On the draft European Civil Code and Civil Law of China Reference
Keywords:: draft European Civil Code, Civil Law of China, reference Summary: EU economic integration in the field of private Law lead to the need to achieve the integration of trading rules. To this end, the European Civil Code and the current European Union Institute for Private Law Research Institute drafted a "European Civil Code draft (draft proposal a common framework." The draft or whether it is in the structure are quite content in specific characteristics. Minshangheyi of the Code of the method should, Civil Law and common Law methods of integration of many aspects to learn from their experience.
First, the background development of the Draft European Civil Code Since the time of the establishment of the EC, the EU and the Member States will strive for the free flow of the internal market, to promote the "single market" make unremitting efforts to build .1958 effect in January <<Rome Convention>> (Treaty of Rome were essentially the EU's unity, signed in 1991 <<Maastricht Treaty>> (Treaty of Maastricht), 1997, signed the <<Amsterdam Treaty>> (Treaty of Amster-dam), 2001 <<Nice Treaty>> (Treaty of Nice's signature and 2009 <<Lisbon Treaty>> (Treaty of Lisbon's signature is to further promote the unity of the European Union. {1} However, as the adjustment of private market goods, personnel, services, capital of the free flow of commercial transactions and regulating the freedom of the law, and the "single market" within the construction of a natural link. can be said that the improvement of private law can reduce transaction barriers, thus promoting the development of a market economy. Since Since the eighties, the increasing awareness of the European Union to build a truly free flow within the "single market", in addition to non-uniform currency, the diversity of private law would hinder the "internal market" the process of construction. Meanwhile, the modern private law of the "weak groups "protected by deepening the EU also have to consider intervention in the field of private law. {1} So, the EU gradually through the" Regulations "and" instruction "and other forms of diversity on the adjustment of private law. Since Bill has a complete binding and general legal effect of its promulgation is considerably limited, and because the differences between members of the larger private law, therefore, can only be achieved if a minimum of coordination, the EU directives in the form of general use, Member States must be within the prescribed time limit Directive into the law of the land. This not only allows members to maintain certain common law, but also to retain some of the differences, is to "minimum coordination (minimum harmonization". {2} So far, the EU directive issued in the private law about twenty, to a certain extent, promoted the integration of private law among member countries.
However, in order to "command" form-based Unification of Private Law has its own defects, and can not meet the needs of the EU integration of private law. First, the directive must be applied in all member states choose to make the countries in the implementation of the "direction" and when not truly unified, to a certain extent, can even say that by the Member States to choose the way that national legislation is more diversified, followed by an instruction related to the field of private law is limited, and very dispersed, together with almost all The instructions relate only to the consumer protection laws, it is difficult to truly reflect the value and concept of private law. And the most critical, because the lack of a common EU legal background, command of the concepts and terminology are not consistent, coordinated, and the inconsistent and uncoordinated, leading to the Member States of the "instructions" to implement the diversity of standards, a serious impediment to the true unity of private law. {3}
Therefore, in order to promote within the EU capital, people, free movement of goods and services needed to achieve in the broader field of private law unification and the unity of a more coordinated form. {3} To this end the European Parliament (European Parliament in May 1989 the first Construction of a proposed "European Civil Code," the idea of {4}, but the idea was not widely in response to the jurisprudence scholars questioned whether the EU has more power to the promulgation of the Civil Code. but in the "single market "driven by the requirements of economic development, the European Union in May 1994 again raised the idea of building a civil code {5}.
The development of the Civil Code as the most important step is to develop a complete contract law. For this reason, in Denmark, led by Professor Rand General Committee on European Contract Law (Land Commission's efforts, after nearly 20 years efforts, eventually drafted in 2002, <"The European Contract Law General>> (Principles of European Contract Law). {6} However, the General only covers the general principles of contract law or general rules section, for each specific contract, such as sale, service contracts and other areas of traditional civil code, such as ownership, security and other systems not involved. Therefore, the General on the promotion of the EU "single market" role has some limitations.
To speed up the unity of European Private Law, 2003, the European Commission to develop a <<further harmonization of European Contract Law of the action plan>> (Action Plan for a more coherent European contract law). In the "Action Plan", the European Union for the first time proposed to build a <<a common frame of reference>> (Common Frame of Reference of the plan, in order to establish a common set of rules and terminology of European Contract .2004, the Commission also adopted a "European Contract Law and the existing law amendments: the road the next step "(European Contract Law and revision of the acquis: the way forward), which reaffirmed the" Action Plan "in the ideas put forward with the plan, and expressly be completed in 2009 <<co frame of reference>> preparations.
Drafting a response to the EU's call for a unified European civil code, Professor, University of Osnabrueck, Germany von Baer (Christian von Bar Commission on the basis of the foregoing Rand in 1998 established the "Institute of European Civil Code" (Study Group on a European Civ-il Code). The Institute of Civil Law by the system responsible for the drafting of various specific composition of the working group. such as the sale, service and long-term contract working group (Dutch Team, specifically including Utrecht, Tilburg and Amsterdam, etc. Group is responsible for draft contract for the sale, service contracts, commercial agent, franchising and distribution [1] and commission contracts, contract outside the responsibility and gift of the working Group (Osnabruck Team responsible for drafting the law of tort and contract of gift, estate lease contract of the working Group (Bergen Team responsible for drafting lease contract, real estate transfer working group (Salzburg Team responsible for drafting the real estate transfer law, security working group (Hamburg Team responsible for the drafters of the security and property security, the Trust working Group (Edinburgh Team responsible for drafting the trust law. {7} 9
Subsequently, the European Civil Code, the existing private law with the European Institute for Research (European Research Group on Existing EC PrivateLaw, referred to as the Acquis Group [2] In early 2006, jointly set up editing and revision of the working Group (Compilation and Redaction Team, responsible for the European Civil Code Research Institute and the Institute of European private law drafting the current compilation of achievements, organize, to form a European Civil Code samples. They finally completed in March 2009 a <"The European civil law principles, definitions and model provisions (proposed common framework of" Draft "( Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law, Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), hereinafter referred to as "the draft European Civil Code") {8}
The draft Civil Code goes far beyond the European Union on the Construction of a unified set of rules of private law terms and the requirements of the contract, but will tort, unjust enrichment, property ownership and transfer of all related content drafted. The draft is now fully absorb the EU with the results of Unification of Private Law, inherited <"The European Contract Law Code"> the main content. On this basis, the economic development of contemporary European repeat some of the most EU member states the new rules of general application, into which has constitutional status of "human rights protection" and other concepts, highlights the Humanism (see below.
The draft is the world's latest draft Civil Code. It's formulation, Jina the civil law and common law countries such as the representatives of Germany, the Netherlands, Britain and other countries, legal elite. The development of the concept of world law, legal system and so has a significant impact on legal education. As China's property law, tort liability law passed, the Civil Code not be long before the final formulation. Therefore, the draft of the European Civil Code, there must be conducive to strengthening the European Civil Code understanding of China's enactment of the Civil Code provided for reference and experience.
Second, the main contents of the draft European Civil Code
(A frame structure
The draft European Civil Code draws a certain extent, the structure of the Dutch Civil Code model [3], the entire content is divided into ten series. The first series for the general principles, pArt II of the contract and other legal acts. The content of the equivalent of two series the general pArt of the German Civil Code or the Dutch Civil Code Act III, the general pArt of the property. III to VII are the equivalent of the German Civil Code Act of debt, or the Dutch Civil Code section VI, VII General Obligation Law and the specific contracts. Among them, III and the corresponding right to regulate the debts belong to the contents of General Obligation Law, PArt IV is to make a specific contract and its rights and obligations of the corresponding provisions, V, and without a standardized system, PArt VI provides for causing harm to another non-contractual obligations arising from, that traditional tort law on the Civil Code, Title VII when the profit is not made detailed provisions. VIII to X. is German Civil Code is the property law areas. Specifically, Part VIII provides for the acquisition and loss of ownership of the goods, the ninth series of security interests on movable property, X. is trust. Finally, there is an Annex, mainly terms of the relevant provisions of the concept. It is noteworthy that, despite the preparation of the draft Civil Code draws on the experience of the Dutch Civil Code, the structure, but in the "property", "claim" on the order, but it is the adoption of the German Civil Code model, that the first law of obligations, property law in the post. This is so because in the modern era, as the dynamic performance of the property relations of the debt has been static over the performance of the property important property relations. debts is the goal, and material means. As Radbruch said, in a static society is the purpose of property, debt is a means, and in capitalist economic life, claims the purpose of life itself, to become law, it made a priority. {9}
(B details
1. General Part
Part One is entitled General (General Provisions, the use of ten specific provisions applicable provisions of the scope of interpretation and development, integrity and fair dealing, rationality, consumers and businesses, written and similar expressions, signature and similar expressions, Annex, definition, notice, time calculation and so on. According to the European Civil Code, the interpretation of the drafters of the draft, the first compiled for the following nine series provides a brief general guide. {8} It reflects the Civil Code, Civil Law in the pursuit of universality. However, from this point of view the provisions of the General, which was different from the meaning of the German Civil Code, "General", but rather more like France, Spain and other countries in the Civil Code "title sequence" . {10}
Part II is under contract and other legal acts. The further subdivided into nine chapters, including Chapter I: General provisions Chapter II: anti-discrimination, Chapter Three: Marketing and the first contract obligations, the fourth chapter: to make the first five chapters: the right of withdrawal, VI: Acting, VII: invalid reasons, Chapter VIII: Interpretation, Chapter IX: the content and effect of the contract. This is the traditional core of the German Civil Code Zonglun in part. However, it should Note that it has not adopted the relevant legal acts of the German Civil Code the term, but with a "contract with the other 'legal' (juristic act)" of the title. the title that its attempt to avoid legal action by the German concept of in order to avoid the concept of a unique system of domestic unwarranted in other countries, so as not to be no legal system in other EU countries that accept recognition. {11} 2-3 is well known that the most important contract is a type of legal action . Therefore, in the Code, the drafters have spent re-pen to regulate contract, its agents, validity, interpretation, and the content and effect of such contract. {7}
In this series, the first worth mentioning that in the system of anti-discrimination provisions of Chapter II. So far, the EU has already formulated a series of anti-discrimination directives, such as the Racial Equality Directive (2004/43 / EC, Employment Equality Directive (2000/78/EC, etc., under which EU countries will be the contents of these instructions into specific domestic legal system. such as Germany and the provisions of the <<National Equal Treatment Act>> (Allgemeines Gleichbe-handlungsgesetz), the Netherlands provides <<Equal Treatment Act>> (Algemene wet gelijke behandeling), the United Kingdom provides <<Equality>> (Equality Act). {12} However, the draft European Civil Code has provisions directly to the content of these instructions in the Civil Code. If Ⅱ .- 2:101 states: "The subject matter is available to use or provide public goods, other assets or services contract or other legal act, any person not because of gender, race and discrimination rights." Ⅲ .- 1:105 is further terms of the scope of protection extended to the Debt Law, the "anti-discrimination principles of Chapter II of Part Two as required by appropriate amendments to the following conditions apply: (a) use or available to provide public goods, other assets or services of debts, (b) exercise of the rights to perform the obligation or debt relief do not fulfill the right of defense, and (c exercise the right to discharge the debt. "Article VI Ⅵ .- 2:203 are clearly defined section on personality, self. from the basic rights and privacy protection. the anti-discrimination principles into the Civil Code, the concept of "private law in the Constitution," the spirit and trend. to private law and the increasingly blurred distinction between public law, civil law is no longer a purely private, but public-private hybrid method.
Secondly, the chapter prepared to withdraw the right system is also rather special. The specific provisions of the withdrawal of the scope and mandatory nature of the right to withdraw the right to exercise the withdrawal period, the right to adequate information to withdraw, withdrawal effects, related to the same six, and the United special withdrawal rights. to withdraw the right of first appeared in the Consumer Protection Act, the purpose is to give in a weak position to provide special protection to consumers, allowing it to take effect in the contract and within a certain period of time after the unilateral termination of the contract system. However, European Civil Code will expand its scope of application, no longer limited to consumer contracts, even among the commercial contract, but also apply.
2. Part of the Debt Law
III compared with bonds and the corresponding rights, specifically including Chapter I: General provisions Chapter II: performance, Chapter III: non-performance remedies, Chapter IV: The majority of debtors and creditors, Chapter V: the parties change, Chapter: offset with the merger, Chapter VII: aging and so on. from the contents of the rules compiled by the point of view, the equivalent to the traditional law of obligations in the General Civil Code section, the most typical manifestation is the "debt" is defined. According Ⅲ. -1:102: (1) provides that debt is the legal relationship of the debtor shall perform the obligations of creditors. It can be seen, the code in the "debt" includes not only contractual obligation, but also non-contractual obligation .
IV for the specific contract and its rights and obligations, specifically provides that the contract for the sale (the first sub-code, personal property leases (the second of parts, service contract (the third sub-series, commissioned by the contract (the fourth of parts, Commercial Agents, Chartered management and distribution (the fifth sub-series, the loan contract (the sixth sub-series, the human security (The seventh series with the grant contract (the eighth series of eight sub-sub-series.
