On Searle's theory of intentionality

Paper Keywords: John Searle; intentionality; Speech Act
Abstract: language related to the British philosopher, the philosopher John Searle's speech act theory Austin made a further development. Speech act theory is that the philosophy of language in the final analysis is a branch of philosophy of mind, because only the speech acts a form of human behavior, human contact with the outside world to their own mental capacity of a specific instance. intention is to study the mental capacity of this key factor, is the philosophical foundation of speech act theory.

Sher in the "Speech Act Theory: philosophy of Language Papers>> inherited a book and develop their respect for teachers JL Austin's speech act theory, it has been published since 1969, has been regarded as classics of philosophy of language (for homes Dole's speech act theory, see my book <<Searle's Speech Act Theory>>, see "<THEIR TEACHING AND Research"> 1988 IV). Sher and afterwards continuously published three monographs, were resolved and Speech Act philosophy of language related to the three questions; <<Expression and significance of>> solved within the framework of speech act theory problem: the classification of speech acts, indirect speech act, literally, etc.; <<intentionality: Philosophy of Mind Papers> > clarify the philosophical foundation of speech act theory, that mental philosophical questions - intentionality; <<illocutionary force said logical basis>> to complete the formal speech act theory, that means the use of modern logic, especially set theory, that speech behavior theory formalized.

This article focuses on Sher In "<intentionality: Philosophy of Mind Papers>> outlined in the theory of intentionality, as Searle's speech act theory describes the sequel. Sher's theory of intentionality study began in the mid-70s (Refer to Bryan Magee1978 years of translation, 288). he had intended in the "<expression and significance of>> a book with a chapter to illustrate the issue of intent, but his surprise, discussed the manuscript goes to the intention of the independent the length of a book, Sher had to let it out.

Sher has always maintained that philosophy of language is a branch of mental philosophy. His speech act theory is based on an understanding: speech act is a form of human behavior, but can be used as examples to illustrate the human mind (or brain) To establish contact with the outside world as an organism's ability. In other words, speech acts and state characterization of the external world of things from a biological sense the ability of the human brain is the most basic ability is the human brain to contact with the outside world of human beings as part of a general ability or continuity. This ability is passed, such as belief, desire and other psychological states, especially through the behavior and perception of people of this organism to connect with the outside world. so any complete explanation of language must explain how the mind or the brain to establish this ties. Sher intention is to establish that the key factors that link, because the representation of language meaning is not inherent capacity or representation, but from the mental conferred or imposed on the language of intentionality. Therefore, language problems, in a sense, it becomes a person's mind is how the intention is not conferred or imposed on the intention of a number of entities, such as the spoken sounds, written symbols, so that the characterization of these entities can play a role. Obviously, intent is the key to the whole problem.

First, the real intention
Intentionality that is targeted: Intentional mental state or event for many attributes; the property of the mental state or event or related directly to the outside world or state of things. For example, if there is a belief that it must be what to believe, or what state; if there is a fear that it must be so scared or afraid of what will happen; if there is an intention, then it must be what you want to do . In short, they are for or about something or something. But not all mental states have intentionality or events, such as certain forms, inexplicable tension, excitement, anxiety, depression and so not necessarily for or on anything. So the state of intent to make such a room can always be problems: the intention is for the state or about? such as in the end what to believe, hope for what, want to do? not be able to answer: only a belief, desire or intent, but do not believe, hope or want to do. And for those non-intentional state, it can be said that just feel nervous, excited, anxiety, depression, etc., but it is not for or about anything. Second, intention is different from consciousness. Many have no intention of consciousness. If nameless tension, excitement, anxiety and so on. and some state intent might be unconscious, as some unconscious belief that to date the formation of non-conscious or considered faith. So the state of consciousness and intention overlap, but not the same. Furthermore, intention, meaning that, meaning only a form of intentionality, and belief, desire and so the same. Sher has its intention of special philosophical meaning, that it targeted.


