred on the ground to take water hole, with a fine sand, around the orifice around the formation of "sand ring." diameter piping, such as nest of small and large are tens of centimeters, and some become piping group. If any its development, when the long-Diameter expanded out of muddy water, can be a loophole or cause levee collapse, depression, etc. sting, causing a large risk.

1 �ķ���ʹ���ڱ���һ��ˮλ,�Խ��͸ô���ˮ���ݶ�,�������¹�ӿ��ˮ����,ʹ����ָ��ȶ�. Danger for the piping should be used "on the lower block" approach to eliminate. "On the block" is a geomembrane, or other composite materials impervious soft mattress, sink into the water upstream, the concentration of seepage holes may be cut off to stop the infiltration Source. "row under" controlled conditions required to exclude the occurrence of the pressure water piping. piping serious, can be piled around the hole in the water gushing around wells, surrounded by filter wells (Figure 1 approach to the well to maintain a certain water to reduce the department's hydraulic gradient, eliminating the water piping impetus to restore soil stability.

20 ���� , ��������������Χ��,�ھ�һ������Ϊ����ֱ����ʮ������ , ��������»����Ӵ��� , �������ܾ������������̵�,Ȼ��ֲ�����ɳ��ʯм����ʯ����ʯ.��ȱ��ɳʯ����,Ҳ������ա����ա��Ȳݡ����ݼ�«έ��͸ˮ�Բ��ϴ��� , ��������ѹ��.���ڱ���������ˮ�� , ������ˮ��������ˮ. Around wells refers to the filter near the outlet of the ooze clear about 20 cm deep, made with earth bags ranked barrier around wells, the general master for the hole diameter of about ten times the diameter, wall or ground contact with the Dipo Department, must be closely BEDDING wells with soft materials, and then spread filling layered sand, stone chips, gravel, rock. such as the lack of sand stone materials, can also be used wheat straw, soybean straw, straw and a straw and fodder instead of reeds and other water permeability, and bags with soil Pressure top. wellhead walls to stay drains, pipes or equipment to facilitate drainage.

�� ) ɢ�� (B) Sanjin

1 ���������,���¹���, 2 ����������ɰ��,��������͸ˮ��С��ճ������, 3 ������̫��,����ʱ��ȡ����û�д���,���п�϶,�꺻��ʵ, 4 ������������(���϶����Ѩ��������������,����������.ʹ�������Ȳ���,������(��ˮ�ڵ�������͸���Ͻ��߽���������̧��,��ˮ�ͽ��ڵ����µ�������½Ÿ�������,���γ�ɢ��. After retaining embankment, seepage through the levee slope direction to Tsutsumiuchi penetration, is a natural law. However, due to following reasons: 1, thin dike, the slope too steep, 2, levee soil sand weight, nor the outside slope permeable small clay impermeable, 3, dike bad quality, taken when the embankment does not break the clods, no gaps, moths ram false, 4, Tsutsumiuchi have hidden dangers (such as ants Dong, badger hole, roots , underground drain, etc., to shorten the seepage path. so that seepage path length is not enough, saturation line (the infiltration of water seepage in the levee on the boundary is called the saturation line elevation, water seepage will be in the Tsutsumiuchi slope near the toe of slope or leaking, formed Sanjin.

30~50 ����,�ٷֲ����λ����ɰ����ʯ����ʯ,��ɰ 20 ����,��ʯ����ʯ��������,�����Ƭʯ�������Ӹ�ס. Sanjin danger that, should identify the causes and extent of danger, such as the slope Tsutsumiuchi there Sanjin, but only a slight slope scenting a small amount of water flows or seepage, levee stability, danger does not develop, can be closely monitored, temporary does not deal with. If a serious or the occurrence of flooding Dipo concentrated seepage erosion phenomenon, indicating the gradual development of dangerous situations, you need to be Qianghu. Qianghu as follows: �� trenching guide permeability. Beishui Po San Jin in the embankment on the site, along dam seepage slope ditching guided, guided sewer embankment contact area with sand backfill, gravel, good water filter, top with soil Bag suppress. �� culture guided infiltration of the original method. When the embankment Beishui Po Sanjin serious levee thin, Dipo steep embankment face in dealing with water seepage, they must also increase the stability of the downstream Dipo. Dipo increase in downstream flooding preserves units built, or built in the drainage layer of the original dam face. �� filter layer method for . wet the surface first Sanjin place dredged and dug about 30 ~ 50 cm thick, and then followed by backfilling sand layer, gravel and crushed stone, sand 20 cm thick gravel and gravel clever cm, with the final piece of stone or bags of soil cover.

