On the Chinese traditional culture of filial piety and study of old-age security mechanism

Paper Keywords: traditional Culture of filial piety family way of social old-age security pension
Abstract: To establish the basis of the traditional Culture of filial piety, family way of old-age security old-age security in China have played a key role in the cause, but with the growing aging Population, the cost of greatly increased old-age security, social endowment of modern old-age security ought to trend the same time, we must distinguish between the essence of traditional Culture of filial piety and the dross, the development of a new socialist Culture of filial piety as the supplementary social pension system, and ultimately to promote China's pension problems.

Party congress report to "accelerate in order to improve people's livelihood and social construction," one of the important goal is to achieve "a sense of security." China is a state of ceremonies, the traditional Culture of filial piety developed, with the whole community tradition of respecting elderly, and respected feeding type transmission mode, so the family way to solve China's old-age security pension protection has played a key role, but with the aging of our Population is increasingly prominent, and coupled with the community is in a period of rapid change , built on the traditional culture of filial piety based on the way home the sustainable development of old-age security was a serious challenge to old-age security mechanisms function to be innovative. draw on the experience of other countries, combined with the actual situation in China, is a modern old-age pension social security should be natural trend. But we can not ignore the role of culture of filial piety, but should be treated and rational analysis of the essence of traditional culture of filial piety and the dross, the development of a new socialist culture of filial piety, compulsory social security system as a supplement to promote the improvement of Chinese pension system and pension protection levels.

First, the traditional culture of filial piety interpretation
Have illness and death in different physiological cycle, the individual income status and risk-resisting ability is different from the economics point of view, a rational individual will lose the ability to work in their own before, consider the problem of old age after living through the a mechanism to smooth out the contradiction between income and consumption in the agricultural civilization for thousands of years, China has formed a "raise children to old age," the family old-age security system, and by the constraints of the traditional culture of filial piety to solve China's pension problems.

Culture of filial piety is to cover all the ideas about filial piety, systems theory, behavioral norms, literary works and folk customs related to the objective existence of social phenomena and the traditional culture of filial piety in traditional Chinese culture plays an important role, is the Chinese people the most basic moral one specification, and even the Chinese nation's way of thinking and values ​​have a fundamental impact.

Traditional culture of filial piety is to maintain the whole family, even the mainstream thinking of the whole country values ​​and spirit of the pursuit, which protect the social stability of China's agricultural civilization and played a crucial role. "Gentleman Tatsutaka, the use of its loyalty, courtesy of you." Establishment on loyalty, filial piety ritual based on traditional culture contains many meanings: to support the pro, King pro, pro remonstrance, all, your Health, and so on. "crow has the meaning of feeding the sheep milk are kneeling grace", adult children should be dedicated to support and care for their parents, to meet the needs of parents living in the material, which is the traditional culture of filial piety of the basic requirements established in the emotional loyalty of blood on the beloved, "King pro" is "to support pro-" the ethical scale, " King family "based on" biological parent "is in line with human relations and filial piety.

Loyal love to the heart of caring parents, the elderly to enjoy life in his later years, this is the essence of traditional culture of filial piety, is the spiritual wealth of the Chinese nation generations to each other, but with the times, the traditional culture of filial piety in the cause of the limitations of old-age security becoming increasingly prominent. First, agricultural civilized society, filial piety was too much given the political function, "Jun Jun Chen, father and son father son," filial piety to their parents ask their children to become submissive, to obey the spirit of the orange bolt, in fact, resulted unequal relationship between father and son's personality. With the pursuit of democracy and equality awareness, too much emphasis on the traditional culture of filial piety, emphasizing the absolute obedience of children to parents, children, parents can easily lead to lack of cooperation on the pension issue. Second, the culture of filial piety all kinds of special requirements and no longer meet the development trend of the times, become an obstacle to social progress, the negative factors, such as "parents do not travel to distant lands" in the context of a market economy, restrictions on the movement of Population is clearly unable to meet the optimal allocation of human resources requirements. Again, his parents passed away, children should be mourning for three years, it is difficult to meet the market economy on the instant message should be timely response to changing requirements in a certain sense, the traditional culture of filial piety in the negative factors have become an obstacle to China's pension problem-solving obstacles.