Here are some of the state of intentionality can be a psychological state: faith, fear, hope, desire, love, hatred, disgust, love, doubt, happiness, excitement, depression, anxiety, pride, regret, sadness, grief, guilt, anger , doubt, forgiveness, hostility, admiration, contempt, respect, indignation, intention, fantasy, shame, desire, disappointment and so on.

Second, the more sexual and verbal behavior
Intention to remove specific properties, there are representational properties, ie, the state and its intention for the world or on things or the relationship between the state, the intention is to characterize the state or the state of world affairs. "Representation" in the history of philosophy in the exact same almost no meaning after the tail. With the traditional philosophy, contemporary cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence Research in the different meaning of the term, Sher use of this term has its own unique meaning. Characterization of intentionality has propositional content that is intentional and psychological methods, the former to determine the intention of satisfying the latter to determine the content of the intention to adapt the direction of the proposition. So Sher understanding that such a characterization in the sense that the state of intent Although the characterization of speech acts and the way differ, but there are many similarities:
1) The speech act and intention are the inherent differences between a similar one F (p) and S (r). Speech acts have propositional content and illocutionary force of the distinction, as in "I ordered (expected, it is recommended) you leave" , "order" and the expression of illocutionary force, while the '"you leave" is the propositional content. propositional content of the statement is always accompanied by a certain illocutionary force. Sher with F (p) to express this relationship for the implication of a force F, P is propositional content.

A similar distinction between intent, such as "I believe (fear and want) you to leave", in which the characterization of content ("you leave") is always accompanied by some kind of mental approach ("believe", etc.). Sher with S (r) to express this relationship as the psychological approach a S, r for the characterization of content.

F (p) and S (r) the difference is: P always use language to achieve, but not necessarily r; r can be a proposition, you can not, but always there, but occasionally can be P zero, as in English Ouch! Hello! Goodbye! and so on.

2) speech acts have to adapt to the direction and intention. Speech act is to adapt the direction of the word and the world, such as determining the direction of adaptation speech act type is from the word to the world, committed to that style-and hunting-style speech acts to the words from the world, declarative speech act two-way adaptation (see Searle, 1979:3). In a sense, to adapt to the direction of adaptation can also be seen as the responsibility, if a statement is false, it is the statement itself is wrong, rather than World; If the command is to be observed, promised did not materialize, then the error is a violation of order or go back on the world represented by the person, not an order or promise itself.

Intention is to adapt the direction of mind and the world, such as the belief that the direction is from the mind to adapt to the world, so the belief can be true or false; desire, intention, etc. to adapt to the direction of the mind from the world, so they are true or false does not matter can only be or not to comply, to achieve, and performance.

Speech act with the same expression type, and some intention status, such as sadness, happiness, etc. are not adapted to the direction.

3) The speech behavior and intention of the third point of contact in the speech act of running. In the implementation of a speech act with the propositional content of the process, the executives also expressed the same propositional content with the intention of the state, this intentional state is the true conditions of speech acts. For example, to make a statement P, for the same time expressed the belief that P; make a promise to do something, you also expressed the intention to do something; to apologize for something, for the same time expressed regret over the matter. So while the implementation of speech act is the expression of intent related to the existence of the state. perform speech acts related to the same time denied the existence of the state of intent, although it can not be said to be self-contradictory (because lying or dishonest speech act is possible), but is a strange logic, the so-called Moore paradox: "It was raining, but I do not believe it was raining," "I command you to stop smoking, but I do not want you stop smoking. "Thus, even dishonest or lying, people in the implementation of speech act, also related to intentionality can not openly deny the existence of the state.

