China under the framework of the WTO anti-dumping cases being lighter Analysis of the European Union

Paper Keywords: anti-dumping technical barriers to trade
Abstract: In the WTO framework, the traditional barriers to trade has been greatly restricted, some of our major trading partners to protect their markets, have turned to anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures, technical barriers to trade and green trade barriers and other more subtle and more discriminatory trade protection measures, the resulting trade friction with China in the global economic crisis, the United States and the European Union the world's two giants have continued to slump, has been unable to rid itself of the economic crisis, in which kinds of embarrassing situations, but China went ahead, rapid economic growth in order to safeguard their own interests, the United States and the European Union against China for trade protection trick. causing the Chinese frequently subjected to anti-dumping, but also caused some on the sidelines of national actions.

Dumping refers to a country's products below the normal value of the export price into another country's behavior dumping must have three conditions: 1 export of the export price must be less than normal value. 2 this gives the importing country related industries have caused material injury or threat of material injury, or related industries in the importing country to establish substantive obstacles .3 below the normal value of a causal relationship between dumping and injury.

Also known as anti-dumping anti-dumping measures, anti-dumping investigation is the industry, according to the law of the importing country to take damage dumping measures imposed anti-dumping duties to offset dumping consequences.

First, the industry suffered Wenzhou lighter background of the EU anti-dumping
Wenzhou lighter industry started in the early 1980s, but growing fast, in less than 20 years time, have more than Japan, South Korea. In 2001, Wenzhou, China National Hardware Association awarded the "lighter metal production base in China" title. The original lighter-producing countries like Japan, the existing 90% lighter manufacturers were forced to shut down, turn to Wenzhou brandable. According to statistics, the current manufacturer of Wenzhou City, has more than 300 lighters, metal lighters annual sales of about 500 million, accounting for 95% of the total domestic market. Wenzhou metal reusable lighter, 90 years from the last century the beginning of the export many countries, and low cost advantages and species diversity, breaking the lighter market from Japan, Korea and the dominance of European companies. Now, Wenzhou exported 80% of the production of lighter, metal lighter share of global market share of 70%, the annual export value over 10 million yuan of exports have more than 20 large, is the world's largest metal lighter sales base. Wenzhou lighter industry booming, exports soared, European and American manufacturers of lighters pose a serious threat in order to protect the interests of local producers in China's upcoming accession to the WTO in 1998, CR United States bill modeled on the European Union, the end of 2003 will enter the implementation phase , 2002, the EU's exports to China also proposed anti-dumping investigation lighter so it can be said, the EU's boycott of Chinese lighters industry is long-standing.

Second, the face of the EU anti-dumping Wenzhou lighter industry's response
The news shocked the industry in Wenzhou the lighter, it would be "worse." According to the provisions of the EU, the anti-dumping investigation companies are required to respond within 18 days to the respondent, otherwise, be deemed a waiver once the waiver , the customs office were slaughtered in the EU down the wreck, a time, indeed, the Wenzhou lighter industry "will," a military at first, most enterprises are imminent disaster, that something, and I do not know we supposed to do. This problem is very real. responding to anti-dumping countries can not come forward, it must rely on their own to deal with. However, this is no small task! Wenzhou lighter industry features all-private enterprise, although the number of multi-enterprise, industry, the overall size is not small, but small single strength To stand up and call a company which, alone fight with the powerful European Union, who dare not rashly take the risk, mainly because they do not understand WTO rules of the game a second I do not know this "foreign lawsuit," the depth, the three known any company to spend hundreds of million, "the lawsuit charges," too much pressure. and the case relates to the whole industry, companies difficult decision and one around on this point, the Chinese association for mechanical and electrical hardware responding to anti-dumping experts came to Wenzhou, helping manufacturers to jointly plan. the expert guidance of the situation, analyze the pros and cons, and describes the WTO rules and guidance to deal with "foreign lawsuit," the path. the majority of business owners eventually reached a consensus: behind. If the respondent or by the anti-dumping complaint in defeat, the Chinese exports to Europe will be imposed lighter 100 - 150 of anti-dumping duties, which means the lighter from China across the board retreat from Europe. more severe, it will lead to other foreign markets to restrain China lighter chain reaction. Faced with this predicament, so Zhou Dahu, president of Wenzhou Lighter Association, Association of leaders in response to anti-dumping laws and under the guidance of experts, to come forward, form associations to turn the tide. with the relevant international lawyers versed in the WTO, the deep level of communication, the majority of business owners more emboldened. They feel that the EU anti-dumping cases is not terrible, its unfair behavior, even in the abuse of anti-dumping, while our truth in hand, sufficient reason to resist the anti-dumping. As a result, clear out the direction the majority of enterprises, establish a respondent's confidence in the final , made a positive and timely responding to a major move.


