For Mao Zedong \ Deng Xiaoping thought the international space analysis of heart development

[Abstract] in the changing international situation, how to win China's modernization drive a peaceful and stable international environment, the Chinese Communist Party has been diligently pursuing important goals from Zedong to Deng Xiaoping, both in theory and in practice , have achieved great as _ on. in-depth interpretation of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping's strategic thinking of international space, to guide today's diplomatic strategy, building a harmonious world, has important theoretical significance and practical value.

[Paper Keywords] Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, the international space development ideas


Engels pointed out, every time the theory of thinking, and thus the theoretical thinking of our times, is a product of history, in a different era with very different forms, and thus have very different content. Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, according to different times features, as China's modernization drive around to build a peaceful and stable international environment, carried out to explore hard and achieved great success in practice, the formation of valuable ideas to expand the international space through in-depth interpretation of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, the international space strategic thinking on the guide today's diplomatic strategy, building a harmonious world, has important theoretical significance and practical value.


First, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping's strategic thinking of international space development goals

"Rivers and mountains of insurance, lack of insurance also believe." Geographical conditions and the favorable natural conditions and can not decide whether a country's prosperity, but on the right strategic national policy after the founding of New China, most of the time in the siege state of being. how to use conflict to break this kinds of situation, the survival and expansion of international development, international environmental change to seize the opportunities to develop their own, become an urgent and realistic issue.

After the founding of new China, faced with the blockade of leaving China in Western countries and most countries in the world, cut off from the state to the US-led Western countries to take hostile policy towards China, not only to obstruct the resumption of China's legitimate seat in the UN, and attempt by political isolation, economic blockade, military threats and other means to stifle in the cradle of new China the same time, the new Chinese born out of a semi-feudal society, China is in the "poor self" situation, so how to defend national sovereignty and national interests, to win international respect and recognition, as Mao Zedong at the core of the first generation of collective leadership of the most urgent task. To this end, Mao Zedong clearly stated our overall mission: unite the people, for all international Friends of the support, in order to build a great socialist country, in order to defend international peace and human progress and development efforts.

1980s the international situation has undergone profound changes. Eastern Europe, Soviet Union and eventually a full-blown crisis, the disintegration of the world socialist cause a low ebb. West of China began to engage in collective sanctions, diplomatic pressure increased dramatically in China in the international arena seems very isolated and passive, therefore, how to maintain a peaceful international environment, and continuously enhance the comprehensive national strength, and narrow the gap between the developed countries as Deng Xiaoping as the core of the party's second-generation collective leadership with an urgent task. To this end, Deng Xiaoping the grand goal of socialist modernization. the realization of this goal depends on two conditions: first, domestic conditions, is to insist on the ongoing reform and opening up policy, and second international conditions, is a lasting peace. To make up China's development to achieve our ambitious goals, needs a peaceful international environment while to strive for a peaceful international environment, we must with all the world forces of peace cooperation.


Second, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, the consistency of ideas to expand the international space

(A) uphold the supremacy of the idea of ​​national interest in expanding the international space point on, the supremacy of national interests on the position in the eve of the founding of New China, Mao Zedong made clear that China must be independent, must be the liberation of China, China's affairs must be from China People make their own ideas, their own to deal with, do not allow any country then there is a shred of imperialist intervention in the sovereign territory of other countries involved in the core interests, Mao slightest ambiguity, he's foreign policy principles in determining clear that the new China is willing to consider the establishment of diplomatic relations with all foreign, this relationship must be based on equality, mutual benefit, mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of the foundation, but will never accept any foreign government for any threatening action with which the new China in Can the issue of safeguarding national interests different from the old China, a significant sign of the government, as Zhou Enlai's words, the Qing Dynasty Empress Dowager, the Northern government of the Yuan, the KMT's Chiang Kai-shek, which do not kneel on the ground diplomacy it?! China For centuries the diplomatic history of diplomatic history is a disgrace, while the new China, even with the Soviet Union in dealing with this Big Brother will never compromise on sovereignty issues, such as the Soviet Union proposed in 1958, the Chinese and the Soviet Union to build a high-power long-wave radio communications center and a special remote to close the radio center (long-wave radio). Mao Zedong solemnly pointed out: in the military to engage in "cooperative" is inappropriate, he went on to say, talk about political conditions are even half finger not be seen, whether it is "one-sided" relationship, or later, "a line", "a large" relationship, in his handling of international relations, are very focused to maintain its own national interests, which shows Mao in safeguarding national sovereignty and territorial integrity and other national interests of the firm position on the issue.

Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping inherited and developed the concept of supreme national interest, national interest is always in accordance with the highest standards of national foreign strategy to carry out diplomatic activities in October In 1989, Deng Xiaoping met with former U.S. President Richard Nixon when he made the highest standards in the national interest point of view He mentioned that we are all in their own national interests as the supreme criterion to talk about problems and deal with the problem in such a major issue, we are realistic, respect each other, and mind open. Deng Xiaoping stressed that the development of relations with other countries, the principle of not making a deal could get, but not at the expense of the development cost of its own sovereignty, diplomatic relations Deng Xiaoping repeatedly pointed out, national sovereignty, national security must always come first in the issue of return of Hong Kong Deng Xiaoping on the former British prime minister Lady Thatcher made it clear on the issue of sovereignty, China has no room for maneuver on this issue. Frankly, the issue of sovereignty is not an open question, therefore, from the era of Deng Xiaoping's concept of national interest and strategy highly enriched and developed the Marxist concept of national interest. not only to grasp the pulse of the times, but also captures the essence of the contemporary world, the content of international relations, Chinese foreign relations in today's era of treatment has an important significance and practical significance.

(B) adhere to the principle of independence of thought in principle to expand on the international space, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping advocated the principle of independence must adhere to Mao Zedong always dependent on the Soviet Union against any party, emphasizing their own affairs independently, and never yielded to any external pressure, daring to attempt to control and interfere in China's internal affairs, imperialism, hegemony resolute struggle.

After the founding of new China, Mao Zedong repeatedly stressed, does not allow any foreign interference in China's internal affairs and the UN, because China is an independent country, things in China, by Chinese people and government of the people themselves. This is a new starting point of China's diplomacy. independence in economic development and how to deal with the issue of foreign aid, Mao Zedong repeatedly stressed self-reliance, for foreign aid, supplemented by the principle of .1958 in June in the main points of the second Five-Year Plan, he further clarified with the correct handling of self-reliance international cooperation relations: self-reliance, for foreign aid, supplemented by superstition, independently dry industry, agriculture, dry, dry technology revolution and cultural revolution to overthrow slavery ideology, dogmatic buried, to seriously study a foreign good experience, but also must the study of the bad experience of a warning, this is our line.

Based on the principle of independence of Deng Xiaoping developed a set of foreign policy, from theory and practice constantly enrich and develop the principle of independence. Deng Xiaoping pointed out, China's affairs according to the situation in China to do, to rely on the strength of the Chinese people themselves to do. independent, self-reliance, whether past, present and future, are our foothold in this regard must not be swayed by any pressure from outside now, the imperialist countries in the Western world have given up trying to make the socialist road of socialism, and ultimately into the rule of international monopoly capital, into the capitalist orbit. Now we have to resist this adverse current flag to be distinctive in foreign policy, Deng Xiaoping stressed that China's foreign policy is independent, genuine non-alignment. China is not playing American card, not the Soviet Union to play cards, China does not allow others to play the China card in China's foreign policy objectives is to strive for world peace in the fight for peace, under the premise wholeheartedly engage in modernization, the development of their country, construction with Chinese characteristics socialism. can be seen, independence is the foundation for building, rejuvenating the premise that only by adhering to develop and strengthen their independence, can not be controlled by others. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com (C) adhere to international cooperation thinking in the way of expanding the international space, to unite the power of differentiation and resolve conflicts. founding of New China, Mao clearly expressed a willingness to cooperate with the wishes of other countries, applicants willing to abide by equality, mutual benefit and mutual the principle of respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty of any foreign government, the government are willing to establish relationships. is that the Western countries, as long as they wish, we are willing to cooperate with them and we are willing to use peaceful means to solve the problem.

