China's development and improvement of the civil service system

[Abstract] China's Civil service system has since its establishment ten years time, because it produces has a special historical background and purpose, so it has the characteristics of a hybrid variety of factors can be said to be a mixed mode. By studying the production of Chinese Civil servants, development of this hybrid model to explore the meaning, for its reform and development can learn the ideas.

[Keywords:] Civil servants, mixed mode, the cadre system, bureaucracy

Civil service system, also known as "Civil service system" refers to the officer or civilian personnel at all levels of transaction management system, including civil service examinations, recruitment, assessment, promotion, retirement. ① modern civil service system began in the West, is produced in the Western political system, the civil service under the management system. its basic principles, including: job classification, competitive examinations to recruit, job tenure, political neutrality, legal management, etc., in which competitive examinations in recruitment, job tenure, and political the principle of neutrality is the core principle of Western civil service system. ② It covers the selection of the civil service, management, treatment, assessment, all aspects of retirement, but also related to the fundamental values ​​and beliefs of the civil service issues.

First, the civil service system with Chinese characteristics
China's administrative system has experienced cadre system from the traditional to the modern civil service system during the transition, by the ancient system of long-term impact of the bureaucracy, the civil service system in China presents both a bureaucratic system of ancient precipitation, there are cadres of Soviet-style management style, and also contains a modern civil service system of the elements of western compatibility mode.

(A civil service system from the cadre system to
Since the founding of the Chinese economy is Soviet-style planned economy, it also draws on the political cadres of the Soviet Union management. Would be staff of state organs, organizations and community groups dedicated staff, the management of enterprises and institutions and professional technical staff, collectively known as cadres. cadres by the State of unified management and allocation, every cadre should submit to the unified mobilization and organization of higher appointments.

Adoption of a single hierarchical structure, according to the management level of cadres. In the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee and Party committees at all levels, in the party's organization department under the unified management of the different levels of division management system. To all walks of life into a single-level cadres type frameworks. According to his position, the position of cadres from top to bottom into the Premier, Vice Premier (State Councilor, Ministry of (provincial heads, department (provincial deputy, the Secretary (departmental level heads, the Secretary (departmental level deputies, at the (county heads, at the (county deputies, Branch (township heads, Branch (township deputy, clerk, and clerk level 12. ③ is the biggest difference between the cadres of different levels, rather than professional different. all referred to as "cadres" of the national staff, regardless of the nature of work, different occupations, are in accordance with the national executive management. cadres selection unified, centralized deployment, separation of responsibilities and rights, regardless of party, regardless of government and enterprises. cadre selection and to take leadership of the main recommendations of the way. state organs, state enterprises and institutions and cadres of various levels of vacancy, the cadre management authority in accordance with certain standards and conditions, to take direct or indirect manner recommended by the selection, then decided to appoint, according to prescribed procedures. thus creating a rigid system of cadre management, management, over-concentration of authority, lack of rule of Law and fair competition, lack of energy, for the social development of the stress response capacity is relatively poor. reform and opening up previously, although the experienced cadre management authority adjusted several times, but the institutional framework remained essentially unchanged.

China's traditional mode of cadre management is highly centralized planned economic system and political system to adapt to the planned economy era has its own unique effect on the country's economic recovery and development, and social management played a huge role. But with the development of socialist market economy, the traditional mode of getting fit in cadre management, economic development.

China's civil service system in the civil service system benefits from Western and carry forward our traditional cadre system based on the generated, and the West compared to the civil service system, the scope, characteristics, management, and there are many different points. China is in the government civil servants the exercise of state power sector, the implementation of official business. It is much larger than the scope of the coverage of the civil service of Western, and even beyond government employees (Government Employee, close to public officials (Civilian range.

(B mixed mode of the civil service system
China has several thousand years of feudal bureaucratic system to "One, justice and humanity" as the official guidelines to the five permanent members and three bonds for the Resignation of the Road patriarchal propriety, under the absolute monarchy as well as stretches for thousands of years. ④ officials of the feudal bureaucratic system evaluation criteria is ethical rather than technical standards. officials or scholars to self-cultivation, regulating the family, rule the world as the goal, the key that is based on official cultivation and not for political means. so honest and upright official in ancient Yin is the most important moral Officials performance were not significant. official power entirely from the superior individual, administrative services with strong personalization features, officials boss great dependent, politics is essentially a "command - to obey" model .

China is a socialist country under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party's people's democratic dictatorship, the party in our political life has supreme authority.

All decisions of the civil service system in our country must be and the political situation and adapt to specific conditions, and can not copy from the specific mode of operation of the West. In the Western Civil Service not meet some aspects of China's national conditions, many of the original cadre system form to retained.

For the above reasons, although we learn from the civil service system in many modern Western management ideas, but the face of thousands of traces of feudal bureaucratic system and the impact of the traditional cadre system, the civil service system in China will inevitably become a form of hybridity.