�� ) ���� (C) of the landslide

Landslide dam is due to too steep slope, a small dam shear strength, shear strength of foundation soil insufficient to slide. Slope sliding caused by many factors, often in flood season water level rise, increased saturation line , increasing the dam sliding torque and reduces the soil shear strength. Xunhou excessive water level, seepage pressure, also easily lead to slope sliding.

Landslide Qianghu principles are: the upper part of load shedding, the lower pressure of weight. According to the case of sliding, there's part, the reasons of occurrence of different factors to determine Qianghu method.

Singapore welcomed the rapid drawdown of water caused by landslides. First, turn on the water conditions should immediately stop, and second, in ensuring adequate water retaining dam section of the case, the main crack in a deep cutting, the three foot of the slope in the sliding body stone throwing and other parts, as a temporary pressure re-fixed foot.

Bei Shuipo Qianghu due to leakage caused by landslides, one is to minimize the water level, and second, sliding along the body and guide the nearby ditch seepage slope, so water can penetrate quickly discharged and the third is achieved if the sliding fracture toe, foot should first take solid measures.

�� ) ©�� (D) vulnerability

In addition to the Sanjin levee vulnerability concentrated form, the most because there are hidden dangers, such as filling holes levee, Shuxue, cracks, or poor quality of existing virtual levee soil, frozen blocks, mud, etc. happen. Flood When, in the larger role of osmotic pressure, Tsutsumiuchi soil were taken away from the clear to muddy water, from small to big hole, which developed into levee vulnerability. levee vulnerabilities often due to levee sand layer or below the old port door under the rotten dike material objects or stone, when water seepage under the action of internal and external pressure, with the seepage outflow of sand would be. river dike embankment cuddle flaw occurs, this is the most dangerous danger. if not grab block , which can cause a disaster breach must cause a high degree of attention. vulnerability occurs the site, one in the levee, two to the levee.

Vulnerability Qianghu methods. �� If the hole small, around the hard soil, it can be larger than the hole in the pan or other impervious withhold apparatus, also with a soft wedge, bale plug holes on it, covered by soil Bag . �� if the soil is soft hole, and hole more Longitudinal cloth with a cloth or impervious blanket, on top compactor bags, and finally onto the clay down slope, with pressure above the cutoff to help. �� treatment Wai Well, not yet found in the vulnerability of imports, in order to prevent the dangerous deterioration of surface flaws can temporarily exit the Beishui Po build treatment around wells. If the seepage pressure, when the treatment is completed Surrounding Well, there are still flowing out foundry . If there is sinking wells may continue to dump sand fill media, until the following well-head treatment to form a more reasonable level, the water to clear the danger that is stabilized.

(E crack

In addition to a variety of dangerous situations occur or dam, there are poor quality due to old and new levee embankment construction such as occurs with strictly crack phenomenon, in which transverse cracks more serious, can also cause water seepage and vulnerability. Processing, can be cross-wall partition of the measure. every one meter along with the crack and perpendicular to crack down the trench, until the cracks could not see far, and the backfill material to be compacted layer. If the cracks in deep water have been interlinked with the Linhe should be playing around in the Linhe Code before willow or repair pile closure to prevent water seepage. Linhe may be before the closure, back river filter.

Second, due to the dangerous situation caused by river erosion Qiang Hu

Yellow River embankment level workers, more vulnerable spot embankment. Flood period, the levee with the river, has the danger of erosion by water, and waves of attacks, but also on the levee and pump cavitation generated brush effect.

Yellow rose water, floodplain, due to the large transverse slope beach, water from the river embankment into the string groove, often form a flood embankment along. Alongside bank erosion occurs or because of changes in river regime, the occurrence of oblique River, has Tanan collapse do, the top red river, embankment scour, severe collapse. Qianghu if not, that is the danger of levee burst. So when the Qianghu to "bank stabilization and erosion control, patch of land to prevent" take increased Dipo capacity and stability and erosion potential mitigation measures such as protection of the stream.

1 ��ʯ�׻� (1 Liushi throwing Care

1 ��,�� 10 ��.��Χ��֦��Լ 20 ����,ʯ��ֱ��Լ 60 ����.Ǧ˿���� 12# Ǧ˿����Ƭ,�׾� 15~20 ����. Towards the side of the levee near the water slide top red, when the collapse occurred, you should throw pillow or a wire cage Liushi mulch and soil in the upper part of riprap or slope protection kits. Liushi pillow generally 1 meter in diameter, 10 meters long. Switchgrass thick peripheral 20 cm, the heart of stone about 60 centimeters in diameter. 12 # wire cages with wire mesh series, pitch of 15 ~ 20 centimeters.

