On military reform in Late Qing

 in the late nineteenth century, with the invasion of Western colonizers, the Qing Dynasty army steadily lost, so lost a lot of national interest. "Boxer of the change" after the Qing government of national crisis and the growing crisis of governance. To meet the growing military, political struggle, the strength of the Qing Dynasty army began the evolution of the rise and fall, showing a change in the military system of gradually from a feudal to modern trends of evolution. And in this revolution, was interest was undoubtedly the largest and most effective leader of the Northern Warlords - Yuan. He single-handedly created the Northern train a new army of China's first modern army is well-known modern Chinese history, the armed warlords, played a reactionary role in history However, this does not deny that the military reform in China Yuan modern military history to its rightful place.

Yuan believes that the original military corruption of the Qing Dynasty, the functions do not have the state machinery. He said: The Chinese military and political breakdowns, bandits Iraq overnight, the disadvantages of the particular authors, the system is different camps, drill rules missing, equipment varies, diversity orders . To the person was not a strategy, in order to soldiers who travel half-an inert, usually but not curiously phase Fu, got cold feet and arms that are not relative to. gather together with Ukraine, scattered with the collapse. The Qing was the situation:
First, the original military corruption, ineffective
Banners of the Qing army before entering the original, was built in the preparation of the accounts of Manchuria, is one of the soldiers, the military organization the people, but soon after the entry of corruption, 1673 San Francisco incident, the Eight Banners can hardly fight. Qing into off, the new recruits of the Han army - Green Camp San Francisco in the process of peace to replace the Eight Banners, the status in the strikes, but soon downhill.

Yongzheng years, they began to recruit military and anti-military town, the Green Camp non-existent, to the Opium War, had "gone to soldiers, will not see soldiers," troubles trouble, no discipline. Banners, Green Camp degeneration of the feudal landlord class power The armed forces came to power under favorable conditions the inevitable decline of a phenomenon, they could neither shame of foreign Yu, also unable to suppress the resistance of the people in China, so the landlord Han Qing government had to rely on armed - Hunan, Anhui Army.

Although the Hunan, Anhui Army in suppressing the Taiping, Nian, and maintain the process of Qing rule played a big role, but the shortcomings of their own gave them a fatal blow. <<Dynasty political leaders>> in the military about the Qing Dynasty described as follows: "military as before, the amount of Japanese lack of courage, go up to open, the next discount per disadvantages clusters", "campers begin with the drilling plan for the sensationalism, not to boast of real government Tao, I do not know war is a military officer before , An Wang Christians to war "," belong to the same army, and this camp and the camp of the device he is different from the former bore breech, but the number of preparation, and Germany made Austria the system, and as a, "" attack and defense of the law, but also along the old habits, Xiang Chu of the Army, there was war with the banner Daomao those. "This is a truthful portrayal of the Qing. Therefore, we can see that neither the Qing imperial disgrace on the outside, to consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty more can not meet the requirements of the times, reform is imperative.

Second, foreign aggression to promote awareness of domestic insight, voice training at the high
Lost the first Opium War, government and vibration, the military system and the traditional Chinese military thinking serious challenges.

Made a number of the Qing court had the idea of ​​strengthening the national defense, excellent durability requirements of the coastal provinces of warships manufactured guns, strengthening coastal defense. But the Qing Dynasty was not taken important measures, but also refuse to learn foreign advanced technology, military reform is only empty talk.

Sino year Guangxu, is an important turning point in modern history. Imperialist frenzy to carve up China's broad surge, the semi-feudal society of China, further deepened. The war failed, traitorous signing of the treaty, fully exposed Li Qing government and the military group run by the corrupt past, and the Chinese Navy's vulnerable army, government and draw down "is not available spacious Xiang Huai ugly" conclusion. Meanwhile, the failure of the war with great stimulus to the Chinese nation , to arouse the awakening of the Chinese people. As Liang said: "My Country four years to arouse great dream, is also the beginning of Real Jiawu battle." war of all classes of Chinese society, made all walks of life to save the nation from peril many require Reform The political reform program, and in many programs, reform the military, self-training is common, creating a new army calls a wave after wave. At the same time also foreign minister working on Chen signs of the times, advocate the use of Western methods, the highest training New Army. Links http://www.hi138.com Research Papers Download here, the most active is the Yuan.

Looking Yuan's military reform, we can conclude the following:
1, the military establishment from a single system of coordinated operations to multiple branches of the military transformation. Yuan election the soldiers raised from the start, a rigorous selection process to ensure the quality of the armed forces, and using new weapons. New Army changed the Hunan, Anhui Army battalions as a single unit operational system, modeled on the basis of the camp of Western troops, equipped with the military, the town, Hip, standard, business, team, volleyball, shed, layers of control, in the arms, in addition to the infantry, there are artillery, cavalry, engineering , baggage and so many soldiers work together, greatly improving the combat effectiveness.

2, World Military System in the transition to the compulsory system. Qing Manchu soldiers, all soldiers by the Green Standard Army, handed down from generation to generation, is a hereditary military system. Hunan began to change temporarily Military System, Yuan army, too, and give full play to its effectiveness. Provisional Military System strengths is the military can at any time within the community excellent selection of quality personnel recruitment, can continue to absorb vital forces, the military campaign time in the endless state of development, this strong for maintaining the morale of the armed forces, greatly improve the combat effectiveness of the armed forces benefits. Yuan soldiers still standing on the basis of the original creation of the continued military preparedness, reserve military system, which guarantees the soldiers, to avoid the mob, and this is the beginning of compulsory military service later. Meanwhile, the selection of officers, the officers abandoned A military from the old system, the abolition of the Wu and the use of modern training generals Military Academy, and the survival of the fittest in the officers of the implementation to ensure that the young officer corps.

3, to improve the military's logistics system backup: New Army Oil Council, the Ordnance Bureau, the Medical Bureau of .1906, the logistical preparation of the national army to make specific provision, the Chinese Military Modernization and improving logistics system, so to make the feudal military began to Modernization of the military transition. And this period, the Yuan's army can be called ahead. his equipment and had arrows from the Daomao old ax and other cold weapons and firearms, the transition to the new guns, the army also adopted new training method, and the implementation of a thorough, but also foundations of the modern military schools, to hire foreign staff instructors.

Admittedly, Yuan's military reform, on behalf of the interests of the Qing dynasty rulers, that the interests of big landlords and big comprador classes. However, we can not be denied him, but should be whether the law of historical development to be judged. We We can say that Yuan's military reform is progress, especially in the military reform he advocated the idea of ​​Yucai up schools for the training and attention and the establishment of new military system modernization in China, all of society at that time had a major impact, In the process of China's military modernization also played a role can not be underestimated, and we should face up to his achievements and shortcomings, correct understanding of China's military modernization issues. Links to Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com