After the founding of new China, the Western countries in order to break the blockade and siege of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Mao Zedong's clear that the implementation of "one-sided" policies that seek Soviet assistance to China in June .1949, Mao Zedong <<On the people's democratic dictatorship,>> in analysis of the implementation of the Soviet Union "one-sided" policy because, he said, leaning to one side is the Sun Yat-sen and the Communist Party 40 years experience 28 years experience have taught us, know to want to reach the victory and consolidation of the victory must be overwhelming. 40 years and 28 plot years of experience, Chinese people are not turned to the side of imperialism, is turned to the side of socialism, without exception. Sitting on the fence is not enough, the third way is not our side against the side of imperialism, Chiang Kai-shek reactionaries, we are opposed the illusion of the third way, which not only strengthen the socialist camp unity and cooperation, and the construction of the new China provides a reliable support and help.

In the late 20th century, the Soviet hegemony, the Soviet Union in the ideological and foreign policy disagreements. Deterioration of relations between China and the Soviet Union not only, but the relationship with the United States is also very nervous. In order to enhance the confrontation with the Soviet forces two tyrants, Mao Zedong's foreign policy focus to Asia, Africa and Latin American countries, with the majority of countries in Asia to form an international united front against imperialism and hegemony.

Into the 1970s, with the escalation in the Soviet Union to bring pressure to re-adjust its foreign policy of Mao Zedong, beyond ideology, social system, Mao Zedong emphasized the threat of war from the world's major Soviet hegemony, with particular emphasis on the Soviet Union The main source of world war, only the United their opponents in order to effectively avoid war, therefore, not only attach importance to China's strategic cooperation with the United States, but also attach importance to the role of Japan and Western Europe.

Deng Xiaoping, China's modernization and reform and opening up together, emphasizing the building of a state can not place itself in the closed state and isolated position. Should pay attention to a wide range of international contacts, who can deal with, in dealing with the process while avoiding disadvantages. In 1989, Western China, collective sanctions, diplomatic pressure, a sudden surge in a time in the international arena, China is very isolated and passive. In this regard, Deng Xiaoping proposed the "28 words" approach, that is, calm observation, hold our ground, calm deal, good Cangzhuo, never the lead, keeping a low profile. Deng Xiaoping in the drastic changes in the historical juncture, panic, calmly, clever use of contradictions, to break the Western sanctions against China's united front in China not only did not collapse under the weight of Western countries continue to and development, and strong.

Third, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping's thinking of expanding the international space times

As Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, in which the different historical periods, the domestic and international environment is not the same, the problem is there are different, therefore, take measures for expanding international living space and different.

(A) to determine the situation of the world different. Correctly identified, the international situation and theme of the times, the socialist countries to develop domestic and foreign policy a fundamental basis and an important prerequisite.

World War II, the international situation has entered a period of Soviet hegemony in the Cold War confrontation, especially after the Sino-Soviet split, the Soviet Union heavily decorated in the Chinese border, the United States in China's east coast form a "crescent" encirclement in this critical the national security situation, Mao Zedong made the international situation grim estimates, emphasizing the theme of the current era of "Revolution and War" that World War III is imminent, should be based on an early war and played.

The 1970s, Deng Xiaoping, through the international situation and new in-depth analysis that may prevent and stop the world war, China can gain a relatively peaceful international environment. Deng Xiaoping pointed out, the international situation is good and we may win a little more time do not fight because we have Mao Zedong's world is divided into three strategic and diplomatic routes, improve the international struggle against hegemony on the other hand, the Soviet Union's global strategic plan is not ready. After the failure of the United States in Southeast Asia, the global strategy is now the defensive , and also not ready to fight World War II. So, you can fight anti-war explosion tick 'j (P77). Therefore, a longer period does not occur in World War II, the world's development is different from war and revolution into a new historical period, namely, peace and development .1985 Deng Xiaoping put forward further in March, and now the world's truly big problems, but also global strategic issues, one peace, one is economic or development issues, peace is what the problem, the development of North and South. can be summed up East and West words, North-South problem is the core issue of peace and development are two major themes of the contemporary world. Xiaoping understanding of the development theme of the world, weakened our country's diplomatic mission to the world revolution, and more from their own national interests to consider problem.

