Analysis of the peaceful liberation of the peasants of Herzen's thought - the "Bell" as the basic historical

Paper Keywords: Herzen, the liberation of the peasants, "<bell>> magazine, the reform of serfdom in Russia
Abstract: In 1861, the eve of the reform of serfdom in Russia, Herzen founded <<bell>> magazine, publicity farmers liberation. The way in the liberation of the peasants, he advocated the adoption of the tsarist government "top down" reforms, and landowners peace negotiations with the farmers the way to the abolition of serfdom. Herzen struggled swing in between liberalism and democracy, but liberal in his thinking prevailed.



AH Herzen is a famous 19th century Russian writers and thinkers.

March 1855, Alexander II investigating the issue of farmers, for the reform of serfdom. Then in exile in London Herzen are aware, should seize this moment in time for the liberation of Russia on issues such as farmers respond to the controversy. July 1, 1857, Herzen founded and published <<bell>> magazine (Konoxon), the liberation of the peasants to the domestic population about the idea of the liberation movement in Russia, the peasants played an important role. Lenin in 1912 100th anniversary of Herzen, Publication "<Memorial Herzen>> a text. Lenin pointed out," <bell> "Magazine was founded to break the Russian publishing industry," slave-like silence "certainly Herzen is" held from the great banner of struggle against the demons (the tsarist autocracy), the first man. "
Farmers for the peaceful liberation of the idea of Herzen, Lenin pointed out that "the landlord nobility Herzen people ... ... he did not see the people of the revolution, it is impossible that the people of the revolution. So there (In" < bell>> in) his 'upper' issued by the liberal appeal. "However, Lenin believed that Herzen eventually gave up on the tsar's fantasy, therefore," Although Herzen in between liberal democracy and undermine uncertain, however, democracy prevail on him after all. "Lenin's thesis on the later historians had a tremendous impact, many people agree with Lenin's view, such as the Tata Reno baby think Hull Cen "top down" the idea of the peaceful liberation of the peasants by the nobility because of the impact of a revolutionary view of the world committed an error left the revolutionary principles. Even in the recent history of the Russian press monograph, the Herzen so aristocratic " He did not see the revolution of the people, it is impossible to believe the people of the revolution "as Herzen history of thought in the Russian press and publication evaluation of the contribution.

The author believes that the Researchers on Herzen farmers out of context for peace and emancipation of the mind the criticism unfair, there are some misleading. Want to make an objective evaluation, a comprehensive analysis should be the starting point of the proposition put forward, so, re- s <<bell>> is very necessary.

Alexander II serfdom and autocratic rule in the overall crisis facing the situation, hope that through "top-down" reform to safeguard their own rule. Meanwhile, he hopes to participate in the reform of aristocratic landowners in maximum protection for their interests. part of the enlightened landlords are aware of serfdom in Russia to bring to the backward, advocates policy reform, but they recognize the landlords claim land ownership. farmers increasingly unbearable cruel oppression, ready to be up and revolution. to Chernyshevsky represented intellectual revolutionary democracy to revolutionary propaganda and agitation, they called on farmers through the "bottom up" way of violent revolution, to liberate themselves.

Herzen had experienced in France in June 1848 uprising, the uprising of workers saw the bloody scenes were shot. The experience made him a strong humanist. "We are more profound and serious look at the Western world , the more we study carefully the phenomena around us ... ... We are bleeding more intense dislike of change. He hoped that Russia can use the "top-down" reform the way the abolition of serfdom, the peaceful liberation of the peasants, Herzen also Tsar Alexander II, who saw new hope. so he in the "<bell>> Phase 1 editorial, the proposed <<bell>> propaganda must be based on" no violence, adhere to the rational "principles. He Uelzen very clear, "professional revolutionaries do not agree with this, but we still insist on our principles ... ... We sincerely choose a development path of peace, not bloody path of development.