4) have to adapt to the direction in the case of speech acts and the intention to meet or can be used as a measure of the success conditions. For example, when we say that a statement is true or false, a command to be or not to be obeyed, whether one promised to be observed, and we determine the speech act is illocutionary force in accordance with the purpose of adaptation under the direction of contact with reality success or failure. Therefore, the statements are met (that is, to satisfy the conditions) if and only if the statement is true; command are satisfied if and only if the order is subject; promised to be met if and only if the promise to be complied with. The same is also adapted to meet the conditions the intention of the state, such as belief are met if and only if that's the same with the facts; desire to be satisfied if and only if the desire to be realized; intention to be satisfied if and only if the intention to be implemented.

More importantly, each has to adapt to the direction of the speech act are met depends on the expression of intent by the state have been met. In other words, satisfy the conditions of speech acts related to the expression of intent by the state to meet the same conditions . statement is true if and only if the expression of belief is correct; orders are subject to if and only if the expressed wishes are met; promised to be observed if and only if the expression of intent to be implemented.

Verbal behavior and intention is to meet the conditions of the internal state, so the statement of the reason for the statement of the reason for the desire to desire is that they have their own special condition of satisfaction.

In summary, the intent of speech acts and four ties in that can make our intention to have a rough understanding of: the intention of each are made to express in a certain way to the characterization of psychological content of the composition, that is, intention of the state (in a sense, and as speech acts) and the state of things in the world characterized by, or have to adapt to the direction of the state is its intention to meet the conditions of the characterization.

Third, the exhausted and exhausted meaning of sexual
Intentionality and Verbal Behavior Although closely linked, but there are obvious differences:
1) The intention is that state of mind, and speech act is the state of intended sexual behavior. As behavior, speech, behavior and physical implementation (such as spoken sounds and written symbols) are closely linked;
2) The intention of the state, such as beliefs, fears, hopes, aspirations and so have the inherent intentionality of speech acts in the physical implementation level, is itself no intrinsic intentionality.

Intentionality and Verbal Behavior differences between these two points leads to an important semantic issue: how we from physics to the semantics? How human voice to the speech act? Precisely, how the human mind there is no intention to give the intrinsic intentionality of physical phenomena, such as sound or symbol? In short, the intention of the speech act is to come.

Significance of the relationship between intention and interpretation of knowledge based on the following points:
1) In the implementation of speech acts, there are two levels of intentionality: first, the implementation of the speech act expressed in the state of mind; the second is the implementation of the speech act with the intention, even if the speech acts as illocutionary show force behavior intentions. The former can be called true condition, which can be called meaningful intent.

2) speech act in good faith to meet the conditions and terms to meet the conditions is the same. Although the significance of intent to meet the conditions of speech acts and in good faith with the conditions to meet the conditions are different, but both are determined to play the same role to meet the conditions.

3) because the representation and exchange there are important differences, so the characterization of intention and intention are also important differences between the exchange: Exchange of words intended by those who want to have some impact, but intent can be characterized by the speaker not to consider the impact. Therefore, the intent and meaning of representation intended to communicate intentions, there are two areas: characterization and representation before the exchange and sharing intentions intentions; communication is characterized as part of the contents of the content; but is intended to characterize people can not in the exchange.

4) Sher that only five basic types of speech acts (see Searle.1979). If the language of the representation function is a continuation of the mental representation and implementation capabilities, then these five basic types of speech acts is a basic characteristic by the mental of the decision. So the intention of both the mind to create a sense of possibility, but also limits the significance of the form.

Based on this four-point understanding, the problem can give meaning to the following simple answer: the mind to the object of no intrinsic intentionality (spoken voice or written symbols) the imposition of intent to object by giving them the psychological state of being expressed satisfaction conditions. For absolute most of the speech act (except those who are not propositional content of speech acts), meaning at least in part intended to characterize the intention. Characterization of intent is intended to make physical objects (such as discourse acts) constitute the intention of some to meet the conditions, and also to meet the physical object itself conditions (such as true condition). Characterization of intent to exchange intent from relatively simple, because the exchange is intended to intended to be so recognized that the implementation of speech acts are characterized with intent.