In these types of provisions of contracts which, it is worth mentioning that the drafting of the first large contract for the sale for reference to the <<United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods>> and the consumption of buy and sell orders. Its structure and substance on the absorption of both worlds and effectively integrate. in the legislative framework, but also quite distinctive, and it will contract for the sale is divided into consumption and commercial sale of two types of trading and consumption of goods with a special chapter provides security, which will trade in commercial freedom of contract and the special protection of consumers in consumer transactions well as one solution. {13] 154 Second, the service contract model has a distinctive feature of legislation. taken out of its legislative structure, the first two chapters are small General Provisions, provides service contracts for specific types of general rules. then they were provided with six chapters construction, contract, storage, design, information, medical and other specific rules of service contract. This score structure, not only helps to reduce the duplication of the specific provisions of the rules, so that service contract base specification more concise, so as to facilitate public understanding of the law, judges and lawyers to use legal, but also to civil law (contract law itself in the face of new social and economic situation to make the necessary self-adjustment, avoid the economic life of the newly created service contract type and continuous changes in civil law (contract law, and thus can maintain the openness and stability of the Code. Moreover, the formal development in the civil service contract, not only in the economic life of service play an increasingly important role in the response, it is different from traditional types of service contracts is recognized contract, legislation and the Civil Code so as to adjust the object world development of the theory has made its own contribution. Also adopted the Code on the service contract broad concept, which not only by economic concept for the production of construction contract entered into, and the medical social services are also included in the room. In addition, the commission provided for IV contract, the only adjustment principal and agent between the internal relations, and adjustment of external agents and third party relations agency system separate legislation. Of course, due to various reasons, the Civil Code, the contract would be entrusted with independent service contract up in the legislative framework Look, are legislative shortcomings {7} 39-40. the last one worth mentioning is that the guarantee contract. the provisions of a chapter in the general rules, but also provided with two chapters are independent people who guarantees and non-independent security. This will be independent of the person with the non-independent unified security standard, is quite unique. In addition, people's security, its independence in the last chapter with the provisions of the consumer's guarantee of special rules, reflecting the spirit of consumer protection.
V to VII is provided at no pen and ink detail by management (12, tort (58 and unjust enrichment (17 and so on. The three books rich in content, the Civil Code for the EU countries can not match. If quite detailed provisions on tort only has the German Civil Code section 31, only 11 provisions of unjust enrichment.
3. Real part
Part VIII provides for the acquisition and loss of ownership of the goods, specifically including Chapter I: General provisions, Chapter II: Based on the transfer of the rights or powers of transfer of ownership, the third chapter: bona fide acquisition of ownership, Chapter IV: Based on the continued possession of bona fide acquisition of ownership, Chapter V: production, with a combined and mixed, Chapter VI: Ownership protection and possession protection, VII: the return of goods. IX of the security interest on movable property, including Chapter I: General Provisions , Chapter II: Establishment and warranty, the third chapter: the effect of the third, the fourth chapter: priority, Chapter Five: the arbitrary pre-defined rules, Chapter VI: lift, Chapter VII: non-compliance with mandatory implementation. X. is trust. The code derived from the common law content, including the basic provisions of the specific content, trust, trust funds, trust terms and invalid, the decision of the Trustee and power, the trustee and the trust supporting institutions obligations and rights, non-performance of the relief, the trustee or the assisted institutions to change the trust, trust to lift, change and transfer of rights in proceeds and the relationship with the third ten chapters.
The first part of a feature is its only relates to the field of movable property law system, without involving real estate. Because it is real property system is the inherent law of the Member States, has a national character, and with a country's land registration system, public law restrictions on the use and enforcement of law are closely linked, unified rather difficult.
Second, the property is still part of the provisions of the last series of the trust system. {14} The Trust Law is a law derived from the Anglo-American legal system. Its formation in the Middle Ages and evolved over centuries of evolution and formation. However, with the strengthening of economic integration in the EU, increasingly fierce economic competition within the EU. In view of some of the traditional continental European civil law countries trust the legal system does not exist, some companies have based on the economic cost considerations to selection based on the English Trust Law Trust management and security trusts. which led to more intensified competition within the EU law. To circumvent national laws to prevent domestic companies choose to use his country's legal system, the drafting of the European continent will have to develop the appropriate legal system, such as France in 1992 will tried to draft the trust to develop a new system of Italy and the Netherlands have ratified the 1985 <<trust law and its recognition of the Hague Convention> "(referred to as" the Hague Trust Convention. "However, due to the civil law tradition can not be accommodated outside the framework of the Civil Code trust the legal system, the common law meaning of trust in the civil law system has not been effectively integrated into the country. {15] To this end, the drafters of the draft European Civil Code that will need to trust in the civil code and civil law line with the property rights system into account, the provisions of the Trust for the limited rights related to a property in order to achieve real trust system take root in continental Europe [4].
Third, the main features of the draft European Civil Code
(A legislative technique
As the draft European Civil Code seeks to apply to EU member states, in order to avoid some of the terms in different domestic legal systems have different understanding of the drafters of the draft civil code adopted in common law legal definition of terms, a typical manifestation In the first series of the draft Ⅰ. -1:108 And the corresponding Annexes. Through the provision of legal terminology and unify, explain, on the one hand contribute to the law, spirit of the law applicable to an accurate understanding of the scope of the other, contribute to the legal system, legal tradition of the EU member states are not the same as they are able to create an understanding, acceptance speech in French law, and to avoid the result of different understanding of the applicable rules of law are inconsistent, so as to enhance legal certainty and stability. {7} 53 facts , this is also the latest trends in international legislation, such as the New "" German law against unfair competition >>,<< with UCP>> Publication No. 600 and so developed a specific legal definition of terms.
In addition, the draft European Civil Code is still the first Ⅰ. -1:102 Provides a set of principles of interpretation of the clause. Which is divided into five: (1) provides that the interpretation of the Civil Code provisions and development of autonomy, and should be interpreted consistent with the objectives and the Civil Code principle (2) provides that the interpretation of the Civil Code provisions should be consistent with protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and constitutional law legal documents, (3) provides that the Civil Code provisions interpreted in favor of the promotion for the unity of the principle of good faith and fair, and legal certainty, subsection (4) provides that the scope of the Civil Code but are not clearly stipulated the issue as far as possible under the Civil Code is based on the basic principles to resolve, the last paragraph of the Special provisions on the general terms and made a note for the order, that is, better than the general provisions of the Special Conditions apply.
The reason why the draft European Civil Code provides a set of principles of interpretation of the draft, mainly because, although the draft Civil Code in their own unique language, specialized legal terms to the EU member states to provide a set of national laws of the civil law is different from Code rule system, but it does not itself establish a monitoring mechanism to implement the Civil Code to protect the proper application and interpretation of the Civil Code. Once the entry into force of the European Civil Code, due to the direct applicability of the Civil Code, the Member States court or arbitration body can be European Civil Code are directly applicable to solve civil disputes, the EU member countries, which inevitably makes the interpretation of the Convention are subject to different legal traditions, the impact of legal interpretation, thereby affecting the people a correct understanding of the Civil Code provisions. Moreover, the application of the European Civil Code by judges and arbitrators to achieve, they are familiar with their own laws and can not help but rely on self-consciousness is rooted in the concept of law, with the domestic law to interpret the European Civil Code colored glasses, but for a different concept of domestic law interpretation of the European Civil Code, the European Civil Code will certainly become fragmented.
(B Structure
1. Total structure
European Civil Code provisions on general principles should, in the EU is very controversial among scholars. This is mainly related to the civil law tradition and the EU countries. Such as the German Civil Code contains a code for the content of each of the other major sub-General (although scholars criticize the General in essence is a property law, but general principles, the French Civil Code, but did not, only one sequence problem. Therefore, Professor 德罗布尼希 Germany should establish general principles, the reasons are as follows: General provisions conducive to guide the sub-clause, to ensure that the Civil Code harmony, helps to reduce General provisions, sub-clause, thus speeding up the pace of legislation, general provisions of the Civil Code itself is conducive to social and economic situation in the new front to make the necessary self-adjustment, General provisions help to promote the teaching and understanding of the law, to improve law enforcement efficiency. Talun in France, Professor disagreed. {16}
Finally, from the perspective structure of the draft European Civil Code, Civil Code, the combination of two models of Germany and France, that General and order issue model. As mentioned above, the draft European Civil Code is the expression used in Part I General (General Provisions, and section Second, the provisions of the Code and other legal acts of the contract. However, the contents of the provisions of Part I of view, it is essentially a Latin family law issues in the order adopted by it. but rather part of Title II contracts and legal acts, which fully applicable to the content of the subsequent series (whether partial or property law Obligation Law section, the meaning of terms from the General, is the real meaning of the "General." So said the European synthesis of the German Civil Code draft law and French law The General and order issue model.
2. Property Code
From the point of view the content of the draft European Civil Code, the Code is the property outright. For natural persons, legal capacity, wills and inheritance, family law and so were explicitly excluded from the scope of the adjustment (Ⅰ .- 1:101) . This is because the background of the Civil Code is the European Union within the European Union economy, and the traditional part of the Civil Code of total property law and economic relations, economic interests are closely linked and economic needs reflected in the unity of the Civil Code, must be is a demand for a unified property law. On the other hand also because of family law, inheritance and other personal areas of private law to a greater extent by the contents of one country, morality, national habits, cultural traditions and other factors, and rarely affected by the economic the impact of interest, or influence is not so direct.
As a foreign law on the degree of difficulty by following the survey shows, it is easier to accept the contract, tort, corporate, labor relations and other aspects of the new legal rules, but it is difficult to accept the marriage, inheritance and guardianship of minors the right to change the rule of law and so on. This addition to the impact of social behavior, there are religious and moral factors. Of course, over time, the EU member states and social behavior patterns and cultural integration, gradually the personal relationship into 0 <"The European Civil Code>> also possible. {16}
(C content features
1. Humanism
Humanism is a philosophy based on reason and kindness theory and world view, its ideological basis for rational reasoning, to love mercy as the basic values of human dignity, freedom, and tolerance between people to get along, are all non-violent its proper meaning. [5] Humanism is the basis for European countries drafted the Civil Code. {17} 237 and the draft European Civil Code also embodies the spirit of humanism, humanism is a fully-fledged civil code. The most obvious example is the protection of their human rights.
The draft European Civil Code either in law or principle, are highlighted on the specific content of "human rights" the attention and protection. If the legal principle, Ⅰ. -1:102 (Interpretation and development of the provisions of this Code shall be applied according to the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, legal (instruments and any applicable constitution be explained. As to the specific content, the draft Civil Code, respectively, according to the spirit of the foregoing principles in civil law The draft Code Part II (Chapter II, anti-discrimination, III (Ⅲ. -1: 105 and VI (Ⅵ .- 2:203) in the anti-discrimination provisions of the detailed and specific content. {12}
In fact, since the beginning of the 20th century, 50's, they set off in the field of European private law concept of human rights protection. If the case in 1993, a famous German Burgschaft (BVerfG 19 October 1993 is the example. In this case, a party is 21 years old, there is no highly educated, work in the fishing grounds, a low-income girls, the case for the girl's father, the other banks to provide loans, but require a personal guarantee from the girls. In the girls signed a personal guarantee document, the bank staff asked her inside the bank provisions of a contract as a bank record information and inform them of the obligations under the contract will not be greatly changed. girls agreed and signed the contract. Soon, her father's business failures, bank loans and then claim to the girls interest rate of 8 million euros of debt. the Federal Constitutional Court from the perspective of basic human rights, ruling that the contract is invalid on the grounds that the girl if the decision to repay debt, according to her income, she lived the rest will be in the settlement of debt through. In view of the law on the disadvantaged groups and "human rights protection" concept, the view that the girl is in the structural inequalities (structural inequality in the negotiation of the guarantee contract was signed, and the signing of the contract will lead to weak to bear a heavy legal burden on the . Thus, the Court, "public order and morals" and "good faith" the general principles that the contract is invalid. {12} Moreover, in recent years in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the European Union court ruling has shown a similar ruling .2000 December , "<EU Charter of Human Rights>> (Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EuropeanUnion) is based on the signing of the form of the statute confirms the field of private law should implement the concept of human rights protection. Although the draft European Civil Code, but is above the Constitution and national human rights Judicial experience in private law practice into the culture of it, but it embodies the spirit of the civil law and private law, constitutional human trend.