Second, the establishment of the traditional culture of filial piety based on family old-age security system
China's traditional family is a stretch for the cause of community, its axis is in parent-child relationship between the family is the core of the state and society, plays an important role in traditional Chinese families, intergenerational formation of such a fact "contract" relationship: parents of the remaining part of the product for dependent children in exchange for their old age from children to obtain subsistence rights, that parents raising children, parents support their children grow up in this one kind of pension system , when the parents in raising their children grow up and distribution of production and living materials, but also a corresponding shift the risk of old-age children, so that wealth and risk within the family to achieve inter-generational transfer, and to maintain and secure this economic "transaction "relationship of cultural values ​​of traditional culture of filial piety is the basis, while the agricultural civilization for thousands of years of traditional culture of filial piety of the community respected and enhanced, but also for family old-age security system to be a reasonable answer.


Traditional family-based old-age security mechanisms to maintain reflected in the following areas:
From the economic base, agricultural production and civilized production technology from the experience acquired over time in practice, land and family property is recognized as signs of wealth the old man as experienced and become the core of production and living activities, has made the production of leadership and family economic dominance, and thus in society has been well-respected high status. adult children of production and technology from their parents, must support and respect for their parents.

From the family structure and household registration system, agricultural society, the level of science and technology behind the production life of high risk individuals, but also lower the risk of resistance. A relatively economical and reasonable expansion of the institutional arrangements is the family technology, through the generations together to form a large family, to improve risk resilience. and the traditional Chinese family values ​​to children and grandchildren around the knee, four generations of the United States, so the family has been relatively large size of the Population, while in such a environment, and resources from the police assigned kinship terms, old family elders naturally become managers, unified deployment of resources within the household while the household registration system is more stringent agricultural society, Population mobility inconvenience, often a close relative with blood living in similar regions, which provides for the formation of a large family of the possibility and preconditions.

From the social and cultural point of view, value-oriented mainstream culture of filial piety, social structure but also for old-age security provided by strong family support. "Virtues of filial piety as the first" out of the feudal rulers to strengthen social control, stability, rule, order, purpose, and vigorously promote "Hau" culture, makes a personal piety settle down, get recognized important external evaluation. Family, the patriarchal clan system and clan organization is an important mechanism for monitoring the implementation of filial piety, filial piety does not recognize elders and not the behavior of the same family would be subjected to ethnic minority elders and severe punishment. Coupled with social ethics and the strong pressure of public opinion, making deep-rooted culture of filial piety, became the mainstream value-oriented, which makes the traditional old-age security mechanisms are an excellent guarantee and continuity.

Third, the effect of weakening the family old-age security
In the self-sufficient economy, built on the traditional culture of filial piety based on the way of family pension to protect low transaction costs, short life expectancy for the elderly, children of the family number, cost of living is low to ensure the traditional culture of filial piety can be a long period of time to solve problems between China's pension, but because the reform and opening up economic and social development, the basis of the traditional culture of filial piety practice experiencing good at change and atrophy of the family old-age security and the weakening of the function back.

(A) changes in industrial and agricultural wealth scissors mark the presence of increasing Population of the "village, one city" migration.

Since reform and opening, a sign of a symbol of wealth from the land into money, the pursuit of farmers on the land into the pursuit of money coupled with the presence of industrial and agricultural price scissors between agricultural production and business activities increasingly meager profits, causing the Population The "village, one city" the wave of migration, according to <<White Paper on China's Employment Situation and Policies>> Statistics: In 1990, only 15 million migrant workers, to surge to 98 million in 2003, and by the end of 2007, the fierce increased to 226 million due to migrant workers, mostly young adults, old and sick Populations to stay mainly in rural areas, leading to imbalance in the age structure of the rural Population, the elderly dependency ratio increases dramatically. With the acceleration of urbanization in recent years, strict The household registration system has been significantly relaxed, more and more cities and towns of the rural Population began to move people, to accelerate the process of population aging in rural areas, according to the CASS conducted in September 2003 <<China's urban floating population of special survey>> that 40 years of age (not including 40-year-old) population of the total flow of 90% of the floating population.