Second, China will continue to improve the civil service system
Although China's civil service system has been established and has ten years of development history, but its degree of institutionalization and standardization, not enough, still need to continue the implementation of the reform process in order to be more complete and sound. In specific reform process We should always note following aspects:
(A difference of China's civil service system development
Civil service system is to produce a management system in the West, it is created in order to make up the Western tradition of electoral politics and political parties form a "spoils system" caused by political instability, corruption and a series of defects. Because in the management of represents the development direction of modern politics, so we have to learn to use it for some of the principles of management and to improve the level of administrative management. It is for this reason that we are not simply copied Western civil service system, but Learning some of its excellent experience, discard those that do not comply with the contents of China's national conditions. In the West the process of changing the civil service system, we are exploring their own management. just like the British Civil Service examination of our reference system, we are also exploring their own way on the basis of the excellent learning experience outward, and the formation of a new model to adapt to their national conditions.

Before reform and opening up, China is a versatile country, regardless of state and society, irrespective of political and economic, political, strong and weak economy, is basically a political society. Since the reform and opening up, we develop the market economy, China's rapid social and economic development was achieved, with the national society gradually separated from the traditional political factors but not completely disappeared, people are still thinking about social affairs can not be completely free from the influence of political thinking. So we faced with a far-reaching effects of political thinking, thinking is not fully mature market economy status. in our present rapid economic reform, political reform, the situation slowly, as a made to adapt to economic reform and political reform, it is prone to building system construction and thinking are not synchronous.

(B principle of the civil service system in China
China's civil service system is China's national conditions and must adapt to the political development, must be based on four basic principles of advanced management experience from Western to China's political and economic development services, which means that China's civil service system must have "China" principle. We have said above, the West has a civil service system such as job classification, competitive examinations to recruit, job tenure, political neutrality, the basic principles of legal management, etc., we have good experience to learn from their also selectively borrowed. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com First, we have a competitive examination-reference methods, selection and implementation of public examinations for civil servants, through competition. This is towards institutionalization of civil service systems are the basis of its core features. by examination instead of the original allocation, which is the primary change in the old and new contents of the personnel system. only through competitive examination to qualify and the corresponding positions in order to truly get the civil service The legitimacy.

Selection of civil servants must be equal, fair, open to participants under the principle adopted is the institutionalized form of competitive examination or assessment, and finally to merit. So it must adhere to a few principles: 1, the principle of equality of citizens in public office has the same rights and opportunities, as long as the ownership of the post should have the knowledge and ability to meet the special requirements that may exist, without the other such as gender, race, region, marriage, religion and other aspects of .2, the principle of fair and open , countries need to all the information on the civil service examination before the examination to the public, and the examination and hiring process open to the applicants, the end result should be publicized. and the results for the applicants objection, recruitment departments to respond and answer. To apply for the creation of an open, transparent, fair and competitive environment .3 examination, competition and merit-based principles in the process of applicants, so applicants should be more than the number of employed persons, the implementation of competition out of the system, based on examination results level, merit-based hiring.

Second, another major Western civil service is characterized by professional tenure. That is different from civil servants and political appointees, as long as there is no dereliction of duty or other legal acts shall be removed from office, will serve for life, not accompanied by a change of political parties and position changes occur. ⑦
In the West, civil affairs officials is more, professional lifelong effects for the functioning of the state is relatively limited. But in our country, the coverage of the civil service is much larger than the West, the civil service tenure of more far-reaching. Because of our support system imperfections, the performance of professional life will be more life for power and even expand the power of unlimited, so we must not only advance and retreat of reform and renewal of the civil service issues, but also to strengthen the rule of Law, reward and punishment mechanism, and other supporting facilities, and only in full improve the system under the civil service system will have made great progress.

Third, the West politically neutral public servants, it is the West's political system to adapt. Western political parties will lead to political changes, and each other down, not with political parties as the advance and retreat of the civil servants must remain politically neutral. The Communist Party of China is a socialist country, the political leadership of the Communist Party, the Democratic Parties in the political landscape, there is no rotation of political parties came to power, it does not exist so-called political neutrality. and the Chinese Communist Party leadership is a constitutional, civil servants in the actual political life must accept the leadership of the Communist Party of China can not insist on political neutrality from the leadership.

(C institutionalization of the civil service system in China, and the legal system
Despite ten years of development history, the development of China's civil service system still fails to achieve true standardization and institutionalization. Western civil service system, one of the most notable feature is the set of the civil service system compatible with the legal system. ⑧ specific the implementation level, the specific operation measures and not a unified, standard operation mode, the specific operation of each region has a relatively large differences in the details. institutionalization of the civil service must be made to further the development of measures to implement the specification only After institutionalization, to get a fair competitive environment, but also to develop the professional quality of the civil service. institutionalization is both a stage of development objectives, but also the basis for further development is a necessary requirement of modern management system.

Improve the legal system is the perfect foundation for the civil service system, improve the civil service system must be some innovations in the legal system. First of all, to improve national Laws and regulations. In conclusion, experience in building the civil service system based on the specific practice, continuous improvement <"State Civil Service Law ">. Second, the gradual introduction of vacant units and regulations. On the one hand is to develop detailed civil service selection, employment, retirement, supervision and discipline of individual civil servants and regulations, on the other hand is the local support to build the appropriate regulations, according to the different construction of detailed geographical situation of the local civil service regulations. a variety of regulations and Laws combine to form a level of order, size of the combination, the integrity of the central and local civil service rules matching system. Finally, want to laws and regulations have been promulgated to make changes and added, the elimination of outdated laws, to make up for the lack of existing regulations. the only way to dynamically on the basis of practice to perfect the legal system, and constantly keep up with social development.

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