2. The concept of social standard
Civil law standard is the basic concept of civil law, the basic purpose, the basic function, or basic tasks. Modern European Civil Code reflects a rights-based philosophy. Rights-based concept that the basic task is to protect civil rights, the protection of individual rights , is the highest mission of the law. The modern civil law embodied in the above three principles, namely: freedom of contract, ownership of the absolute with their responsibilities. The establishment based on making a major contribution to human civilization, it is precisely because rights-based, only promoted the development of market economy in Europe. However, since the mid-19th century, and especially since the 21st century, social conflicts, between employers and employees, strained relations between producers and consumers, the growing gap between rich and poor. Therefore ideological change for one of the civil law, respect for individual freedom from the traditional civil law evolved to pay more attention to social and public welfare, is the standard concept of civil society. {18}
The draft European Civil Code also embodies the concept of social standard. Its not only in the principle of freedom of contract revisions and restrictions, but also in the scope of breach of contract and tort liability of them. As for the former, such as the draft European Civil Code clearly defined in the first series the principle of good faith and fair dealing (Ⅰ .- 1:103), and the principle of rationality (Ⅰ .- 1:104), in Part II, Chapter V sets out anti-discrimination principles, III, Section Ⅲ .- 1:104 performance of obligations provided for cooperative principles. As for the latter, such as the European Civil Code clause Ⅲ .- 3:701 (3) and Article Ⅵ .- 2:101 (4) (b) established on non-economic damages, which European Union greatly expanded the scope of the Civil Code damages. in accordance with the provisions of the two, both non-economic loss of pain, distress, but also the general quality of life damages. and section Ⅵ. -6:204 Will further expand the scope of compensation, the provisions of the biological damage, health damage and economic loss is independent of the non-economic damages. This provision is of Italian or dan-no biologico danno alla salute system of reference. In addition, Ⅵ .- 2:202 provides for bereavement damages (Bereavementdamages). Under the provisions of victim's family and other close relatives of officers to death or injury to the victim caused by the perpetrators of non-economic loss compensation requirements. And Ⅵ .- 2:209 provides for the Government to restore environmental resources, such as air, water, soil and fauna of the costs incurred may require the offender to be compensated. draft European Civil Code which embodies the concept of social standard. {7 }
3. Minshanggeyi to the main business
Belonging to the civil law in the EU Member States, in private law have developed their own codes. However, some countries have adopted the doctrine of civil and commercial division, such as Germany and France. However, some countries have taken the Minshanggeyi, such as Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy. can be said that the latest development of the Civil Code, are basically taken Minshanggeyi mode. {19}
The draft European Civil Code from the content point of view, should be Minshanggeyi doubt. Civil Code Part I General Provisions of the draft defines the meaning of "enterprise (business)", the meaning of "consumer" (Ⅰ .- 1:105). The so-called consumers, is the basic purpose of the implementation of acts and their commercial, business or occupation not related to any natural person. The behavior of enterprises is the purpose of the implementation of its business, business or occupation of any natural or legal person, whether a public or private , and regardless of whether they intended to profit from the act. From the above definition of enterprises and consumers can infer that at least the contents of the draft European Civil Code will apply to both businesses and consumers, which reflects the combined civil and commercial a spirit. As for whether the legislation is based on business (or business subject to the basic adjustment of the object, or to consumers (or, as the basic adjustment of the civil subject object from the code is hard to see. but then there are clear that the Code , its business or business subject is essential to adjust for the object, the most obvious is the IV (the specific contract. IV below to focus on analysis.
In the first sub-series IV, the drafters were defined in the "contract of sale" (Ⅳ. A.-1: 202) and "consumer contract of sale" (Ⅳ. A.-1: 204). Followed by special chapter (Chapter Eight specifically regulate the provisions of the definition of consumer goods, guarantee, guarantee of the binding, security instruments, warranty, guarantee of a specific part, the guarantor of the exclusion or limitation of liability, burden of proof and guarantees extended and other issues (from Ⅳ. A.-6: 101 to Ⅳ. A.-6: 108 {14} 153-154. In the second sub-lease contract prepared goods, Ⅳ. B.-1: 102 What provisions of "Consumer goods rental contract", and were provided with three terms of "consumer lease agreement to exclude the right to limit" (Ⅳ. B.-1: 103), "Consumer lease restrictions to exclude remedies rule "(Ⅳ. B.-1: 104) and" consumer goods in the lease contract is not properly installed "(Ⅳ. B.-3: 105 and so on. fifth sub-series under the" Commercial Agency, Franchise and Distribution ", which are purely commercial contracts areas. VI Part shall be the sub-lending contracts. under section Ⅳ. F.-1: 101 条 (a paragraph, the sub-code does not apply to business loans to consumers合同.由此可知,该部分规范的也是纯粹的商业贷款.第七分编规定的是人的担保.在该分编中,起草者在规范独立的人的担保和非独立的人的担保之后,特用专章(第四章7个条款规范了"消费者人的担保的特别规则"问题.
从而可知,整个欧洲民法典草案调整的主体包括企业和消费者,且整个规则是以商事性规范为主,民事性规范为辅这主要是因为现代交易最为活跃者为商事交易.在将商事行为规范全面之后,只需就消费行为不同之处予以特别规定,从而可以实现立法成本之节约.
4.大陆法系与英美法系的融合
起草欧洲民法典的目的是为了整个欧盟市场人员、资本、服务、货物自由流通提供统一的私法性法律规则.然而,欧盟各成员国之间的私法传统有很大差异,他们分属于不同的法系,如德国、法国、荷兰、瑞士等属于大陆法系、英国、爱尔兰属于英美法系.要在法律传统如此不同的国家之间制定一套统一适用的规则,对于起草者而言是一项巨大的挑战.
从欧洲民法典草案的内容来看,其总体上采用了大陆法系国家的一般规则与结构.首先,体系化、逻辑化的法典起草本身便意味着大陆法系理念的胜出.其次,在法律概念上,其也主要采纳大陆法系的概念.如法律行为、债、物权、担保物权、有限物权等.最后,在草案具体规则上看,其也主要是采纳了大陆法系的规定.如就合同的制定,草案规定并不需要"约因"这一英美法系所特有的概念(Ⅱ．—4: 101).又如就承诺的生效时间,草案第二编Ⅱ． —4:205明显规定的是大陆法系的到达主义,而并未采纳英美法系的投邮主义,等等.
然而,出于对欧盟各成员国法律多样性的尊重和保护,欧洲民法典草案在主要采用大陆法系规则的同时,在很大程度上也采纳了普通法系国家的立法规则.如就合同的订立方式,大陆法系国家如德国、瑞士、荷兰等民法典均强调只能通过要约与承诺的方式订立.{20}但欧洲民法典草案则吸收了英美法系的合同订立精神, Ⅱ． —4:211明确规定,合同的订立也可以采取其他方式.又如,欧洲民法典草案在Ⅲ． —3:504条明确采纳了英美法系的预期违约制度.最后,最为典型的便是,欧洲民法典草案在第十编将英美法系所特有的信托制度纳入了进来,从而与大陆法系的物权制度实现了有效融合.
当然,为了使得英国等老牌英美法系国家能够接受这一民法典,起草者也对某些大陆法系的概念、制度等进行了界定或稍作修改.例如在英国,除了1979年的<<货物买卖法法>>提及"诚实信用"一词外,其合同法并未确定诚信为合同法的基本原则.依据英国的法律理念,主要是这一概念太模糊,需要探究当事人的主观心理,这将影响合同条款的确定性.英国甚至担心诚信成为一种外加在其身上的法律体悟,故而拒绝加入联合国<<国际货物买卖合同公约>>.{21]4为避免前述现象的发生,民法典草案在确认诚实信用这一原则的同时,也将该原则具体适用的范围、要求和标准做了更详尽的规则(Ⅰ．—1:103、Ⅲ．—1:103),从而为英国接受欧洲民法典扫清了不必要的障碍.又如,对于要约是否可撤销,也融合了大陆法系和英美法系的规则,Ⅱ． —4:202明确规定,原则上要约可以撤销,但例外情况下,要约不可撤销.另外,起草者也对所有的概念、术语进行了界定.从而使得很多普通法系所缺乏的概念便于得到更深刻的理解,以减少在具体案件中实施的阻碍.{7}53
5.消费者保护
近代民法模式是建立在抽象人格、人格平等基础之上,其所调整之主体,仅为抽象之"人",而不论其为生产者抑或消费者、大企业抑或中小企业,他们一概在法律上平等.正如日本学者星野英一所说,"近代私法的特色首先在于承认所有的人有完全平等的法律人格".{22}然而,自20世纪以来,随着生产的发展,社会经济生活发生了根本的变化.生产者和消费者之间出现了严重的两极分化,消费者成为了社会上的弱者.生产者和消费者之间不再是平等的关系,而是形成了一种实质上的支配与被支配关系.传统民法抽象人格、人格平等理念被从根本上动摇,由此导致在民法典之外分离出保护消费者的特别法[23].但是,这一立法模式仍然是在民法理念上保持人格形式平等这一根本思想为前提.欧洲民法典草案则在借鉴荷兰民法典{23}、德国2002年债法现代化经验的基础上,一改传统观念与模式,直接将消费者概念纳入到民法典中,并自始至终贯彻对消费者的特别保护.
其具体体现,除了前述欧洲民法典草案第四编之外,在其他部分如,第一编Ⅰ． —1:109条中有关通知之规定,第二编Ⅱ． —1:110条有关未经个别协商条款之规定、Ⅱ． —3:102条有关企业向消费者营销之特别义务的规定、Ⅱ． —3:103条有关与处于特别不利地位的消费者签订合同时提供信息义务之规定、 1.—3:104条有关实时距离沟通时信息义务之规定、Ⅱ． —3:109条有关违反信息义务之救济措施的规定、Ⅱ． —3:201条有关输入信息错误之纠正的规定、Ⅱ． —3:202条有关收到确认之规定、Ⅱ． —3:401条有关未作出回应不产生债务的规定、Ⅱ． —5:105条有关撤回效果的规定、Ⅱ． — 5:201有关不在企业营业地协商之合同的规定以及Ⅱ． —5:202条有关分时共享合同的规定、Ⅱ． —9:102条有关某些先合同声明视作合同条款的规定、Ⅱ． —9:403条有关企业与消费者间签署的合同中"不公平"含义的规定、Ⅱ． —9:410有关企业与消费者间签署的合同中推定"不公平"条款的规定等等,第三编Ⅲ． —3:108有关企业不能履行消费者通过远距离通讯签订之合同的规定等,第九编Ⅸ． —2:107条有关消费者授予担保权之规定、Ⅸ． — 7:107有关对消费者强制执行通知的规定等等.
欧洲民法典草案之所以直接将消费者保护方面的规则纳入民法典中,一方面是因为市场经济中并不存在各自独立的消费者市场和生产者市场,强制性将两种市场规则分别立法,反而无助于为欧洲建立一个统一、有效的民法制度,另一方面是因为,如果将对消费者保护的一些特别规则放在民法典之外,会导致民法规则在实际生活中无法充分发挥作用.因为,一般商事合同当事人都会制定详细的格式合同,从而使得民法典中的任意规范对其并无任何重大作用.而至于消费者等弱势群体,因为所适用的保护他们利益的强制性规范并没有规定于民法典中,从而也会导致民法典对他们没有什么重要意义.{23}
转贴于 免费论文下载中心 http://www.hi138.com 6．独特物权行为制度
法律行为制度是一项从合同制度和遗嘱制度中抽象出来的法律制度.它在罗马法中即有了萌芽.在近代,法国人创立了广义的法律行为概念,它不仅适用于财产行为,也适用于亲属法、行政法等.{10}然而在立法上正式确立法律行为制度,则是1863年的撒克逊民法及随后的德国民法典.{24}德国民法典所称法律行为是指一个或多个人从事的一项或若干项具有内在联系的行为,其目的是为了引起某种私法上的法律后果,亦即使个人与个人之间的法律关系发生变更.{25} 其又被具体分为债权行为和物权行为.所谓债权行为是指以发生、变更、进一步构成或终止某种债务关系为内容的行为.物权行为是指发生、变更、转让或消灭某项物权为内容的行为.{25}德国民法典之所以区分债权行为和物权行为,是基于萨维尼的物权行为理论.按照该理论,物权变动的结果不再由当事人的发生债权效果与效力的意思表示即债权行为加以确定,而应该由其物权独立意思表示即物权行为加以确定,即也就是我们通常所说债权行为与物权行为区分原则与无因原则.{26}
德国物权行为理论出台之后,引发学者激烈争论,肯定者有之,否定者也有之.从整个欧盟成员国来看,法国民法典、奥地利民法典等都没有承认物权行为.至于瑞士民法典,则采取折中主义,即一方面承认债权行为与物权行为的区分,另一方面却否定物权行为的无因性.{27}
那么,作为适用于整个欧盟的欧洲民法典就法律行为理论究竟应采取何种立法模式呢?从草案具体内容来看,其采取的是折中主义模式,但这种折中主义和瑞士民法典的折中主义并不完全一致.一方面,该草案承认了债权行为与物权行为的区分原则.另一方面,就债权行为与物权行为的关系,在某些情形承认其有因关系,而在另外一些情形又确认其无因关系.下面根据欧盟民法典草案规定一一分析.
首先,草案第Ⅷ． —2:101条(所有权移转一般要求确立了债权行为与物权行为区分原则.该条第(1)款规定:本章货物所有权移转要求:(a)存在货物,(b)货物可转让,(c)转让人有权移转该货物所有权,(d)受让人根据合同(contract)、其他法律行为或法院判决或法律规则有权从转让人处接受所有权之移转,(e)在所有权移转之时存在一项协议(agreement),且该协议之条件获得满足,或在缺乏该协议时,存在交付或与交付相当之行为.从该条(d)项来看,要移转货物所有权,必须要有一个合同行为或其他法律行为.而按照(e项规定,要移转所有权,除了要具备合同行为 (contract)之外,在所有权移转之时还必须要具备一个协议(agreement).很明显,前者所谓之"合同行为",也就是德国民法典意义上的债权行为,而后者所谓之"协议",也即德国民法典意义上的物权行为,相当于德国民法典第873条之"合意(Einigung)".这一区分原则在草案第Ⅷ． —2:103条与Ⅸ．—2:105条也有所体现.第Ⅷ．—2:103就所有权移转时间规定,"……取决于当事人之协议(agreement),但成员国国内法律要求登记才能取得所有权除外."而Ⅸ．—2:105条(担保权授予条件规定,"(4)被担保债权人依据物权担保合同(contract for proprieta-ry security有权要求担保人授予担保权,(5)被担保债权人和担保人就向担保权人授予担保权达成协议(agree)".