April 11, 1856, Alexander II of Moscow, spoke on behalf of nobility, the liberation of the farmers expressed their intention of top-down:, "Gentlemen, it is best to liberate the peasants from above rather than wait for them to liberate themselves from below. Hull Cen In "<To Tsar Alexander II's letter>>, the expression of ideas" from top to bottom "liberate farmers Czar's" deep and solemn gratitude "and said:" (if) to achieve peace liberation, then Alexander II's dynasty will write a glorious page in history ..., but the reason advocates reform of the Tsar is the fear of peasant revolution to overthrow the rule of its own, and Herzen main consideration is the interests of Russia and Russian people . Herzen is to see the people of the revolution, I believe that the devastating people's revolution, so to avoid violent revolution in Russia brought bloodshed and social unrest, he advocated the peaceful liberation of the peasants.

In the eyes of Herzen, nobility is "to maintain serfdom bandit, eating the devil, the big traffickers ... ... reproduction of wolves on the Russian land", "natural enemies of the government and the people." Herzen then reform a can not blame the smooth implementation of the nobles, urging them to give up unfair privileges, and stop the reform of serfdom stubborn resistance to reform with the tsarist government.

January 15, 1857, Alexander II presided over the establishment of a secret committee to discuss the issue of farmers on 20 November .1857, Werner Provincial Governor is satisfied that present economic Karimov memorial to the tsar, said the willingness of local nobility farmers without land liberation . highly prized Alexander II, immediately reviewed and is satisfied that economic Asimov decree to allow Lithuanian provinces (Virgin there, Heikki and Grodno) to begin drafting <"On the landlords to rectify and improve farmers Life"> Bill . Dahir also sent to the provinces, and published in the newspaper. In this way, the Russian liberation of the problems of farmers into the open. secret committee in early 1858 to farmers Affairs Committee, focused leadership preparation reform. czar led reform initiatives Most landlords against, "St. Petersburg aristocratic landowners began lobbying the king not to inform the national edict." Herzen that farmers are likely to gain from peaceful liberation of the hands of the top ruler, he enhanced the illusion of the Tsar. He In " <not open trial mean?>> in again excuse for the Tsar, he said, the aristocracy created a system of serfdom, the nobility, "the serf system, rope sets on the farmer." nobility of the Russian serf system causes long farmers can not obtain the liberation of the reason is because nobility in the way. As the obstruction of aristocratic landowners "to force the government ... ... ready to begin the liberation of the peasants" gas he said he "sincerely hope to see Alexander II could defy the will of the aristocracy to liberate farmers to make 'hard work. "Meanwhile, the Herzen hope that" respect tsar noble noble aspirations, "he warned nobility that if they can not understand the situation, a waiver of the right to serfdom this unfair and hinder the process of liberating the peasants, then the "History will work with Alexander to join His Majesty and the Russian people judge you, please stay alert! from Herzen this article, we can see that he has deep-rooted" good Tsar, bad idea of nobility. "He has not clearly understand , Czar and the nobility is birds of a feather, are the defenders of serfdom, the enemy of the people. Links http://www.hi138.com Research Papers Download to be Czar Herzen's "liberation" promised touched in his first nine <<bell>> in the Publication "<a few years>> a text, as Herzen said the Tsar no longer enemies, but the liberation of the peasants to help the cause of the Tsar. He was Alexander II Shi said: "You won, Jia Jiali people! Herzen said:" Russia retains the shameful serfdom, and we moved to ... ... to listen to Russia's sports and news ... ... Alexander II with us great future for Russia to work, from the date of his administration, the farmers began to be liberated. "He said that Alexander II was" to create a new era in Russian history, activist, and his name will forever go down in history. "He pointed to delays in reform of nobles consequences: "If the delay in the liberation of serfs nobility, stubbornly insist on their rights ... ... so unfair, for being docile, innocent, of the autocratic system of renewed anger farmers, if the emancipation edict coming too night, then, when they will throw an ax head master, even suppressed, the nobility of the neck and head are no longer connected to the.

Herzen and the kind words of the Tsar's fantasy has been much opposition to the Russian reader. <<Bell>> Editorial Department received many letters of readers, Herzen's political criticism is not complete, called Herzen lose the illusion of the tsar and called the peasants rise up in revolution.