The two components in the sense of a representation (intent) and communication (intent) of a being, the core of meaning representation, because representation is not only independent of the exchange, and more decisive than the exchange. To determine the speech act type example:
1) the speaker can not successfully make a true statement, because the speaker can be characterized by something (things) how, but I believe it is not so (lie), or how the fact that it is not the case (error);
2) the speaker can be characterized by something (things) how, and do not intend to convince the speaker to accept this view, or do not intend to be so recognized that characterization of the speaker's intention;
3) characterization is to express the intention of the state, while the exchange is to be aware of this characterization of the speaker intended.

Other types of speech acts may also explain significant problem. For example, type command-and promised to adapt the direction of speech acts to the words from the world, and has a reason for self-referential nature. Command (command-type speech acts) are subject only when affected by speaker were ordered to do things to do is to obey orders; commitment (promise ceremony speech acts) are fulfilled only when the performance of this commitment is to fulfill its promise. Second, the command and promise themselves to meet the conditions for them to provide the reason: to order a people to do something that causes someone to do something; commitment is to realize the reasons for that commitment. and this is different, to make a statement in itself can not provide evidence of the truth of statements. reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http:// www.hi138.com Again, the declarative speech act has two unique properties:
1) declarative illocutionary speech acts expressed purpose is to make a declaration of force arising from a new state, that it has a way to adapt the direction of a rise to a new state (desire) is characterized by the fact that this new state ( beliefs);
2) the success of declarative speech acts depends on some non-verbal body system, they give the speaker the proper authority to perform declarative speech acts, such as a declaration of war, naming, resignation, etc..

Also, expression-style show illocutionary force of speech acts is intended only to express a state of an intention in good faith that the conditions of the speech act, and this intention is related to a default state of true status. For example, when I stepped on someone's feet and apologize to him, I express the regret of a remorse which include: 1) I believe this happened; 2) I am responsible; 3) I hope this things did not happen. But the illocutionary speech act type expression shows expression of power is not the purpose of beliefs and desires, but rather the expression of regret, while belief in the authenticity of the default. preset beliefs to adapt to the direction of the speech act itself did not face type adaptation direction. Therefore, to meet face-type conditions of speech acts is the behavioral expression of the corresponding state of mind.

In summary, language is the meaning of a derivative form of intentionality. So the possibilities and limitations of intention to determine the possibilities and limitations of the meaning of language. Language derived from the intention of the main features of a clear to the characterization of language function. the classification of speech acts, in essence, reflects the characterization of the various adaptation direction. if it decides Sprechhandlungen found from the direction of mind to adapt to the world. so this can be true or false to measure the direction of adaptation; found from to adapt the world to the direction of speech is the speech act type command-and promise: the command-type speech act, by the direction of the speaker is responsible for adaptation to, and in promising style speech act, is responsible to the direction of the speaker adaptation. two kinds of speech acts with the intention of causality or means of self-related reasons, both to meet the conditions of part is to be able to meet the conditions for the rest of the lead. face type the simplest form of speech act, because it does not meet the direction, so such Characterization of non-verbal behavior. And undoubtedly the most complex form of declarative speech act, because it has a way to adapt the direction, you need non-verbal social institutions or systems, while the expression of beliefs and desires.

Fourth, the intention of the network and the background
Intention of each state (such as perception, belief, desire, intention, etc.) all have their own contents and determine their intent to meet the conditions, but the state is not the intention to work in isolation or independently, but with the intention of the state of the other interrelated to each other. These interconnected to form a state of intentionality, Searle called intentionality network. If a person with intent to run for president, he must believe that the United States is often the Republic, the United States have regular elections, the two major party candidates for the presidency, and eager to get his party's nomination, the voters and so on. Although the intent of these intentions are not essential to their campaign, but there is no intention of such a network, he will not form the intent to run for president. In other words, Only this intention on the relevant intention of intent with the other network in the state, it can have its satisfying.