其次,草案第VIII． —2:202条(自始无效、随后撤销、撤回权、解除与撤销效果则确立了物权行为部分情况下有因及部分情况下无因的原则.该条规定:"(1)若基础合同(underlying contract或其他法律行为自始无效,则不发生所有权之移转效果.(2)在所有权移转后,若基础合同或其他法律行为依据第二编第七章(无效原因被撤销的,则所有权被视为从未移转至受让人(所有权溯及效果retroactive proprietaryeffect. (3)若所有权因第二编第五章所规定之撤回权或第三编第三章所规定之解除或第四编第八分编捐赠合同之撤销而必须重新移转(re—transferred) 的,则不存在所有权溯及效果,所有权并不会立即重新移转.Ⅷ．—2:201(所有权移转效果第(4款之规定不受影响……"而Ⅷ．—2:201(所有权移转效果第(4款规定,若所有权已经移转,但转让人仍有权拒绝交付货物(第(2)款(b)项,则在拒绝履行时解除合同关系的,享有以下条款所规定的所有权溯及效果.从第Ⅷ．—2:202条第(1)和(2)款之规定来看,其确立了物权行为有因原则,即如果基础合同(也就是德国民法典意义上的债权合同因为自始无效或因为欺诈、胁迫、错误、不当利用或因为违反基本原则或强制性规定而被撤销的,则不仅基础合同(债权行为无效,而且物权行为也无效,即不发生所有权移转的效果.
但是第Ⅷ． —2:202条第(3)款则又确立了物权行为无因原则.为便于该条文之准确理解,笔者拿其中的一种情形,即第三编第三章所规定之解除做具体分析.第三编第三章(不履行救济措施第五节所规定的是合同解除制度.按照第Ⅲ．—3:501条(范围与定义第(2)款规定,解除是指"全部或部分解除合同关系(contractual relationship)".同时在第4分节(恢复原状中规定了解除的具体法律效果,根据该分节的第Ⅲ．—3:510条(因履行所获利益之返还 (1)款规定,"一旦依据本节规定而解除合同的,则依据被解除之合同关系或合同关系之一部分履行债务而从另一方当事人处获取利益之一方当事人(收取人有义务(is obliged to)返还该利益……"同时该条第(3)款规定,"若该利益(非金钱是可转让的,则通过移转的方式将其返还.……"从该草案所规定的解除制度效果来看,首先,如果因根本违约而导致一方当事人行使解除权的,双方当事人之间的债权合同无效(即第Ⅲ．—3:501条(2)款所规定之contractual rela-tionship.其次,对于合同解除前一方当事人依据合同所交付之货物所有权,在合同解除时并不立即发生所有权溯及效果,而必须采取"返还"的方式才能收回货物所有权,而货物收取人也有义务(is obliged to)重新移转(re—transferred该货物所有权.由此可知,合同解除制度所解除者仅债权行为,并不解除物权行为.也即确立了物权行为独立于债权行为的无因原则.
四、欧洲民法典草案对传统民法理论的挑战
欧洲民法典草案的制定,在许多方面修正了传统民法的理念与观点,从而构成了对传统民法的挑战.
(一对民法国内法性质的挑战
国内法是指国家制定的调整国家与人民以及人民相互之间关系的法律,与调整国家间关系的国际法形成对立.按照传统法律观点,民法属于国内法.事实上,在盖尤斯法学阶梯中,作为现代民法前身的市民法便是"每个共同体为自己制定的法."与一切民族共同使用的万民法形成对立.由此确立了市民法国内法的性质.{10}这种性质在16世纪以来法律国家化、民族化及部门法化的洪流中得到进一步强化.在这一时期,欧洲大陆主要国家纷纷制定了自己的适用于本国的民法典.
然而,这种国内法性质近年来在一体化和全球化运动中,受到挑战.这不仅体现在民法债法方面,在人格法、物权法等方面也有所体现.如在人格法中,为了表征全球各民族的广泛交往对民法中人的概念的影响,现代学者及立法倾向于用人类人的概念取代传统自然人概念.<<阿根廷合一的民法典草案>>第15条便规定:"人类人的存在开始于受孕."{10}
在物权法中,典型的便体现在人类共同财产的出现.由此,各国对其国内的"物"不再享有完全排除他国干涉的权利,而受国际性民法制约.如<<保护世界自然和文化遗产公约>>提出全人类世界遗产权,如文物、遗址、建筑群,一方面归遗产所在国所有,另一方面归全人类所有,后一种所有权禁止前一种所有权的滥用.{28}
欧洲民法典草案的制定则进一步表明,民法典不再是纯粹的国内法.因为,该草案不仅是直接由多国学者所组成之团队共同起草,且其制定最终目标是统一适用于整个欧盟各个成员国的民法典.从法典起草到具体适用范围,都跨越了一国国境,由此,从根本上打破了民法是国内法之性质.
(二对民法主体平等性的挑战
从罗马法以来,传统民法便吸纳人类优秀文化思想成果,形成了人格平等、私权神圣和意思自治等基本理念.{24}人格平等最集中地反映了民法所调整的社会关系的本质,是民法区别于其他部分法的主要标志.属于无须强调、无须明文规定之公理性原则.
然而,自19世纪末以来,人类经济生活发生了深刻变化,出现了严重的两极分化,生产者与消费者、企业主与劳动者对立日益尖锐.在现代市场经济条件下,生产者／企业主与消费者／劳动者之间已不再是平等关系,实质上形成一种支配与被支配关系.{29}90从而根本上动摇了传统民法人格平等之理念.
由此各国产生了在民法典外分离出保护劳动者和消费者等弱势群体的特别法.但这种立法模式仍然是在民法理念上保持人格平等这一根本思想为前提.因劳动法和消费者权益保护法与人格平等思想不合,故而游离于传统民法典之外.
但是,欧洲民法典草案却一改传统观念,直接将消费者、消费合同纳入于民法典中,并明确地将消费者当作弱势方,从而给予特别保护.由此,民法典中的主体不再是抽象的平等的"人格",而是一个个具体的、实实在在的人格.民法中主体的这种转变,即是星野英一先生所说的"'从抽象的人格向具体的人'的转变,在其背后则是'从理性的、意思表示强而智的人向弱而愚的人'的转变."{24}自此,民法中的主体地位不再平等.
(三对民法私法性的挑战
自罗马法确立公私法分类以来,传统民法理念便认为民法是私法.我国曾一度否认民法的私法性.然自经济体制改革后,思想为之一变,形成民法私法性一统天下之局面.但是,在民法私法说迈过情绪期之后,这一思想便不断受到学者质疑.民法中包含的一些公法因素也随之被挖掘出来.如民法中关于人格的规定就具有强行性并体现了纵向关系,物权法中也大量强制性规范的存在.{10}93由此,学者不得不承认人格法及物权法中,强行性规范居主导地位,而任意性主要体现在债法,尤其是合同法中.然而,欧洲民法典草案的制定再次证明了,不仅人格法、物权法中存在大量强制性规范,即使买卖合同、租赁合同、人的担保等合同法中,也存在相当多的保护弱势群体如承租人、消费者的强制性规范.另外,第一编、第二编 、第三编以及第六编中的反歧视原则、人权保护规定以及诚实信用原则等等也都体现了私法公法化的精神.自此,民法不再是纯粹的私法、任意法,而是任意法兼强行法、公私混合法.
五、欧洲民法典草案对我国民法典制定的借鉴意义
目前,我国合同法、物权法及侵权责任法已经起草完成,最终编纂民法典日程也指日可待.然而,要起草一部适合我国国情并获得国内外学者公认优秀的民法典,不仅需要研究我国国内的民族传统、法律传统以及经济制度,更应借鉴20世纪国外最新的立法经验.{19}而欧洲民法典草案是目前世界上最为先进的民法典(草案之一.它的起草,无论是在立法理念与本位上还是具体规则设计上,对我国民法典都具有重大借鉴意义.
(一民商合一方法
欧洲民法典草案对于我国如何实现民商合一立法模式具有重要借鉴价值.民商合一是自民国民法典颁布以来,在我国私法制定中占主导地位之模式.然而,如何实现民商合一,学者却语焉不详.而我国有关立法实践,也并不是非常成功.比如,99年颁布的<<合同法>>,其适用范围既包括商人,也包括消费者,属于典型的民商合一.然而,在起草制定过程中,其并没有确立究竟是以民事(消费合同为立脚点还是以商事合同为立脚点,民事规则与商事规则混作一团、纠结不清,从而导致有些条款明显地"商化过度",而有些条款则明显地"商化不足".前者如,从398条我们可以推导出委托合同具有有偿性特征,从而忽略了非商人间无偿委托的问题,后者如130条买卖标的物仅限于有体物的规定以及132条买卖标的物"应当属于出卖人所有或者出卖人有权处分"的规定、410条委托人或者受托人可以随时解除委托合同的规定等.{30}而学者所起草并公布的几大民法典草案以及法工委的民法典草案,也并没有很好地解决这一问题.从而导致商法学者不断呼吁在民法典之外,另立商法通则,以补民法典之不足.{31}而欧洲民法典草案的制定,却为我们提供了很好的模式,即原则上民法典财产法部分,以商事性规范为主,辅之以民事性规范.如此处理的优点有二.一方面,现代交易最为活跃者为商事交易,故而我们将商事合同规范全面之后,只需就消费合同不同之处予以特别规定,从而有助于实现立法成本之节约.另一方面,在民法典财产法部分明确以商事性规范为主,也有助于避免法律规范立脚点不清而造成规则"商化过度"或"商化不足"的问题.
事实上,欧洲民法典草案的这种模式,体现了20世纪晚期以来国际上民法典修订的潮流[6].最为典型者便是荷兰民法典及2002年德国民法典"债法现代化"(das Gesetz zur Modemisierung des Schul-drechts).另外,日本民法典的最新修改也在往这一方向发展.目前,日本民法理论界已经启动日本民法典的修改.他们成立了主要由民法专家参加的民法(债权法修订研讨会,并在其中设立了由商法学者参加的小组.这次修订的目标便是日本债法的现代化,重点是日本民法总则和债法的修改,将传统民法"人与人"的法扩大到"商人与消费者"的法.{32}从而,我国在将来再次启动民法典编撰时,应当借鉴国际民法典起草与修订最新趋势与模式,一改现行各草案版本中仅规定"人与人"的民法模式,而采"企业与消费者"立法模式.并在具体规则设计上以商事规则为主,民事规则为辅,从而真正实现民法与商法的有效融合.
(二大陆法系与英美法系具体制度之融合方法
欧洲民法典草案对于我们考虑如何实现大陆法系与英美法系融合,或者说未来实现大陆与港澳台私法的统一具有重大借鉴意义.众所周知,在1997年回归祖国之前,香港在英国统治之下,其法律制度属于典型的英美法系.而澳门在1999年回归祖国前是葡萄牙殖民地,法律制度自然追随葡萄牙,属于典型的大陆法系,更为准确地说,属于大陆法系下的子法系,伊比利亚—拉丁美洲法系.然而在回归祖国后,基于一国两制,港、澳仍然保留了原来的法律制度.而尚未统一的台湾地区,则属于典型的大陆法系下的德国法系.两岸四地规则的不统一,尤其是商事交易规则的差异日益阻碍了两岸四地经济的发展.
故而,在一定程度上统一基本交易规则具有一定的必要性.至少,在学理研究上我们应考虑到这一需求,并积极做出探讨,以便为将来条件成熟时,能够将两岸四地的交易规则甚至整个私法规则实现完全的统一.[7]而在我国目前的民法典起草过程中,我们也应就两岸四地有关规则的统一,留有余地.
为此,我们一方面在比较法研究上,应一改传统比较法重点研究各法系间以及各国、各地区法律制度间的区别,而着重研究港澳台与大陆民法理论及民法规范之间的共同点,为未来统一民法规范提供理论基础.另一方面,我们在具体起草过程中,也应当聘请港澳台地区著名民商法学家参与进来,作为我们民法典起草之成员或顾问,以便于就各地域间法律之协调与取舍提供意见.事实上,请港澳台民商法学者参与大陆民法典的起草在观念、思想上并不应当存在任何困难.因为,国际民法立法史上,由外国人帮忙起草并不鲜见,更何况我们仅仅只是请我国港澳台地区的学者参与而已！ [8]
(三亲属法是否应回归民法
亲属法在我国民法史上经历了一个始合后分的过程.清末制定的<<大清民律草案>>、北洋军阀的<<中华民国民律草案>>,以及1930年南京国民政府制定的<<中华民国民法>>都把亲属法纳入民法典中,作为民法草案或民法典的重要一编.然而,新中国成立后,由于受到苏俄民法典的影响,亲属法逸出了民法典.{27}学术上也受到影响,亲属法不再认为是属于民法学范畴.[9]然而,自1998年全国人大决定恢复民法典编纂之后,国内民法学界便已基本形成一致意见,亲属法应当归回民法典.{33}
但是,如前述,欧洲民法典草案属于典型的财产法典,其并未规范属于身份法范畴的亲属法、继承法等.我们是否可以以此为理由而否定亲属法回归呢?笔者以为,我们并不能得出如此结论.因为,尽管亲属法实行的是"爱"的原则,和物权法、债权法等财产法所体现的"经济人假说"并不相同.但亲属法和财产法具有着密切的联系,从民法的市民社会组织功能角度看,包括亲属法在内的人身法承担了组织一个市民社会的任务,财产法则承担了在市民社会间分配物质资源的功能.从逻辑角度来说,只有将市民社会组织起来,才谈得上在其间分配物质资源问题.{34}
事实上在欧洲,随着欧洲私法其他领域趋同和制定统一法研究工作的全面展开,对亲属法和继承法原来认为没有必要也无法统一的领域,部分学者也已经开始了趋同化的研究工作.为此,欧盟各成员国部分学者于2001年9月设立了欧洲亲属法委员会(Commission on European Family Law (CEFL),该组织设立的目标便是起草一部欧洲亲属法通则,以实现欧盟境内亲属法的统一与协调.{35}
当然,除了上述三个方面之外,在法典立法技术、民法本位与结构设计以及是否应承认物权行为、如何规范服务合同等等方面,欧洲民法典草案对我国民法典的起草也具有重大借鉴意义.但限于篇幅,笔者在此不再一一赘述.