(B) the small family size increases and pension needs of diverse old-age security costs.

With social progress and changing times. Family planning policy implementation and change people's concept of fertility, with young and old and lifestyle differences, and promote the nuclear family (nuclear family) growth. Small family size, family structure simplicity and diversity of family patterns, as the main features of modern Chinese families, according to Statistics, the generation households in 1990 accounted for 13.52%, 67.27% nuclear family households, 67.5% of second-generation households; generation households in 2000 accounted for 22.28%, nuclear family households 55.86%, 56.83% second-generation households. "Many families showing a 4-2-1 of the" inverted pyramid "structure, that is, two adults not only to raise a child, it must support four elderly people, the pressure can be imagined knowledge (see Figure 1) on the other hand, longer life expectancy, pension risk factors increased. people began to focus on how to improve the level and quality of old-age security, pension income of the content has exceeded the traditional areas of security, Health care began to involve the elderly population and care projects. With the economic development and technological progress, in fact, bear children, the economic costs of old-age security and energy investment are rising.



Description: 1, children dependency ratio: CDR =
Old age dependency ratio: CDR =
Total dependency ratio: CDR =
2 Source: <<China Population Statistics Yearbook (1996-2008)>> and <<China Statistical Yearbook (1996-2008). "Links to free download http://www.hi138.com ( c) the social structure changes and changes in ideas of filial piety led to the concept of light left Australia.

Along with members of the community to accelerate the flow of population, land and household property is no longer bound to become parents, their children, home parents, the children do not need to inherit land and property, will not be family members and social monitoring of public opinion and accusations. Thus, by filial piety to the organization for home-based old-age security has been challenged. Moreover, since children are not their parents long, Nanjin pay support obligations, even if both sides can maintain economic ties, but also difficult to care for the elderly daily life, care for their spiritual life. With the social and economic development, older people's independence in enhancing young people's values ​​are changing, the geographical distance between the intergenerational expansion also led to difficulties in the exchange between generations, making it difficult to continue carrying the family old-age security responsibilities.

Fourth, the social old-age security pension is the inevitable modern trend
From the foregoing, the establishment in culture of filial piety based on a simple family portrait by old-age security mechanism is the intergenerational transfer of wealth from the way one generation to the next generation for in-kind transfers, which the whole community of the elderly pension risks scattered in hundreds of thousands of "fragmentation" of the closure of small units - within the family, and the allocation of resources through internal and external media culture, implementation and monitoring mechanisms to ensure continuity. However, this guarantee is the informal "contract", and single-family risk-resisting ability is often low. This intergenerational transfer of wealth, especially in the way of loss of capital markets, before the advent of industrialization is not the only viable mechanism for old-age security in entering industrial society, the aging of the population is becoming increasingly prominent, old-age pension program content diversification, risk factors increased pension costs increased, the times call for old-age security mechanism innovation .1889, Germany <<older and disabled Social Security Law>> opened the promulgation of the prelude to social pension.

Social pension is an important part of the pension insurance system, it is the institutional arrangements to protect the elderly through the mandatory retirement income caused by the risk of destruction of which the recent horizontal balance as the guiding principle of the PAYG pension system insurance system through the intra-generational income redistribution and intergenerational income redistribution to promote social equity; and to the principle of long-term longitudinal balance funded system is insured by individual contributions and pension entitlements of workers directly related to enhancing the way individual incentive pay, and pension fund investment by operators working period so that those who participate in sharing benefits of economic growth since the establishment of pension insurance system in Germany since the industrialized countries have followed suit, setting off a legislative pension system worldwide trend. (Table )


Source: James Lilley, Xiao-bacteria: (pension reform and capital market development>> Fudan University Press, 2003, p. 7 quoted from Chang-Ping Liu: <<pension system changes the economics of Analysis>> China Social Sciences Press, 2008 edition, p. 40.