(Ii) expanding the international space different from the way Mao Zedong in the process breaking the Western sanctions and containment, the key to "alliance" approach. After the founding of new China, how to handle relations with the Soviet Union and the United States, the key to the new Chinese diplomacy, is directly related to the new China can win a favorable international environment that Mao Zedong, standing between the Soviet Union and the United States, this approach is not good , is detrimental to the nation, if standing in the Soviet Union, between the United States, looks good, independent, and is not independent. fantasy in the Soviet Union and the United States as a bridge between the benefit, this idea is not appropriate. but also the United States will also help us to fantasy, the UK will help us. This is not the in which the guiding ideology, Mao Zedong decided to implement decisive policies .1950 alliance with the Soviet Union in January, China and the Soviet Union signed a <<Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance>> marked Sino-Soviet alliance establishment. and then, Sino-Soviet split, in response to the expansion of the hegemony of the Soviet Union, Mao Zedong in February 1973 that "a line" of the strategic vision to maximize the power to unite together against the expansion of the Soviet Union hegemony.

Deng summed up the history of international relations over the past lessons that China, the strength, added to any party, will be a qualitative change, is not conducive to the stability of the international situation, therefore, Deng Xiaoping's diplomatic strategy to adjust the past and put forward the real "non-aligned . "that China's foreign policy is independent, genuine non-alignment. China does not play the U.S. card, no cards to play the Soviet Union, China does not allow others to play the China card E3] Cp57). China does not participate in any group. with no one from have friends who engage in hegemony against who in the new historical conditions, adjust the external strategy of Deng Xiaoping, for peace, under the premise wholeheartedly engage in modernization and building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

(C) the value in expanding the concept of the international space different ideologies and social systems of Mao Zedong stressed, as it values ​​diplomacy, therefore, after the founding of New China, Mao Zedong largely confined to international contacts in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other social capitalist countries and some Third World countries .1957 September, Mao Zedong, our foreign policy principles: First, national unity and the socialist camp, and the second is part of Asia, Africa and the Nordic countries, building relationships, the third is of the major Western countries, and they are now the main struggle is not engaged in diplomatic relations. This kind of ideology and social system Qufen enemy awareness in China's foreign relations occupy a particularly important position, the result is superficial ideological cover a deep-seated contradictions in the national interest, but also interferes with the normal exchanges work started.

Deng Xiaoping from the domestic political, economic summed up the socialist modernization of China's fundamental interests of the largest, therefore, to maintain a peaceful international environment to realize the four modernizations are the focus of diplomacy based on analysis of such judgments, Deng Xiaoping abandoned the ideology and social system into "enemy", "Friends of" approach, stressing the country's own national interests. Deng Xiaoping pointed out, considering the relationship between countries should be primarily from the country's own strategic interests, focusing on their long-term strategic interests, but also respect each other's interests, not to care about the history of grievances, do not care about the difference between social systems and ideology, and the country regardless of size, strength are mutual respect, equal treatment, so Deng Xiaoping as the core principle of national interest, that China diplomacy is a full range of diplomatic, both for the capitalist, or socialist countries, whether developed countries or developing countries, have to interact.

Inheritance and development of the unity of human activities in the development of the general laws of thinking, from Mao Zedong to Deng Xiaoping's thinking of expanding the international space, the new Chinese diplomacy through the process step by step toward maturity. Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping not only inherited the facts, the principle of integrating theory with practice methodology , but also enriched and developed the international space development ideas and theories, in content and form have been extended for the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics to provide a stable international environment.

At present, with China's peaceful rise, some Western hostile forces trying to re-set to contain China encirclement, containment and hinder China's development pace. To this end, with Hu Jintao as general secretary of the new leadership, persistence, and development of Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin international space expansion theory, breaking the traditional concept of the shackles of international power struggles, international diplomatic efforts to open up a new strategy to "harmonious world" concept is foreign, through the "Expo diplomacy" and "Asian diplomacy," "economic diplomacy", etc. flexible way to achieve "win-win" in order to achieve the great rejuvenation of Chinese nation. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com