[注释]
[1]相关论述见拙译<<罗马法与现代民法>>第六卷,厦门大学出版社2008年版,第140-154页,<<罗马法与现代民法>>第七卷,厦门大学出版社2010年版,第343-366页,商事法论集>>第13卷,法律出版社2008年版,第273-287页.
[2] 该研究所成立于2002年,主要目标在于将欧盟现有的私法进行一个更加系统的研究和改进.至今,其已起草完成<<现行欧共体合同法通则Ⅰ和Ⅱ>>,其中第I卷由Sellier于2007年出版,具体内容包括:先合同义务、合同订立、不公平条款.第II卷于2009年由Sellier出版,具体内容包括:履行、不履行与救济等.具体内容参见http://www. sellier. de/pages/en/buecher_s_elp/europarecht/505. contract_ii.htm.
[3]荷兰民法典具体结构为:第一编,人法与家庭法,第二编,法人法,第三编,财产法总则,第四编、继承法,第五编,物权,第六编、债法总则,第七编、具体合同,第八编运输法,第九编,工业和知识产权法,第十编、国际私法.
[4]该民法典草案第Ⅷ． —1:204条(Limited proprietary rights规定:本编中有限物权包括:……(d)与信托有关的权利,如果第十编或国内法将其当作有限物权的话.
[5]具体内容参见:http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/％E4％BA%BA％E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB％E4%B9％89.
[6]然而,意大利却采取了相反的方式,即在民法典之外单独制订了<<消费法典>>(codice del consumo),该法典于2005年9月6日公布.详细介绍参见齐云著,<<意大利消费法典的启示—从内容和形式的双重透视>>,载http://www. romanlaw. cn/foro/topicdisp. asp? bd=186＆id＝1485.
[7] 参见:柳经纬<<"一国两制"原则下"两岸四地"的私法统一问题>>,http://www. civillaw. com. cn/article/default. asp? id=49474.事实上,我国国内有学者更进一步,主张实现东亚地区交易规则的统一,并已召开相关国际学术会议并达成专家共识.具体报道见2009年 10月20日版法制日报<<专家就东亚私法统一达成共识中国法难独善其身>>,http://www. legaldaily. com. cn/zmbm/2009—10/22/content＿1170016. htm.另参见张中秋<<从中华法系到东亚法—东亚的法律传统与变革及其走向>>,http: //www. xschina.org/show.php?id=9818.
[8]如我们大清民律草案的产生,便有日本学者的直接参与,日本旧民法典草案也是由法国学者布瓦松纳德起草,埃塞俄比亚民法典由著名比较法学家勒内·达维起草,阿尔巴尼亚现行民法典也是由意大利人简马里亚·阿雅尼起草,智利民法典也是由委内瑞拉学者安德雷斯·贝略起草等.参见徐国栋<<民法典与民法哲学>>,中国人民大学出版社2007年版,第2—3页.
[9]典型的便是中国法学会下,不仅设立了民法学研究会,也设立了婚姻家庭法学研究会.
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{35}Katharina Boele—Woelki.The Principles of European Family Law: Its Aims and Prospects[EB/OL].http: //www.utrechtlawreview. org/publish/articles/000012/article. pdf.
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However, in order to "command" form-based Unification of Private Law has its own defects, and can not meet the needs of the EU integration of private law. First, the directive must be applied in all member states choose to make the countries in the implementation of the "direction" and when not truly unified, to a certain extent, can even say that by the Member States to choose the way that national legislation is more diversified, followed by an instruction related to the field of private law is limited, and very dispersed, together with almost all The instructions relate only to the consumer protection laws, it is difficult to truly reflect the value and concept of private law. And the most critical, because the lack of a common EU legal background, command of the concepts and terminology are not consistent, coordinated, and the inconsistent and uncoordinated, leading to the Member States of the "instructions" to implement the diversity of standards, a serious impediment to the true unity of private law. {3}
Therefore, in order to promote within the EU capital, people, free movement of goods and services needed to achieve in the broader field of private law unification and the unity of a more coordinated form. {3} To this end the European Parliament (European Parliament in May 1989 the first Construction of a proposed "European Civil Code," the idea of {4}, but the idea was not widely in response to the jurisprudence scholars questioned whether the EU has more power to the promulgation of the Civil Code. but in the "single market "driven by the requirements of economic development, the European Union in May 1994 again raised the idea of building a civil code {5}.
The development of the Civil Code as the most important step is to develop a complete contract law. For this reason, in Denmark, led by Professor Rand General Committee on European Contract Law (Land Commission's efforts, after nearly 20 years efforts, eventually drafted in 2002, <"The European Contract Law General>> (Principles of European Contract Law). {6} However, the General only covers the general principles of contract law or general rules section, for each specific contract, such as sale, service contracts and other areas of traditional civil code, such as ownership, security and other systems not involved. Therefore, the General on the promotion of the EU "single market" role has some limitations.
To speed up the unity of European Private Law, 2003, the European Commission to develop a <<further harmonization of European Contract Law of the action plan>> (Action Plan for a more coherent European contract law). In the "Action Plan", the European Union for the first time proposed to build a <<a common frame of reference>> (Common Frame of Reference of the plan, in order to establish a common set of rules and terminology of European Contract .2004, the Commission also adopted a "European Contract Law and the existing law amendments: the road the next step "(European Contract Law and revision of the acquis: the way forward), which reaffirmed the" Action Plan "in the ideas put forward with the plan, and expressly be completed in 2009 <<co frame of reference>> preparations.
Drafting a response to the EU's call for a unified European civil code, Professor, University of Osnabrueck, Germany von Baer (Christian von Bar Commission on the basis of the foregoing Rand in 1998 established the "Institute of European Civil Code" (Study Group on a European Civ-il Code). The Institute of Civil Law by the system responsible for the drafting of various specific composition of the working group. such as the sale, service and long-term contract working group (Dutch Team, specifically including Utrecht, Tilburg and Amsterdam, etc. Group is responsible for draft contract for the sale, service contracts, commercial agent, franchising and distribution [1] and commission contracts, contract outside the responsibility and gift of the working Group (Osnabruck Team responsible for drafting the law of tort and contract of gift, estate lease contract of the working Group (Bergen Team responsible for drafting lease contract, real estate transfer working group (Salzburg Team responsible for drafting the real estate transfer law, security working group (Hamburg Team responsible for the drafters of the security and property security, the Trust working Group (Edinburgh Team responsible for drafting the trust law. {7} 9
Subsequently, the European Civil Code, the existing private law with the European Institute for Research (European Research Group on Existing EC PrivateLaw, referred to as the Acquis Group [2] In early 2006, jointly set up editing and revision of the working Group (Compilation and Redaction Team, responsible for the European Civil Code Research Institute and the Institute of European private law drafting the current compilation of achievements, organize, to form a European Civil Code samples. They finally completed in March 2009 a <"The European civil law principles, definitions and model provisions (proposed common framework of" Draft "( Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law, Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), hereinafter referred to as "the draft European Civil Code") {8}
The draft Civil Code goes far beyond the European Union on the Construction of a unified set of rules of private law terms and the requirements of the contract, but will tort, unjust enrichment, property ownership and transfer of all related content drafted. The draft is now fully absorb the EU with the results of Unification of Private Law, inherited <"The European Contract Law Code"> the main content. On this basis, the economic development of contemporary European repeat some of the most EU member states the new rules of general application, into which has constitutional status of "human rights protection" and other concepts, highlights the Humanism (see below.
The draft is the world's latest draft Civil Code. It's formulation, Jina the civil law and common law countries such as the representatives of Germany, the Netherlands, Britain and other countries, legal elite. The development of the concept of world law, legal system and so has a significant impact on legal education. As China's property law, tort liability law passed, the Civil Code not be long before the final formulation. Therefore, the draft of the European Civil Code, there must be conducive to strengthening the European Civil Code understanding of China's enactment of the Civil Code provided for reference and experience.
Second, the main contents of the draft European Civil Code
(A frame structure
The draft European Civil Code draws a certain extent, the structure of the Dutch Civil Code model [3], the entire content is divided into ten series. The first series for the general principles, pArt II of the contract and other legal acts. The content of the equivalent of two series the general pArt of the German Civil Code or the Dutch Civil Code Act III, the general pArt of the property. III to VII are the equivalent of the German Civil Code Act of debt, or the Dutch Civil Code section VI, VII General Obligation Law and the specific contracts. Among them, III and the corresponding right to regulate the debts belong to the contents of General Obligation Law, PArt IV is to make a specific contract and its rights and obligations of the corresponding provisions, V, and without a standardized system, PArt VI provides for causing harm to another non-contractual obligations arising from, that traditional tort law on the Civil Code, Title VII when the profit is not made detailed provisions. VIII to X. is German Civil Code is the property law areas. Specifically, Part VIII provides for the acquisition and loss of ownership of the goods, the ninth series of security interests on movable property, X. is trust. Finally, there is an Annex, mainly terms of the relevant provisions of the concept. It is noteworthy that, despite the preparation of the draft Civil Code draws on the experience of the Dutch Civil Code, the structure, but in the "property", "claim" on the order, but it is the adoption of the German Civil Code model, that the first law of obligations, property law in the post. This is so because in the modern era, as the dynamic performance of the property relations of the debt has been static over the performance of the property important property relations. debts is the goal, and material means. As Radbruch said, in a static society is the purpose of property, debt is a means, and in capitalist economic life, claims the purpose of life itself, to become law, it made a priority. {9}
(B details
1. General Part
Part One is entitled General (General Provisions, the use of ten specific provisions applicable provisions of the scope of interpretation and development, integrity and fair dealing, rationality, consumers and businesses, written and similar expressions, signature and similar expressions, Annex, definition, notice, time calculation and so on. According to the European Civil Code, the interpretation of the drafters of the draft, the first compiled for the following nine series provides a brief general guide. {8} It reflects the Civil Code, Civil Law in the pursuit of universality. However, from this point of view the provisions of the General, which was different from the meaning of the German Civil Code, "General", but rather more like France, Spain and other countries in the Civil Code "title sequence" . {10}
Part II is under contract and other legal acts. The further subdivided into nine chapters, including Chapter I: General provisions Chapter II: anti-discrimination, Chapter Three: Marketing and the first contract obligations, the fourth chapter: to make the first five chapters: the right of withdrawal, VI: Acting, VII: invalid reasons, Chapter VIII: Interpretation, Chapter IX: the content and effect of the contract. This is the traditional core of the German Civil Code Zonglun in part. However, it should Note that it has not adopted the relevant legal acts of the German Civil Code the term, but with a "contract with the other 'legal' (juristic act)" of the title. the title that its attempt to avoid legal action by the German concept of in order to avoid the concept of a unique system of domestic unwarranted in other countries, so as not to be no legal system in other EU countries that accept recognition. {11} 2-3 is well known that the most important contract is a type of legal action . Therefore, in the Code, the drafters have spent re-pen to regulate contract, its agents, validity, interpretation, and the content and effect of such contract. {7}
In this series, the first worth mentioning that in the system of anti-discrimination provisions of Chapter II. So far, the EU has already formulated a series of anti-discrimination directives, such as the Racial Equality Directive (2004/43 / EC, Employment Equality Directive (2000/78/EC, etc., under which EU countries will be the contents of these instructions into specific domestic legal system. such as Germany and the provisions of the <<National Equal Treatment Act>> (Allgemeines Gleichbe-handlungsgesetz), the Netherlands provides <<Equal Treatment Act>> (Algemene wet gelijke behandeling), the United Kingdom provides <<Equality>> (Equality Act). {12} However, the draft European Civil Code has provisions directly to the content of these instructions in the Civil Code. If Ⅱ .- 2:101 states: "The subject matter is available to use or provide public goods, other assets or services contract or other legal act, any person not because of gender, race and discrimination rights." Ⅲ .- 1:105 is further terms of the scope of protection extended to the Debt Law, the "anti-discrimination principles of Chapter II of Part Two as required by appropriate amendments to the following conditions apply: (a) use or available to provide public goods, other assets or services of debts, (b) exercise of the rights to perform the obligation or debt relief do not fulfill the right of defense, and (c exercise the right to discharge the debt. "Article VI Ⅵ .- 2:203 are clearly defined section on personality, self. from the basic rights and privacy protection. the anti-discrimination principles into the Civil Code, the concept of "private law in the Constitution," the spirit and trend. to private law and the increasingly blurred distinction between public law, civil law is no longer a purely private, but public-private hybrid method.