Modeled on the German model of the current pay system in the 1970s after the aging of the population suffered the impact and institutional sustainability, which in theory and practice have emerged to the theme of old age social security pension insurance model to the "three pillars "(social insurance, annuity and personal savings) program development in the United States on the basis of the pension insurance system in practice, the World Bank put forward by the public pension insurance, private pension insurance, pension insurance Huzhugongji composed of old-age security" more pillar model. " The Confucian cultural circle with the Department of Japan and South Korea, respectively, in the 1940s and 1960s to implement a mandatory social pension insurance system in Japan by the national pension system and pension retirement pension constitutes Welfare. Also known as the National Pension Insurance basic pension, where at least 20 years of age, 65 years of age citizens must participate in the People's Insurance. Ministry of Health is in the national old-age pension old-age insurance on the basis of setting an additional annuity, the insurance limit working-class object, plus the mandatory requirements man Welfare Annuity premiums by the government, enterprises and individuals share the burden, while South Korea's pension system include two categories: First, civil servants, military personnel, private pension targeted staff; the other is a working people generally targeted at the National Pension Korea national Health and pension insurance systems by the director of welfare of the participants must be 18 years old 60 years of age, in principle, the need to add at least 10 years to receive pension from Japan, South Korea experience can be seen, the establishment of a cover as many members of the society's basic old-age security system in a unified, will undoubtedly help China build a harmonious society and economic development.

But old-age social pension insurance system is not all the mechanisms to properly address the issue of Chinese society, old-age security must also take the full path of social pension so-called social pension, is different from the traditional way of family pension. through social means to ensure old-age social system means its range, including old-age social security, social welfare old age, old age social services, pension and other agencies, because with the progress of society, the pursuit of quality of life of people a lot of new content added , old-age security is no longer confined to income security (pension system), but also requires that the daily life of the elderly in nursing care, while ensuring the needs of the elderly spiritual solace. social pension is essentially a variety of formal institutional arrangements ( such as old age pension system and social welfare system) and informal institutional arrangements (such as community old-age) combined.

Fifth, a new socialist culture of filial piety is a necessary complement to the social old-age pension
From the foregoing, in response to a new era of aging crisis, China's old-age security and the government should give full play to the role, take the road of social pension in order to improve individual ability to resist risks, avoid personal irrational consumption, but the present, Productivity levels are low, the national social security system has many defects, which determines the present, and even the future must be old-age social security system, play an important role in the rural areas, to address the problem of the farmers of the new rural medical care cooperative medical system has been established, and in 2008, basically a full coverage, which greatly improved the Health conditions in rural areas, but rural social pension insurance system is in the "socio-economic conditions are not ripe," the grounds were stopped in 1999, led to the rural pension system is missing, the farmers pension issues still need family support approach to the solution, even in Beijing, Shanghai and other economically developed areas, while retaining a rural pension insurance system, but the system is narrow coverage, low level of protection defects such as limiting the system to promote, it is difficult to fundamentally solve the pension problem in urban areas, construction of social pension system is relatively complete, but the old spirit of filial piety to their children is still a great comfort needs. This determines not only from the material life point of view, or from the perspective of spiritual consolation, or for care from the point of view, we must promote the culture of filial piety, to make up for the lack of social pension.

So in which sense we should be treated, respecting the elderly carry forward the traditional culture of filial piety of the essence, get rid of the dross, the development of a new socialist culture of filial piety, as a supplement compulsory social security system in rural areas, the family remains the basic unit of society has can not assume responsibility for retirement, children should not only do the enrollment system for the elderly to prepare, should make efforts to meet the physical and spiritual needs of the elderly in urban areas, children should always take care of the elderly, old enough to give spiritual solace. but also to the whole society to improve the systems and Laws of ethics to guide people respecting elderly people, make people conscious, voluntary retirement and old age support, even if the future development of productive forces to a high level of social arrangements of well-established pension system, pension The problem can be resolved by the community, but filial piety, respect still need to carry forward. Finally, we should give full play to the social old-age pension system and the advantages of both traditional culture of filial piety, and the combination of the two complementary focus, by carrying forward the new socialist to create a culture of filial piety and social atmosphere of respecting elderly people, to supplement the system's fLaws and shortcomings, and eventually to the pension level and quality improvement. to achieve the maximization of social welfare. Links to free download http://www . hi138.com