2 ���� (2 hung Liu

1 ������.��������˩���»� 8# Ǧ˿,�Ա���˩.Ҫ��̮���̽�����,˳��ѹ��,��ù�������,��˩�ڰ��µ�׮��.����������Ǧ˿���˸�ϵ���װ��שʯ������,ѹ������Ȩ��,�Ա�ʹ��ͷ��ˮ����������,��������. This is a commonly used method of Yellow River, with the willow head, throw in the water to slip off the sediment from the buffer to prevent the danger to expand. Generally in big sweeping edges of garnet. Hang willow branches and more general use of fresh willow leaves dense head, more than 1 meter long bar. ropes tied to a tree or a willow on the lead wire 8 # to pull tie. from the collapse of the downstream toe, the order of pressure stubble, by hanging to the upper reaches of trees, and tied on the slope of the pile. or faculties at both ends of rope or wire broken bricks and stones or sludge in gunny bags, pressure on the right take on the tree so that the willow trees in the water, head down, close to the shore.

3 ���� (3 Shen Liu

To this method, resist water erosion toe, also slipped off the silt effect slowly. First stone head with a wire bundle in the willow branches of a tree, and then push the willows into the water by boat. From downstream to upstream, from low to high, followed by throw Liu, between the closely linked to ensure a tree.

4 ׮�񻤰� (4 wood revetment

2.5 ��,׮�� 0.8 �� ~1 ��.׮����ɢ������������,��������ʵ.���������ϴ�Լ���׵�ǩ׮һ��(λ����ǰ��׮����,����������Ǧ˿��ǰ������ϵ��ǩ׮��.����ˮλ����,�������������ڻ����ϲ��ϼӸ�. In the case of water is not too deep, can this method. First in the collapse at a row of piling, pile length is generally 2.5 times the depth of the pile from 0.8 m to 1 meter. Spread the pile after the willow or other soft material, and with soil provided. then played about half a meter on the filling of the sign post in a row (staggered position with the front post, and use rope or wire to the front lines in the sign post on the tension. As the water level rising, according to the above can be constantly heightening bank protection methods.

5 ��ʯ§��(��ͼ 2 �� 3 (5 Liushi hug the car (Figure 2, 3

Such as fast-flowing, collapse is severe, the car can be used for emergency Qiang Hu Liu Dan hug. To Liu (straw, reed stone as the main body, a rope, connected into a whole pile layer a light structure, it has a bulky, flexible, and the advantages of fast rescue. the main danger for the dam's Qiang Hu pile pier sting, a serious collapse of the embankment repair works at the construction of the dam and water into account, is the Yellow River, an integral part of the rescue.

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This method requires the body as quickly as the broom caught the end, or bottom of the force increases erosion and bed easy to scour Tan An. This law of the Yellow River on the traditional method, but in order to avoid shortages of the bodies appeared vacant, former climbing, and so bore collapse phenomena, shortages of the body should adopt the lower board, three rows of piles, a chain of five children (three piles of soft rope arrangement of law thing (car shortages of the material pile signed rope wood beam structure, to shortages of the body under steady sting. The top should be used double-headed people, horns arrested, Samsung piles hard thing, to increase traction to stop the broom body before the climb, and to take additional hand side (three piles rope united envelope approach, side wire cage or a large stone throwing and other measures reinforcement.

6 �Ȱ� (6 other dam

According to development and change of river regime, estimated with an embankment of the river may be asked to do a good job on the dry earth-based, so the water comes, wrapped in a timely manner Liushi care, called the other dam.

Third, dike or nest, banks collapsed and the Qiang Hu Long Wo Qiang Hu

1 ������� . .����ĵ���(��ͼ 4 ������Ҫ�ɰ��ϡ����ߵȶ����������ɵ�����,���ܺ���,Ӧ��ʱ����.���õķ����Ƿ�����ʵ,������ڳ�ʪ���ˮ'ӦѸ���ø�������ʪ����� 1/10~1/15 ����ʯ�ҷ�������ʵ. (1 levee or nest.. Levee in or nest (the main danger in Figure 4 by the termites, rats, snakes and other animals caused by perforated hidden, can not be ignored, should be promptly handled. Commonly used method is to turn reinforce the building, such as fossa wet or flooded or 'shall promptly with a dry soil or wet soil mixes mixed in 1 / 10 to 1 / 15 lime powder filling compaction.                 