Secondly, the chapter prepared to withdraw the right system is also rather special. The specific provisions of the withdrawal of the scope and mandatory nature of the right to withdraw the right to exercise the withdrawal period, the right to adequate information to withdraw, withdrawal effects, related to the same six, and the United special withdrawal rights. to withdraw the right of first appeared in the Consumer Protection Act, the purpose is to give in a weak position to provide special protection to consumers, allowing it to take effect in the contract and within a certain period of time after the unilateral termination of the contract system. However, European Civil Code will expand its scope of application, no longer limited to consumer contracts, even among the commercial contract, but also apply.
2. Part of the Debt Law
III compared with bonds and the corresponding rights, specifically including Chapter I: General provisions Chapter II: performance, Chapter III: non-performance remedies, Chapter IV: The majority of debtors and creditors, Chapter V: the parties change, Chapter: offset with the merger, Chapter VII: aging and so on. from the contents of the rules compiled by the point of view, the equivalent to the traditional law of obligations in the General Civil Code section, the most typical manifestation is the "debt" is defined. According Ⅲ. -1:102: (1) provides that debt is the legal relationship of the debtor shall perform the obligations of creditors. It can be seen, the code in the "debt" includes not only contractual obligation, but also non-contractual obligation .
IV for the specific contract and its rights and obligations, specifically provides that the contract for the sale (the first sub-code, personal property leases (the second of parts, service contract (the third sub-series, commissioned by the contract (the fourth of parts, Commercial Agents, Chartered management and distribution (the fifth sub-series, the loan contract (the sixth sub-series, the human security (The seventh series with the grant contract (the eighth series of eight sub-sub-series.
In these types of provisions of contracts which, it is worth mentioning that the drafting of the first large contract for the sale for reference to the <<United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods>> and the consumption of buy and sell orders. Its structure and substance on the absorption of both worlds and effectively integrate. in the legislative framework, but also quite distinctive, and it will contract for the sale is divided into consumption and commercial sale of two types of trading and consumption of goods with a special chapter provides security, which will trade in commercial freedom of contract and the special protection of consumers in consumer transactions well as one solution. {13] 154 Second, the service contract model has a distinctive feature of legislation. taken out of its legislative structure, the first two chapters are small General Provisions, provides service contracts for specific types of general rules. then they were provided with six chapters construction, contract, storage, design, information, medical and other specific rules of service contract. This score structure, not only helps to reduce the duplication of the specific provisions of the rules, so that service contract base specification more concise, so as to facilitate public understanding of the law, judges and lawyers to use legal, but also to civil law (contract law itself in the face of new social and economic situation to make the necessary self-adjustment, avoid the economic life of the newly created service contract type and continuous changes in civil law (contract law, and thus can maintain the openness and stability of the Code. Moreover, the formal development in the civil service contract, not only in the economic life of service play an increasingly important role in the response, it is different from traditional types of service contracts is recognized contract, legislation and the Civil Code so as to adjust the object world development of the theory has made its own contribution. Also adopted the Code on the service contract broad concept, which not only by economic concept for the production of construction contract entered into, and the medical social services are also included in the room. In addition, the commission provided for IV contract, the only adjustment principal and agent between the internal relations, and adjustment of external agents and third party relations agency system separate legislation. Of course, due to various reasons, the Civil Code, the contract would be entrusted with independent service contract up in the legislative framework Look, are legislative shortcomings {7} 39-40. the last one worth mentioning is that the guarantee contract. the provisions of a chapter in the general rules, but also provided with two chapters are independent people who guarantees and non-independent security. This will be independent of the person with the non-independent unified security standard, is quite unique. In addition, people's security, its independence in the last chapter with the provisions of the consumer's guarantee of special rules, reflecting the spirit of consumer protection.
V to VII is provided at no pen and ink detail by management (12, tort (58 and unjust enrichment (17 and so on. The three books rich in content, the Civil Code for the EU countries can not match. If quite detailed provisions on tort only has the German Civil Code section 31, only 11 provisions of unjust enrichment.
3. Real part
Part VIII provides for the acquisition and loss of ownership of the goods, specifically including Chapter I: General provisions, Chapter II: Based on the transfer of the rights or powers of transfer of ownership, the third chapter: bona fide acquisition of ownership, Chapter IV: Based on the continued possession of bona fide acquisition of ownership, Chapter V: production, with a combined and mixed, Chapter VI: Ownership protection and possession protection, VII: the return of goods. IX of the security interest on movable property, including Chapter I: General Provisions , Chapter II: Establishment and warranty, the third chapter: the effect of the third, the fourth chapter: priority, Chapter Five: the arbitrary pre-defined rules, Chapter VI: lift, Chapter VII: non-compliance with mandatory implementation. X. is trust. The code derived from the common law content, including the basic provisions of the specific content, trust, trust funds, trust terms and invalid, the decision of the Trustee and power, the trustee and the trust supporting institutions obligations and rights, non-performance of the relief, the trustee or the assisted institutions to change the trust, trust to lift, change and transfer of rights in proceeds and the relationship with the third ten chapters.
The first part of a feature is its only relates to the field of movable property law system, without involving real estate. Because it is real property system is the inherent law of the Member States, has a national character, and with a country's land registration system, public law restrictions on the use and enforcement of law are closely linked, unified rather difficult.
Second, the property is still part of the provisions of the last series of the trust system. {14} The Trust Law is a law derived from the Anglo-American legal system. Its formation in the Middle Ages and evolved over centuries of evolution and formation. However, with the strengthening of economic integration in the EU, increasingly fierce economic competition within the EU. In view of some of the traditional continental European civil law countries trust the legal system does not exist, some companies have based on the economic cost considerations to selection based on the English Trust Law Trust management and security trusts. which led to more intensified competition within the EU law. To circumvent national laws to prevent domestic companies choose to use his country's legal system, the drafting of the European continent will have to develop the appropriate legal system, such as France in 1992 will tried to draft the trust to develop a new system of Italy and the Netherlands have ratified the 1985 <<trust law and its recognition of the Hague Convention> "(referred to as" the Hague Trust Convention. "However, due to the civil law tradition can not be accommodated outside the framework of the Civil Code trust the legal system, the common law meaning of trust in the civil law system has not been effectively integrated into the country. {15] To this end, the drafters of the draft European Civil Code that will need to trust in the civil code and civil law line with the property rights system into account, the provisions of the Trust for the limited rights related to a property in order to achieve real trust system take root in continental Europe [4].
Third, the main features of the draft European Civil Code
As the draft European Civil Code seeks to apply to EU member states, in order to avoid some of the terms in different domestic legal systems have different understanding of the drafters of the draft civil code adopted in common law legal definition of terms, a typical manifestation In the first series of the draft Ⅰ. -1:108 And the corresponding Annexes. Through the provision of legal terminology and unify, explain, on the one hand contribute to the law, spirit of the law applicable to an accurate understanding of the scope of the other, contribute to the legal system, legal tradition of the EU member states are not the same as they are able to create an understanding, acceptance speech in French law, and to avoid the result of different understanding of the applicable rules of law are inconsistent, so as to enhance legal certainty and stability. {7} 53 facts , this is also the latest trends in international legislation, such as the New "" German law against unfair competition >>,<< with UCP>> Publication No. 600 and so developed a specific legal definition of terms.
In addition, the draft European Civil Code is still the first Ⅰ. -1:102 Provides a set of principles of interpretation of the clause. Which is divided into five: (1) provides that the interpretation of the Civil Code provisions and development of autonomy, and should be interpreted consistent with the objectives and the Civil Code principle (2) provides that the interpretation of the Civil Code provisions should be consistent with protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and constitutional law legal documents, (3) provides that the Civil Code provisions interpreted in favor of the promotion for the unity of the principle of good faith and fair, and legal certainty, subsection (4) provides that the scope of the Civil Code but are not clearly stipulated the issue as far as possible under the Civil Code is based on the basic principles to resolve, the last paragraph of the Special provisions on the general terms and made a note for the order, that is, better than the general provisions of the Special Conditions apply.
The reason why the draft European Civil Code provides a set of principles of interpretation of the draft, mainly because, although the draft Civil Code in their own unique language, specialized legal terms to the EU member states to provide a set of national laws of the civil law is different from Code rule system, but it does not itself establish a monitoring mechanism to implement the Civil Code to protect the proper application and interpretation of the Civil Code. Once the entry into force of the European Civil Code, due to the direct applicability of the Civil Code, the Member States court or arbitration body can be European Civil Code are directly applicable to solve civil disputes, the EU member countries, which inevitably makes the interpretation of the Convention are subject to different legal traditions, the impact of legal interpretation, thereby affecting the people a correct understanding of the Civil Code provisions. Moreover, the application of the European Civil Code by judges and arbitrators to achieve, they are familiar with their own laws and can not help but rely on self-consciousness is rooted in the concept of law, with the domestic law to interpret the European Civil Code colored glasses, but for a different concept of domestic law interpretation of the European Civil Code, the European Civil Code will certainly become fragmented.
(B Structure
1. Total structure
European Civil Code provisions on general principles should, in the EU is very controversial among scholars. This is mainly related to the civil law tradition and the EU countries. Such as the German Civil Code contains a code for the content of each of the other major sub-General (although scholars criticize the General in essence is a property law, but general principles, the French Civil Code, but did not, only one sequence problem. Therefore, Professor 德罗布尼希 Germany should establish general principles, the reasons are as follows: General provisions conducive to guide the sub-clause, to ensure that the Civil Code harmony, helps to reduce General provisions, sub-clause, thus speeding up the pace of legislation, general provisions of the Civil Code itself is conducive to social and economic situation in the new front to make the necessary self-adjustment, General provisions help to promote the teaching and understanding of the law, to improve law enforcement efficiency. Talun in France, Professor disagreed. {16}
Finally, from the perspective structure of the draft European Civil Code, Civil Code, the combination of two models of Germany and France, that General and order issue model. As mentioned above, the draft European Civil Code is the expression used in Part I General (General Provisions, and section Second, the provisions of the Code and other legal acts of the contract. However, the contents of the provisions of Part I of view, it is essentially a Latin family law issues in the order adopted by it. but rather part of Title II contracts and legal acts, which fully applicable to the content of the subsequent series (whether partial or property law Obligation Law section, the meaning of terms from the General, is the real meaning of the "General." So said the European synthesis of the German Civil Code draft law and French law The General and order issue model.
2. Property Code
From the point of view the content of the draft European Civil Code, the Code is the property outright. For natural persons, legal capacity, wills and inheritance, family law and so were explicitly excluded from the scope of the adjustment (Ⅰ .- 1:101) . This is because the background of the Civil Code is the European Union within the European Union economy, and the traditional part of the Civil Code of total property law and economic relations, economic interests are closely linked and economic needs reflected in the unity of the Civil Code, must be is a demand for a unified property law. On the other hand also because of family law, inheritance and other personal areas of private law to a greater extent by the contents of one country, morality, national habits, cultural traditions and other factors, and rarely affected by the economic the impact of interest, or influence is not so direct.
As a foreign law on the degree of difficulty by following the survey shows, it is easier to accept the contract, tort, corporate, labor relations and other aspects of the new legal rules, but it is difficult to accept the marriage, inheritance and guardianship of minors the right to change the rule of law and so on. This addition to the impact of social behavior, there are religious and moral factors. Of course, over time, the EU member states and social behavior patterns and cultural integration, gradually the personal relationship into 0 <"The European Civil Code>> also possible. {16}
(C content features
1. Humanism
Humanism is a philosophy based on reason and kindness theory and world view, its ideological basis for rational reasoning, to love mercy as the basic values of human dignity, freedom, and tolerance between people to get along, are all non-violent its proper meaning. [5] Humanism is the basis for European countries drafted the Civil Code. {17} 237 and the draft European Civil Code also embodies the spirit of humanism, humanism is a fully-fledged civil code. The most obvious example is the protection of their human rights.