For the reader's accusations, Herzen In "<someone accused us of>> the article describes again <<bell>> Journal of modalities to treat the position of the liberation of the peasants. He stressed that the Russian and" <bell>>, the liberation of the peasants can be real fundamental issue is, "<bell>> not going to argue" top down "or" bottom up "means the liberation of the problem." either for us or for Russia, the liberation of farmers is fundamental, substantive issues between the one. As for the liberation from the 'upper' Start or from the 'lower', we have expressed support ... ... we do not advocate the issues debate means'. careful analysis of this passage we can seen Herzen to promote the liberation of the peasants as the fundamental problem, and he did not give up their principles of peaceful liberation of the farmers.

July 1, 1858 is <<the bell>> founded the first anniversary, when issued with the improvement of their living from the Czar's rescript has been ten months, farmers do not delay progress in the cause of emancipation.

Herzen in 18 old bells>> published a <<1 July 1858>> article. He changed the past in the text of the Tsar's confidence and imagination, expressed skepticism and criticism of the Tsar. He wrote: "Alexander II live up to the throne at the time he just Russian people expect of him ... ... we <<bell>> warned that he had astray. warned him Russia is suffering, his own position is also dangerous, but this have been him as heeded. Herzen in 1860 1 <<bell>> on again accused the tsarist government to delay reform. Herzen noted that the hesitation and vacillation tsarist reforms hampered the smooth implementation. This is the Herzen Tsar Alexander II of a noticeable criticism. This time, no longer Tsar exculpatory Herzen. But Herzen Alexander II was on appeal, asked him to wake up, continue to be the liberators of farmers write history, not as the tyrant against the freedom of notoriety.

March 1, 1860, "<bell>> published one of the first families signed the" Russian Farmer "letters from readers, critics Herzen" for the word liberal confused by their masters, "advised him to abandon the" good czar "concept, so that <<the bell>> magazine issued a call for revolution. Herzen wrote in the letter, as long as there is even a peaceful ending a little hope, the editorial department will not resort to calling ax. unless occurred during the reform thing is ridiculous, or <<bell> "does not need to give up hope for the peaceful liberation of the peasants. Herzen said:" The differences between us but not the means of ideological , not on principle but on the way of action. "" You mean that we regard a radical view. However, before calling people to pick up the ax, should grasp the initiative in motion, it should be organized, should be planned. It is worth noting that Herzen's position change, and here he means to argue against on. This is the Herzen before the reform in 1861, expressed support for a violent revolution. from the Czar of Moscow have been almost four noble speech years. This is four years, the government's slow progress in the liberation of the peasants, and the proposed program is also beneficial aristocratic landlords. Herzen that farmers receive substantial if not the liberation of the peasants revolt is inevitable. Therefore, he advised farmers to be organized in a planned uprising.

He solemnly declared: "Do not blame us, we stick to the end of the limit, the open revolt of the ... ... goodbye! Alexander Nikolayevich, I wish a safe journey home! Safe journey home! So.

Herzen was a staunch humanist, he is always against violence and revolution, bloody riots and unrest has brought chaos, he hopes Russia can use the "top-down" reform of the way to the abolition of serfdom, the peaceful liberation of peasants. Therefore, the specific way the reform of serfdom, the Herzen favor by tsarist government "top-down" reform and peace negotiations landowners and farmers a way to the abolition of serfdom. But when he saw during the Tsarist Government Reform delays and the fundamental interests of maintaining the position of aristocratic landowners, farmers realized that by Herzen "top down" reform slim chance of liberation, so he also said in favor of the "bottom up" liberation. from 1857 -1860 farmers in the liberation of Herzen publicity, we can see that the attitude of the tsar Herzen experienced fantasy, disappointment and despair to declare "open rebellion" of the change; the way in the liberation of the peasants, experienced by the advocated "peaceful liberation", to the non positively said they did not oppose violent revolution inevitable change, reflects the changes in his thought. However, Herzen still have not given up the tsarist government and the nobility of the humanitarian appeal in hopes of to awaken their conscience, take the initiative to the peaceful liberation of the peasants. Herzen struggled swing in between liberalism and democracy, but liberal in his thinking prevailed. Hull Cen Duinong criticism and opposition to slavery serfdom system system of the liberation struggle movement in Russia wrote a brilliant page in history. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com