������ѷ����ڵ�������������խ�ĵ̶���(��ͼ 5 ,�����������ǰ,������֯��������ڴ�װ�����֮������ɢ���������. 1 If the nest or occur in levee thin, narrow crest on the dike plane (Figure 5, before the Watian or nest, the use of soil fabric bags or in bags of soil between the soil and fill out loose soil plus dike building outside help.

������ѷ�����ӭˮ���²�λ(��ͼ 6 ,��������֯���װ�������Ͻ�������ʵ,�ټ������. 2 If the nest or under water slope in welcoming site (Figure 6, available materials such as geotextile bags of soil or litter will be provided, together with built outside help.

2 �̰�̮��.�����̰�̮������ʯ���׳�����Ϊ��.������ʹ���¾���ָ�ԭ�����ȶ�����,�������ݴ�ʢ����,��̮����ʹ���,�ֲ�ѹ���������.��ˮ�����޳� 1:3 ���ϵĻ���,�Լ���ˮ����ˢ.����������׮���������������ȷ�������. (2 embankment collapsed. Qianghu embankment collapsed to rubble, throwing bags of soil-based Shen. This will allow to restore the original slope Dipo to stabilize the levee, with sacks or straw bags Sheng silt soil, the lowest since the collapse, the sub- laminated for filling joints. Xiu underwater slope of 1:3 or more in order to decrease water erosion. the other compound can also be filled with wood piles or hanging Liu, Shen Liu Qiang Hu and other methods.

3 ����.����ˮ����֮��Ӧ��ʱ�跨����,��ֶ�����,ʹˮ����ɢ,���ٳ�ˢ.���ѳ�ɵĹ����ѡ��쾮,ӦѸ������ΧȦ,����ֹˮ��������ˢ.���ʱ�ú������¶��Ϸֲ㺻����ʵ.�½�����,Ӧ�߳�����ԭ���� 0.1~0.2 ��,��ѹ��Ų�һ��,�Է��ٴ����긴��. (3 Long Wo. On the rain concentrated in time to thinning of the Department should lead, or sub-block, the water dispersion and reduce erosion. Have been washed into the ditch, Waterloo, yard, enclosure with soil should be fast to stop the water flow to wash . padding bottom layer when the ram with good soil compacting fill. the new part of the original embankment near the surface should be higher than the 0.1 to 0.2 meters, or pressure Geba grass layer, in case it rains again, re-washed.

Fourth, flood overtopping the Qiang Hu

1 ��,���� 1 : 1 ���� 1 ������,�߶���ˮ�����.�ڼ����ӵ�ʱ,Ӧ������̶���Ƥ,ʹ�¾������ڽ��:�ӵ�Ӧ�����ٺ�һ��Ĵ��ᶥ��.��Ҫ���ڴ�̵���,�����谭��ͨ,������������.�ӵ������¼���: In flood season, when there is excess risk of floods overtopping, must, where possible, repair the embankment crest overflow embankment to prevent diffuse decision. Dike general repair side of the crest in the Linhe, the foot of the slope from the temporary embankment shoulder and 1 m, slope 1: 1 top width of about 1 m, height as the water regime may be. Dike repair in Canada, you should first clear the dike grass, combined with the new and easy-to-earth: Dike should repair the large side in Linhe put on top. do not fix them in the embankment, so as not to obstruct traffic, increase the rescue difficult. Dike are the following:

�������ӵ� 1, Pure Earth Dike

Easier to borrow the general good of the embankment soil, can be pure soil embankment. Must first clear the ground grass, debris, and then layered fill compaction.

�������ӵ� 2 bags of soil embankment

In the dike is not wide, the case of poor soil, available soil embankment the bag, the bag of soil in the shop before, but also cleaning up debris dike, and planed pine topsoil. Liu Qicheng soil around the grass in bags and Bag port truss, shop in the dike positive side, back pocket should be the water, their feet at ease. under the circumstances can be single and double row barrier. If time allows, when used in the base row of straw, crushed grass plugs to fill in, in order to Retaining tight.

����׮�����ӵ� 3, piling compiled Liu Dike

For a wide embankment crest. Linhe first dike near the side of a row of piling, in piles or in piles on the compilation willow the grass after the banding, Lu Chai to, back fill compaction. Filling method, size and Pure Earth Dike roughly the same.

References:

. <<ȫ���������ֲ�>> . [1] <<National Flood Mitigation Handbook>>.

����� . �ƺӴ�̷�Ѵ���ռ��� . ʵ�ü��� [2] Xu Yu Court. Yellow River flood control techniques. Practical technology

������ . ��Ѵ���շ������ . ˮ������ [3] Shao Lijun. Flood control Methods. Water science

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