The draft European Civil Code either in law or principle, are highlighted on the specific content of "human rights" the attention and protection. If the legal principle, Ⅰ. -1:102 (Interpretation and development of the provisions of this Code shall be applied according to the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, legal (instruments and any applicable constitution be explained. As to the specific content, the draft Civil Code, respectively, according to the spirit of the foregoing principles in civil law The draft Code Part II (Chapter II, anti-discrimination, III (Ⅲ. -1: 105 and VI (Ⅵ .- 2:203) in the anti-discrimination provisions of the detailed and specific content. {12}
In fact, since the beginning of the 20th century, 50's, they set off in the field of European private law concept of human rights protection. If the case in 1993, a famous German Burgschaft (BVerfG 19 October 1993 is the example. In this case, a party is 21 years old, there is no highly educated, work in the fishing grounds, a low-income girls, the case for the girl's father, the other banks to provide loans, but require a personal guarantee from the girls. In the girls signed a personal guarantee document, the bank staff asked her inside the bank provisions of a contract as a bank record information and inform them of the obligations under the contract will not be greatly changed. girls agreed and signed the contract. Soon, her father's business failures, bank loans and then claim to the girls interest rate of 8 million euros of debt. the Federal Constitutional Court from the perspective of basic human rights, ruling that the contract is invalid on the grounds that the girl if the decision to repay debt, according to her income, she lived the rest will be in the settlement of debt through. In view of the law on the disadvantaged groups and "human rights protection" concept, the view that the girl is in the structural inequalities (structural inequality in the negotiation of the guarantee contract was signed, and the signing of the contract will lead to weak to bear a heavy legal burden on the . Thus, the Court, "public order and morals" and "good faith" the general principles that the contract is invalid. {12} Moreover, in recent years in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the European Union court ruling has shown a similar ruling .2000 December , "<EU Charter of Human Rights>> (Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EuropeanUnion) is based on the signing of the form of the statute confirms the field of private law should implement the concept of human rights protection. Although the draft European Civil Code, but is above the Constitution and national human rights Judicial experience in private law practice into the culture of it, but it embodies the spirit of the civil law and private law, constitutional human trend.
2. The concept of social standard
Civil law standard is the basic concept of civil law, the basic purpose, the basic function, or basic tasks. Modern European Civil Code reflects a rights-based philosophy. Rights-based concept that the basic task is to protect civil rights, the protection of individual rights , is the highest mission of the law. The modern civil law embodied in the above three principles, namely: freedom of contract, ownership of the absolute with their responsibilities. The establishment based on making a major contribution to human civilization, it is precisely because rights-based, only promoted the development of market economy in Europe. However, since the mid-19th century, and especially since the 21st century, social conflicts, between employers and employees, strained relations between producers and consumers, the growing gap between rich and poor. Therefore ideological change for one of the civil law, respect for individual freedom from the traditional civil law evolved to pay more attention to social and public welfare, is the standard concept of civil society. {18}
The draft European Civil Code also embodies the concept of social standard. Its not only in the principle of freedom of contract revisions and restrictions, but also in the scope of breach of contract and tort liability of them. As for the former, such as the draft European Civil Code clearly defined in the first series the principle of good faith and fair dealing (Ⅰ .- 1:103), and the principle of rationality (Ⅰ .- 1:104), in Part II, Chapter V sets out anti-discrimination principles, III, Section Ⅲ .- 1:104 performance of obligations provided for cooperative principles. As for the latter, such as the European Civil Code clause Ⅲ .- 3:701 (3) and Article Ⅵ .- 2:101 (4) (b) established on non-economic damages, which European Union greatly expanded the scope of the Civil Code damages. in accordance with the provisions of the two, both non-economic loss of pain, distress, but also the general quality of life damages. and section Ⅵ. -6:204 Will further expand the scope of compensation, the provisions of the biological damage, health damage and economic loss is independent of the non-economic damages. This provision is of Italian or dan-no biologico danno alla salute system of reference. In addition, Ⅵ .- 2:202 provides for bereavement damages (Bereavementdamages). Under the provisions of victim's family and other close relatives of officers to death or injury to the victim caused by the perpetrators of non-economic loss compensation requirements. And Ⅵ .- 2:209 provides for the Government to restore environmental resources, such as air, water, soil and fauna of the costs incurred may require the offender to be compensated. draft European Civil Code which embodies the concept of social standard. {7 }
3. Minshanggeyi to the main business
Belonging to the civil law in the EU Member States, in private law have developed their own codes. However, some countries have adopted the doctrine of civil and commercial division, such as Germany and France. However, some countries have taken the Minshanggeyi, such as Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy. can be said that the latest development of the Civil Code, are basically taken Minshanggeyi mode. {19}
The draft European Civil Code from the content point of view, should be Minshanggeyi doubt. Civil Code Part I General Provisions of the draft defines the meaning of "enterprise (business)", the meaning of "consumer" (Ⅰ .- 1:105). The so-called consumers, is the basic purpose of the implementation of acts and their commercial, business or occupation not related to any natural person. The behavior of enterprises is the purpose of the implementation of its business, business or occupation of any natural or legal person, whether a public or private , and regardless of whether they intended to profit from the act. From the above definition of enterprises and consumers can infer that at least the contents of the draft European Civil Code will apply to both businesses and consumers, which reflects the combined civil and commercial a spirit. As for whether the legislation is based on business (or business subject to the basic adjustment of the object, or to consumers (or, as the basic adjustment of the civil subject object from the code is hard to see. but then there are clear that the Code , its business or business subject is essential to adjust for the object, the most obvious is the IV (the specific contract. IV below to focus on analysis.
In the first sub-series IV, the drafters were defined in the "contract of sale" (Ⅳ. A.-1: 202) and "consumer contract of sale" (Ⅳ. A.-1: 204). Followed by special chapter (Chapter Eight specifically regulate the provisions of the definition of consumer goods, guarantee, guarantee of the binding, security instruments, warranty, guarantee of a specific part, the guarantor of the exclusion or limitation of liability, burden of proof and guarantees extended and other issues (from Ⅳ. A.-6: 101 to Ⅳ. A.-6: 108 {14} 153-154. In the second sub-lease contract prepared goods, Ⅳ. B.-1: 102 What provisions of "Consumer goods rental contract", and were provided with three terms of "consumer lease agreement to exclude the right to limit" (Ⅳ. B.-1: 103), "Consumer lease restrictions to exclude remedies rule "(Ⅳ. B.-1: 104) and" consumer goods in the lease contract is not properly installed "(Ⅳ. B.-3: 105 and so on. fifth sub-series under the" Commercial Agency, Franchise and Distribution ", which are purely commercial contracts areas. VI Part shall be the sub-lending contracts. under section Ⅳ. F.-1: 101 条 (a paragraph, the sub-code does not apply to business loans to consumers合同.由此可知,该部分规范的也是纯粹的商业贷款.第七分编规定的是人的担保.在该分编中,起草者在规范独立的人的担保和非独立的人的担保之后,特用专章(第四章7个条款规范了"消费者人的担保的特别规则"问题.
从而可知,整个欧洲民法典草案调整的主体包括企业和消费者,且整个规则是以商事性规范为主,民事性规范为辅这主要是因为现代交易最为活跃者为商事交易.在将商事行为规范全面之后,只需就消费行为不同之处予以特别规定,从而可以实现立法成本之节约.
4.大陆法系与英美法系的融合
起草欧洲民法典的目的是为了整个欧盟市场人员、资本、服务、货物自由流通提供统一的私法性法律规则.然而,欧盟各成员国之间的私法传统有很大差异,他们分属于不同的法系,如德国、法国、荷兰、瑞士等属于大陆法系、英国、爱尔兰属于英美法系.要在法律传统如此不同的国家之间制定一套统一适用的规则,对于起草者而言是一项巨大的挑战.
从欧洲民法典草案的内容来看,其总体上采用了大陆法系国家的一般规则与结构.首先,体系化、逻辑化的法典起草本身便意味着大陆法系理念的胜出.其次,在法律概念上,其也主要采纳大陆法系的概念.如法律行为、债、物权、担保物权、有限物权等.最后,在草案具体规则上看,其也主要是采纳了大陆法系的规定.如就合同的制定,草案规定并不需要"约因"这一英美法系所特有的概念(Ⅱ．—4: 101).又如就承诺的生效时间,草案第二编Ⅱ． —4:205明显规定的是大陆法系的到达主义,而并未采纳英美法系的投邮主义,等等.
然而,出于对欧盟各成员国法律多样性的尊重和保护,欧洲民法典草案在主要采用大陆法系规则的同时,在很大程度上也采纳了普通法系国家的立法规则.如就合同的订立方式,大陆法系国家如德国、瑞士、荷兰等民法典均强调只能通过要约与承诺的方式订立.{20}但欧洲民法典草案则吸收了英美法系的合同订立精神, Ⅱ． —4:211明确规定,合同的订立也可以采取其他方式.又如,欧洲民法典草案在Ⅲ． —3:504条明确采纳了英美法系的预期违约制度.最后,最为典型的便是,欧洲民法典草案在第十编将英美法系所特有的信托制度纳入了进来,从而与大陆法系的物权制度实现了有效融合.
当然,为了使得英国等老牌英美法系国家能够接受这一民法典,起草者也对某些大陆法系的概念、制度等进行了界定或稍作修改.例如在英国,除了1979年的<<货物买卖法法>>提及"诚实信用"一词外,其合同法并未确定诚信为合同法的基本原则.依据英国的法律理念,主要是这一概念太模糊,需要探究当事人的主观心理,这将影响合同条款的确定性.英国甚至担心诚信成为一种外加在其身上的法律体悟,故而拒绝加入联合国<<国际货物买卖合同公约>>.{21]4为避免前述现象的发生,民法典草案在确认诚实信用这一原则的同时,也将该原则具体适用的范围、要求和标准做了更详尽的规则(Ⅰ．—1:103、Ⅲ．—1:103),从而为英国接受欧洲民法典扫清了不必要的障碍.又如,对于要约是否可撤销,也融合了大陆法系和英美法系的规则,Ⅱ． —4:202明确规定,原则上要约可以撤销,但例外情况下,要约不可撤销.另外,起草者也对所有的概念、术语进行了界定.从而使得很多普通法系所缺乏的概念便于得到更深刻的理解,以减少在具体案件中实施的阻碍.{7}53
5.消费者保护
近代民法模式是建立在抽象人格、人格平等基础之上,其所调整之主体,仅为抽象之"人",而不论其为生产者抑或消费者、大企业抑或中小企业,他们一概在法律上平等.正如日本学者星野英一所说,"近代私法的特色首先在于承认所有的人有完全平等的法律人格".{22}然而,自20世纪以来,随着生产的发展,社会经济生活发生了根本的变化.生产者和消费者之间出现了严重的两极分化,消费者成为了社会上的弱者.生产者和消费者之间不再是平等的关系,而是形成了一种实质上的支配与被支配关系.传统民法抽象人格、人格平等理念被从根本上动摇,由此导致在民法典之外分离出保护消费者的特别法[23].但是,这一立法模式仍然是在民法理念上保持人格形式平等这一根本思想为前提.欧洲民法典草案则在借鉴荷兰民法典{23}、德国2002年债法现代化经验的基础上,一改传统观念与模式,直接将消费者概念纳入到民法典中,并自始至终贯彻对消费者的特别保护.
其具体体现,除了前述欧洲民法典草案第四编之外,在其他部分如,第一编Ⅰ． —1:109条中有关通知之规定,第二编Ⅱ． —1:110条有关未经个别协商条款之规定、Ⅱ． —3:102条有关企业向消费者营销之特别义务的规定、Ⅱ． —3:103条有关与处于特别不利地位的消费者签订合同时提供信息义务之规定、 1.—3:104条有关实时距离沟通时信息义务之规定、Ⅱ． —3:109条有关违反信息义务之救济措施的规定、Ⅱ． —3:201条有关输入信息错误之纠正的规定、Ⅱ． —3:202条有关收到确认之规定、Ⅱ． —3:401条有关未作出回应不产生债务的规定、Ⅱ． —5:105条有关撤回效果的规定、Ⅱ． — 5:201有关不在企业营业地协商之合同的规定以及Ⅱ． —5:202条有关分时共享合同的规定、Ⅱ． —9:102条有关某些先合同声明视作合同条款的规定、Ⅱ． —9:403条有关企业与消费者间签署的合同中"不公平"含义的规定、Ⅱ． —9:410有关企业与消费者间签署的合同中推定"不公平"条款的规定等等,第三编Ⅲ． —3:108有关企业不能履行消费者通过远距离通讯签订之合同的规定等,第九编Ⅸ． —2:107条有关消费者授予担保权之规定、Ⅸ． — 7:107有关对消费者强制执行通知的规定等等.
欧洲民法典草案之所以直接将消费者保护方面的规则纳入民法典中,一方面是因为市场经济中并不存在各自独立的消费者市场和生产者市场,强制性将两种市场规则分别立法,反而无助于为欧洲建立一个统一、有效的民法制度,另一方面是因为,如果将对消费者保护的一些特别规则放在民法典之外,会导致民法规则在实际生活中无法充分发挥作用.因为,一般商事合同当事人都会制定详细的格式合同,从而使得民法典中的任意规范对其并无任何重大作用.而至于消费者等弱势群体,因为所适用的保护他们利益的强制性规范并没有规定于民法典中,从而也会导致民法典对他们没有什么重要意义.{23}
四、欧洲民法典草案对传统民法理论的挑战
(一对民法国内法性质的挑战
国内法是指国家制定的调整国家与人民以及人民相互之间关系的法律,与调整国家间关系的国际法形成对立.按照传统法律观点,民法属于国内法.事实上,在盖尤斯法学阶梯中,作为现代民法前身的市民法便是"每个共同体为自己制定的法."与一切民族共同使用的万民法形成对立.由此确立了市民法国内法的性质.{10}这种性质在16世纪以来法律国家化、民族化及部门法化的洪流中得到进一步强化.在这一时期,欧洲大陆主要国家纷纷制定了自己的适用于本国的民法典.