Third, the Wenzhou lighter industry response to the results of EU anti-dumping
After responding to the decision, the process of responding to the Association played an important role and it stood the interests of the industry point of view, on the one hand, to carry out a variety of propaganda on China's cost advantage and the price of lighter products the truth, criticism does not match the fact that the "dumping," said the other hand to mobilize the various relationships, to lobby the European Union, stressed that to prevent Chinese lighters will cause harm to the industry, and thus to pressure the government at the same time, the Wenzhou lighter industry responding to the development of the main measures 15 enterprises in the organization: "No harm defense industry." One of the reasons: Wenzhou exports to the EU BIC lighters and other lighters produced essentially the difference between the former metal refillable lighters, which are disposable plastic lighters between the two materials, processes, structure, grade and price differ, the Chinese side does not exist on the European industrial damage caused by cigarette lighters, such as: do you fans, I do air-conditioning air-conditioned comfortable natural than the fans, but the price of air conditioning and almost the price of electric fans, I do not buy the consumer to buy you, your products lead the market decline, which can not be said to you cause "industrial injury." The second reason: China lighter industry are private enterprises, there is no government subsidy problems constitute a major cost factor, is the implementation of specialized production and social cooperation. Therefore, not a "sales below cost" dumping areas for example, has 1,000 employees in leading enterprises Zhejiang Tiger Lighter Factory, and the surrounding four fifty specialized components supporting plants (about 1.5 million employees to establish from the pyramid of the division of labor cooperation mechanism the two sides did not property rights, but interdependent. just the leading factory design, tooling and assembly. parts through the "shop around" to the market price to the cooperative plant procurement so that not only ensures product quality, and ensure low-cost operation in September 2002 to December, European Union officials repeatedly came to Wenzhou, Ningbo, the "Oriental", "Xinhai" Nibo Trading Co., Ltd. and other companies products, sales, finance and other aspects of a strict verification and eventually to the Wenzhou Lighter Association, and five business advice and facts to be understood and recognized, that will truthfully report to the European Union, China lighter industry and made unremitting efforts to justify , and finally the European Union and European manufacturers have a major impact lighters .2003 September 11, the European Commission issued an official communique: EU formally terminate anti-dumping investigations China lighters, which marked China lighter industry (mainly from Wenzhou EU anti-dumping has been made in response to a complete victory, though the technical barriers to trade still remain, but the lawsuit was meaningful, he is to win China's entry into WTO, the international "foreign lawsuit," the first case.

Fourth, the Wenzhou lighter reflection of anti-dumping case
China's accession to the WTO, has been grew by nearly co-exist, like the country's economy, driven by the rapid development of trade, all the way to grow trading nation in the world trade plays a crucial role, the worry is that, in this kind of rapid development of trade, the countries in the world, especially Europe and America in countries such as jealousy, began to anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures, technical barriers to trade and green trade barriers and other more subtle, more discriminatory trade protection measures, to curb our exports, and protect their own interests, while China's entering WTO period due to lack of international legal professionals, do not understand WTO rules of the game, but the nation's export enterprises frequently by some ulterior motives of the anti-dumping Data Figure:
Links to free download http://www.hi138.com figure shows that China's anti-dumping suffered increased year by year, in order to safeguard their own interests in anti-dumping investigation by foreign countries, we should actively responding to Chinese manufacturers, pick up WTO law as a weapon, fight with other countries. Under WTO rules, anti-dumping investigation by the company within the specified time required to respond to the respondent, otherwise, be deemed a waiver once the waiver, were slaughtered in the customs office. Is the anti-dumping investigation of business interests will be invaluable loss. How do we face the foreign anti-dumping?