Intention to study in depth the network will encounter some difficulties: First, a large part of the intention of the network are immersed in the subconscious, not all intentional states are clear; Second, the network is not the intention of the state and the individual of, for example, can not figure out how many beliefs.

To study further the intention of the network on to the bottom of the mind of a mental capacity. Mental ability itself is not the intention of the state (representation), but it is a prerequisite for the state of intent. Sher called '"background." In the Searle's theory of intentionality, the "background" refers to a group of non-representational mental abilities. It is this ability to make mental representation possible. and only in these states themselves are not intentional in the context of mental ability, intention status in order to have them meet the conditions.

The intention of the background of the former can be divided into:
1) Deep Background: The composition is determined by all the normal physiological capacity, such as walking, eating, perception, recognition, and realized that the solid nature of things, objects and people that existed before the independent state of intent.

2) the local context: otherwise known as the local culture and customs, including the open, drinking bottled beer, as well as cars, refrigerators, money, and cocktail parties before the intentional attitude.

Intentional state is the first non-representational basis of sexual intent. With the intention of the background state of the relationship between this expression is Sher's "background hypothesis." Sher for the background hypothesis does not provide direct evidence, but to use indirect evidence to the argument. For example, the understanding of literal meaning. Whether simple sentences or complex sentences, for their understanding of literal meaning needs to have the intention of the background before. Only in the literal sense of not belonging to the context of the first intention, to determine a clear statement truth conditions. the former intention to make any changes the background has the same literal meaning of the statement to determine the true value of the different conditions and to meet different conditions. even the literal meaning of the statement only in a context of intentionality be before interpretation. For example:
(1) Tom opened the door.

(2) Sally opened her eyes.

(3) Sam opened his book to page 37.

(4) The surgeon opened the wound.

(5) The chairman opened the meeting.

(6) The artillery opened fire.

(7) Bi11 opened a restaurant.

(8) Bi11 opened the mountain.

(9) Sally opened the grass.

(10) Sam opened the sun.

Listen (1) a (4) in the "opened" the word can be said to have the same literal meaning, because it listen (5) I (7) "opened" the term figuratively different. But they are the same literal meaning is "opened" the semantic content of the same word, but it listen (1) a (4) marked in the truth conditions are different, such as open wounds and open the books are very different, that is literally the same significance of different interpretations. and then compare listen (8) a (10), these examples are very clear by some sense composed of words, but "opened" the meaning of the word and the meaning of these sentences is difficult to grasp. so literally significance only in a certain cultural and physiological knowledge constitute the background, can be explained, or that only such a background of previous intention to make us understand the literal meaning (see Searle ,1979:117-136).

Background includes a variety of skills, mental ability, capacity, before the assumption of intent, default, the attitude. Intentionality state (conscious and subconscious) form a network of intention: the intention of the state, but the background and mental ability to blur the boundaries are . Rather, the intention of the former is not in the intention of the surrounding background, but the full intention of the state network. No previous background of intentionality, intentional state can not work, that can not be determined to meet the conditions, you can not feel, behavior, memory status and other such intention, it is impossible to explain the implementation of indirect speech acts or speech acts.

V. Conclusion
Schell discusses the intent is perceived (eg, visual) and behavior (such as speech acts) staff. He has the intention of consciousness, intention and behavior, intentional causation, terminology and intention, and intention As of the end of the relationship with the brain. This article focuses on the introduction and speech act theory of intentionality, one space is limited, the second is the author of the theory of Searle's intention is to better understand Searle's speech act theory, of course, The main theory is that intention and speech act theory of internal relations. intentionality theory of speech act theory provides a philosophical foundation of speech act theory was to provide an empirical theory of intentionality. intentionality theory enable us to more accurately a thorough understanding of Searle's speech act theory, a more complete understanding and grasp of the basis of Searle's philosophy of language. Links http://www.hi138.com Research Papers Download