然而,这种国内法性质近年来在一体化和全球化运动中,受到挑战.这不仅体现在民法债法方面,在人格法、物权法等方面也有所体现.如在人格法中,为了表征全球各民族的广泛交往对民法中人的概念的影响,现代学者及立法倾向于用人类人的概念取代传统自然人概念.<<阿根廷合一的民法典草案>>第15条便规定:"人类人的存在开始于受孕."{10}
在物权法中,典型的便体现在人类共同财产的出现.由此,各国对其国内的"物"不再享有完全排除他国干涉的权利,而受国际性民法制约.如<<保护世界自然和文化遗产公约>>提出全人类世界遗产权,如文物、遗址、建筑群,一方面归遗产所在国所有,另一方面归全人类所有,后一种所有权禁止前一种所有权的滥用.{28}
欧洲民法典草案的制定则进一步表明,民法典不再是纯粹的国内法.因为,该草案不仅是直接由多国学者所组成之团队共同起草,且其制定最终目标是统一适用于整个欧盟各个成员国的民法典.从法典起草到具体适用范围,都跨越了一国国境,由此,从根本上打破了民法是国内法之性质.
(二对民法主体平等性的挑战
从罗马法以来,传统民法便吸纳人类优秀文化思想成果,形成了人格平等、私权神圣和意思自治等基本理念.{24}人格平等最集中地反映了民法所调整的社会关系的本质,是民法区别于其他部分法的主要标志.属于无须强调、无须明文规定之公理性原则.
然而,自19世纪末以来,人类经济生活发生了深刻变化,出现了严重的两极分化,生产者与消费者、企业主与劳动者对立日益尖锐.在现代市场经济条件下,生产者／企业主与消费者／劳动者之间已不再是平等关系,实质上形成一种支配与被支配关系.{29}90从而根本上动摇了传统民法人格平等之理念.
由此各国产生了在民法典外分离出保护劳动者和消费者等弱势群体的特别法.但这种立法模式仍然是在民法理念上保持人格平等这一根本思想为前提.因劳动法和消费者权益保护法与人格平等思想不合,故而游离于传统民法典之外.
但是,欧洲民法典草案却一改传统观念,直接将消费者、消费合同纳入于民法典中,并明确地将消费者当作弱势方,从而给予特别保护.由此,民法典中的主体不再是抽象的平等的"人格",而是一个个具体的、实实在在的人格.民法中主体的这种转变,即是星野英一先生所说的"'从抽象的人格向具体的人'的转变,在其背后则是'从理性的、意思表示强而智的人向弱而愚的人'的转变."{24}自此,民法中的主体地位不再平等.
(三对民法私法性的挑战
自罗马法确立公私法分类以来,传统民法理念便认为民法是私法.我国曾一度否认民法的私法性.然自经济体制改革后,思想为之一变,形成民法私法性一统天下之局面.但是,在民法私法说迈过情绪期之后,这一思想便不断受到学者质疑.民法中包含的一些公法因素也随之被挖掘出来.如民法中关于人格的规定就具有强行性并体现了纵向关系,物权法中也大量强制性规范的存在.{10}93由此,学者不得不承认人格法及物权法中,强行性规范居主导地位,而任意性主要体现在债法,尤其是合同法中.然而,欧洲民法典草案的制定再次证明了,不仅人格法、物权法中存在大量强制性规范,即使买卖合同、租赁合同、人的担保等合同法中,也存在相当多的保护弱势群体如承租人、消费者的强制性规范.另外,第一编、第二编 、第三编以及第六编中的反歧视原则、人权保护规定以及诚实信用原则等等也都体现了私法公法化的精神.自此,民法不再是纯粹的私法、任意法,而是任意法兼强行法、公私混合法.
五、欧洲民法典草案对我国民法典制定的借鉴意义
目前,我国合同法、物权法及侵权责任法已经起草完成,最终编纂民法典日程也指日可待.然而,要起草一部适合我国国情并获得国内外学者公认优秀的民法典,不仅需要研究我国国内的民族传统、法律传统以及经济制度,更应借鉴20世纪国外最新的立法经验.{19}而欧洲民法典草案是目前世界上最为先进的民法典(草案之一.它的起草,无论是在立法理念与本位上还是具体规则设计上,对我国民法典都具有重大借鉴意义.
(一民商合一方法
欧洲民法典草案对于我国如何实现民商合一立法模式具有重要借鉴价值.民商合一是自民国民法典颁布以来,在我国私法制定中占主导地位之模式.然而,如何实现民商合一,学者却语焉不详.而我国有关立法实践,也并不是非常成功.比如,99年颁布的<<合同法>>,其适用范围既包括商人,也包括消费者,属于典型的民商合一.然而,在起草制定过程中,其并没有确立究竟是以民事(消费合同为立脚点还是以商事合同为立脚点,民事规则与商事规则混作一团、纠结不清,从而导致有些条款明显地"商化过度",而有些条款则明显地"商化不足".前者如,从398条我们可以推导出委托合同具有有偿性特征,从而忽略了非商人间无偿委托的问题,后者如130条买卖标的物仅限于有体物的规定以及132条买卖标的物"应当属于出卖人所有或者出卖人有权处分"的规定、410条委托人或者受托人可以随时解除委托合同的规定等.{30}而学者所起草并公布的几大民法典草案以及法工委的民法典草案,也并没有很好地解决这一问题.从而导致商法学者不断呼吁在民法典之外,另立商法通则,以补民法典之不足.{31}而欧洲民法典草案的制定,却为我们提供了很好的模式,即原则上民法典财产法部分,以商事性规范为主,辅之以民事性规范.如此处理的优点有二.一方面,现代交易最为活跃者为商事交易,故而我们将商事合同规范全面之后,只需就消费合同不同之处予以特别规定,从而有助于实现立法成本之节约.另一方面,在民法典财产法部分明确以商事性规范为主,也有助于避免法律规范立脚点不清而造成规则"商化过度"或"商化不足"的问题.
事实上,欧洲民法典草案的这种模式,体现了20世纪晚期以来国际上民法典修订的潮流[6].最为典型者便是荷兰民法典及2002年德国民法典"债法现代化"(das Gesetz zur Modemisierung des Schul-drechts).另外,日本民法典的最新修改也在往这一方向发展.目前,日本民法理论界已经启动日本民法典的修改.他们成立了主要由民法专家参加的民法(债权法修订研讨会,并在其中设立了由商法学者参加的小组.这次修订的目标便是日本债法的现代化,重点是日本民法总则和债法的修改,将传统民法"人与人"的法扩大到"商人与消费者"的法.{32}从而,我国在将来再次启动民法典编撰时,应当借鉴国际民法典起草与修订最新趋势与模式,一改现行各草案版本中仅规定"人与人"的民法模式,而采"企业与消费者"立法模式.并在具体规则设计上以商事规则为主,民事规则为辅,从而真正实现民法与商法的有效融合.
(二大陆法系与英美法系具体制度之融合方法
欧洲民法典草案对于我们考虑如何实现大陆法系与英美法系融合,或者说未来实现大陆与港澳台私法的统一具有重大借鉴意义.众所周知,在1997年回归祖国之前,香港在英国统治之下,其法律制度属于典型的英美法系.而澳门在1999年回归祖国前是葡萄牙殖民地,法律制度自然追随葡萄牙,属于典型的大陆法系,更为准确地说,属于大陆法系下的子法系,伊比利亚—拉丁美洲法系.然而在回归祖国后,基于一国两制,港、澳仍然保留了原来的法律制度.而尚未统一的台湾地区,则属于典型的大陆法系下的德国法系.两岸四地规则的不统一,尤其是商事交易规则的差异日益阻碍了两岸四地经济的发展.
故而,在一定程度上统一基本交易规则具有一定的必要性.至少,在学理研究上我们应考虑到这一需求,并积极做出探讨,以便为将来条件成熟时,能够将两岸四地的交易规则甚至整个私法规则实现完全的统一.[7]而在我国目前的民法典起草过程中,我们也应就两岸四地有关规则的统一,留有余地.
为此,我们一方面在比较法研究上,应一改传统比较法重点研究各法系间以及各国、各地区法律制度间的区别,而着重研究港澳台与大陆民法理论及民法规范之间的共同点,为未来统一民法规范提供理论基础.另一方面,我们在具体起草过程中,也应当聘请港澳台地区著名民商法学家参与进来,作为我们民法典起草之成员或顾问,以便于就各地域间法律之协调与取舍提供意见.事实上,请港澳台民商法学者参与大陆民法典的起草在观念、思想上并不应当存在任何困难.因为,国际民法立法史上,由外国人帮忙起草并不鲜见,更何况我们仅仅只是请我国港澳台地区的学者参与而已！ [8]
(三亲属法是否应回归民法
亲属法在我国民法史上经历了一个始合后分的过程.清末制定的<<大清民律草案>>、北洋军阀的<<中华民国民律草案>>,以及1930年南京国民政府制定的<<中华民国民法>>都把亲属法纳入民法典中,作为民法草案或民法典的重要一编.然而,新中国成立后,由于受到苏俄民法典的影响,亲属法逸出了民法典.{27}学术上也受到影响,亲属法不再认为是属于民法学范畴.[9]然而,自1998年全国人大决定恢复民法典编纂之后,国内民法学界便已基本形成一致意见,亲属法应当归回民法典.{33}
但是,如前述,欧洲民法典草案属于典型的财产法典,其并未规范属于身份法范畴的亲属法、继承法等.我们是否可以以此为理由而否定亲属法回归呢?笔者以为,我们并不能得出如此结论.因为,尽管亲属法实行的是"爱"的原则,和物权法、债权法等财产法所体现的"经济人假说"并不相同.但亲属法和财产法具有着密切的联系,从民法的市民社会组织功能角度看,包括亲属法在内的人身法承担了组织一个市民社会的任务,财产法则承担了在市民社会间分配物质资源的功能.从逻辑角度来说,只有将市民社会组织起来,才谈得上在其间分配物质资源问题.{34}
事实上在欧洲,随着欧洲私法其他领域趋同和制定统一法研究工作的全面展开,对亲属法和继承法原来认为没有必要也无法统一的领域,部分学者也已经开始了趋同化的研究工作.为此,欧盟各成员国部分学者于2001年9月设立了欧洲亲属法委员会(Commission on European Family Law (CEFL),该组织设立的目标便是起草一部欧洲亲属法通则,以实现欧盟境内亲属法的统一与协调.{35}
当然,除了上述三个方面之外,在法典立法技术、民法本位与结构设计以及是否应承认物权行为、如何规范服务合同等等方面,欧洲民法典草案对我国民法典的起草也具有重大借鉴意义.但限于篇幅,笔者在此不再一一赘述.
[1]相关论述见拙译<<罗马法与现代民法>>第六卷,厦门大学出版社2008年版,第140-154页,<<罗马法与现代民法>>第七卷,厦门大学出版社2010年版,第343-366页,商事法论集>>第13卷,法律出版社2008年版,第273-287页.
[2] 该研究所成立于2002年,主要目标在于将欧盟现有的私法进行一个更加系统的研究和改进.至今,其已起草完成<<现行欧共体合同法通则Ⅰ和Ⅱ>>,其中第I卷由Sellier于2007年出版,具体内容包括:先合同义务、合同订立、不公平条款.第II卷于2009年由Sellier出版,具体内容包括:履行、不履行与救济等.具体内容参见http://www. sellier. de/pages/en/buecher_s_elp/europarecht/505. contract_ii.htm.
[3]荷兰民法典具体结构为:第一编,人法与家庭法,第二编,法人法,第三编,财产法总则,第四编、继承法,第五编,物权,第六编、债法总则,第七编、具体合同,第八编运输法,第九编,工业和知识产权法,第十编、国际私法.
[4]该民法典草案第Ⅷ． —1:204条(Limited proprietary rights规定:本编中有限物权包括:……(d)与信托有关的权利,如果第十编或国内法将其当作有限物权的话.
[5]具体内容参见:http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/％E4％BA%BA％E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB％E4%B9％89.
[6]然而,意大利却采取了相反的方式,即在民法典之外单独制订了<<消费法典>>(codice del consumo),该法典于2005年9月6日公布.详细介绍参见齐云著,<<意大利消费法典的启示—从内容和形式的双重透视>>,载http://www. romanlaw. cn/foro/topicdisp. asp? bd=186＆id＝1485.
[7] 参见:柳经纬<<"一国两制"原则下"两岸四地"的私法统一问题>>,http://www. civillaw. com. cn/article/default. asp? id=49474.事实上,我国国内有学者更进一步,主张实现东亚地区交易规则的统一,并已召开相关国际学术会议并达成专家共识.具体报道见2009年 10月20日版法制日报<<专家就东亚私法统一达成共识中国法难独善其身>>,http://www. legaldaily. com. cn/zmbm/2009—10/22/content＿1170016. htm.另参见张中秋<<从中华法系到东亚法—东亚的法律传统与变革及其走向>>,http: //www. xschina.org/show.php?id=9818.
[8]如我们大清民律草案的产生,便有日本学者的直接参与,日本旧民法典草案也是由法国学者布瓦松纳德起草,埃塞俄比亚民法典由著名比较法学家勒内·达维起草,阿尔巴尼亚现行民法典也是由意大利人简马里亚·阿雅尼起草,智利民法典也是由委内瑞拉学者安德雷斯·贝略起草等.参见徐国栋<<民法典与民法哲学>>,中国人民大学出版社2007年版,第2—3页.
[9]典型的便是中国法学会下,不仅设立了民法学研究会,也设立了婚姻家庭法学研究会.
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