(I should take certain measures to their own
An enterprise should establish brand awareness
Reform and opening up, China's International Trade has brought substantial economic benefits, China was a world trade superpower. But even so, we should not blindly optimistic, to recognize China's status because of China's labor costs low, our model is labor-intensive export products mainly to processing trade. exported are some inexpensive, low-grade products, often to the lowest in the competition to win this for other countries some of our products and create the conditions for the anti-dumping, while Europe and the United States exports mostly high-tech products, higher prices of high-grade products. China's enterprises to realize that our lack of brand awareness, increase efforts to build a world-class brand, increase product added value, in order to win high quality, higher benefits.

(2) enhance the awareness of anti-dumping, and actively responding to anti-dumping investigations
Companies should correctly understand the anti-dumping, do not be afraid to seriously study the relevant laws and regulations to fully grasp the operating mechanism in the enterprise to establish a set of international standards for Information communication system to establish a sound management practices in line with the accounting management infrastructure will be conducive to the timely provided outside the "normal value" of Information, to enable enterprises to anti-dumping, quickly called the production, marketing Information, so that the right decisions, quickly develop the correct response, actively responding to anti-dumping investigation in this Wenzhou lighter industrial times the initial phase of anti-dumping, WTO rules because local companies do not understand, which had almost given up responding, almost irreparable loss.

(Two industry associations should take measures
Responding to anti-dumping is not for the government, must be civil behavior, but unable to respond to each single business, even if a single enterprise to win the lawsuit, their effectiveness is limited, can not benefit the entire industry, to save the fate of the majority of Chinese lighters while this time, as a business bridge between the government and industry associations should take action to turn the tide. responding to the pros and cons for the business analysis for business to hire related personnel, and actively organizing enterprises responding. Moreover, the industry associations should greater efforts in its own building, training, training in various areas under the WTO framework to understand knowledge and talent, and will not place anti-dumping, no start or not start something. but also to broaden its Information systems for the enterprise or in a timely fashion trade Information In 1994, the United States a number of the child playing with lighter and accidentally fire incident, the U.S. leading manufacturer ZIPPO lighters companies to protect their own interests, the opportunity to lobby the legislature, led the United States issued a CR and regulations to provide for Price $ 2 under the lighter must implement the regulations, the installation of a child-safety devices, or can not be in the U.S. market. The regulations come into force, bear the brunt of Wenzhou lighter, then have not heard from Chinese manufacturers, caught off guard, leading to Chinese lighters in the U.S. market will be fully disappear so smooth coverage of news for companies facing anti-dumping has an important role.

(Three countries should take measures
(1) Strengthen the construction of a market economy
Although the European Union announced in 1998, China from the "non-market economy" list to cancel, China as a market transition economies, but it is so far China has not recognized the true sense of the market economy. At present, China and the European Union anti-dumping issues in the core of China's "market economy status (treatment." EU does not decide that China is "market economy" policy, has always been a "stumbling block." in the WTO under the framework of the "normal value" of the two sets of standards identified For market economies, the standard is the country of export prices relative to the domestic market compared to the non-market economy, means that the country can not deserve price determined by market supply and demand will find its economic level of development of alternative country, in a similar price as the measure. in this way to determine the "normal value" of China's enterprises are a lot of discrimination, so government should actively communicate with the rest of the world, getting other countries to recognize China's "market economy" status, while greater efforts should be engaged in China's "market economy" in the building.

(2) standardize enterprise behavior
Government changes in tax rates as necessary, through the method specification of acts of domestic enterprises to help them adjust the export structure, the implementation of market structure, diversification strategies, norms of competition between similar enterprises, strengthen the supervision on export enterprises, strict control of low malignant competitive behavior to prevent importing countries due to the low price of related products for domestic anti-dumping.

References:
1. Chen Ying Liu Yan: China's anti-dumping issues and deal with countermeasures [J]. Modern-commerce industry, 2009 (4:110
2 Liu Hui Qun Wang Rongyan: Introduction to 2010 China's foreign trade
3 Li Zhao Xiaochen: International Trade Theory and Policy 2009 Links to free download http://www.hi138.com