Analysis of the existing rural old-age security system _ to write papers Network

Write papers Network: Abstract: China's urbanization process in a growing number of rural land has been expropriated, followed by social security of landless peasants. Landless peasants, farmers not only different from, but not for urban residents, they can not enjoy social security system for urban residents, but families facing the empty nest in large numbers, the traditional "raise children to old age," the dilemma meltdown appropriate handling of better social security of landless peasants, related to China's urbanization is related to China's economy healthy and sustainable development of existing rural old-age security model has its advantages, there are also deficiencies, compared to two models to analyze the problems improve China's landless peasants for old-age security system to make effective proposals to better address the landless peasants of old-age security.

Keywords: landless peasants, rural old-age security, the government

Introduction
Landless peasants, is a modern, urbanization occurred during a special group, the dual structure of China's economic and social product of their both different from the farmers, but also different from the urban population, a marginalized groups, in a "dilemma" of embarrassing situations. They neither have the social security of urban residents, rural land does not enjoy protection, production and living there is a risk. The implementation of family planning, urbanization, migration to urban migration, empty-nest families in rural areas in large numbers, leading to the traditional "raise children to old age," the collapse of the rural pension system, how the process of urbanization, protection of farmers rights, building up the socialist system with Chinese characteristics under the rural pension system, is a question worth pondering. This paper hopes of the academic literature has been combed, the existing pension system in rural development process and its problems in the study, the rural pension system to achieve the initial purpose of clarity.

First, the origin of landless peasants
1. Landless peasants defined. Landless peasants on the definition, many domestic scholars have expressed, Wenjing Feng said, "China's landless peasants in the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization process of the emergence of a new social group, this group is different from the city residents, but also different from the farmers, our society has been gradually marginalized in a special group, "Liu Changfei that is landless peasants lost their land due to land acquisition after the farmers, the main reason is that farmers expropriated land was unconditional. According to the formulation of government documents, landless peasants, is the imposition of land according to Law, agriculture accounts for families with per capita cultivated area of ​​less than 0.3 acres of farmers, and is due to state expropriation of rural collective land and result in loss of all or most of the land, and when the land still enjoy the right of rural collective land contract on the register of agricultural population.

(2) history of landless peasants and farmers lost their land mass, the earliest dating back to 15th century Europe to the early 19th century enclosure movement. The time, Western Europe's emerging bourgeoisie and the new feudal aristocracy occupy land by large-scale construction private ranch, complete capital accumulation, but also created a large number of farmers lost land and homes, after the industrial revolution to provide a lot of cheap labor.

China's planned economy era, there have been landless peasants order to complete the industrialization of primitive accumulation, the state through policy measures, strict urban-rural dual structure, through the scissors, the benefits from rural transport to the city, will remain in the countryside in large numbers of people breeding industry, and simple manual labor. to the reform and opening times, the household contract responsibility system implemented, the land became almost the only source of income for farmers, play production, economic base, social security and other multiple roles. Mr Chen pointed out that if said the planned economy era, the "scissors" to the farmers paid a 6000 billion yuan to 8000 billion yuan, then the reform and opening up through the low-cost acquisition of farmers land, the peasants suffered at least 2 trillion yuan loss.

Into the new century, as urbanization continues to accelerate, the expansion of urban land, the annexation of nearby rural land to landless peasants has risen dramatically, and this can not be effective because the DepArtment of farmers into urban residents, their social security increasingly evident, with aging, old-age security problem of landless farmers is an urgent need to address the problem.

3 relates to existing Laws and regulations of landless peasants in China <<Constitution>> Article 10 provides that "urban land belongs to the state", Article 10, paragraph 2, "State to the public interest, in accordance with the provisions of the Law Land expropriation ", if this from the conversion of agricultural land does not have to Local public interest nature, such as land acquisition aims to build a golf course, the nature of real estate development and other purely profit purposes, this should be pArt of the exercise of eminent domain In 1998 amendments to abuse of the <<Land Administration Law>> Article 2, paragraph 4 also provides that "State to the public interest, according to Law of the land requisition or expropriation and compensation." visible, farmers whose land is to public interest, was at the expense of personal interests.

At the same time <<Land Administration Law>> Article 43 also provides that "any construction of units and individuals, need to use the land, you must apply for use of state-owned land; However, the villagers set up township enterprises and residential construction according to the law authorizing the use of the collective economy organize the farmers collectively owned land, or township (town and village public facilities and public construction according to the law authorizing the use of land collectively owned by farmers, except. "that is in the process of urbanization of rural land acquisition is the first to land nationalization.

In 1982 the State Council promulgated <<Regulations Concerning Land Requisition for State Construction>>, first proposed resettlement subsidies, and that the placement of the main ways the first time at the system level, complete and clearly reflect the modern welfare system to replace the land protection In 1986, the characteristics of the NPC Standing Committee passed the <<Land Administration Law>> The Act on the basis of past experience, the adoption of the regulations of the land compensation fees, resettlement fees, most of the provisions of its increase into law.

January 1, 1995 which came into <<Urban Real Estate>> Article 8 provides that "urban planning area of ​​land collectively owned by the state-owned land requisitioned after conversion, the site of state-owned land use rights be paid to sell. "Article 22 provides that" land use right transfer, is approved by people's government above the county level, land users to pay compensation, resettlement and other costs of the site after the delivery of its use, or land land use rights free of charge delivered to the user's behavior. "allocated land use right refers to allocate state-owned land use rights.

Revised in 2004 the "PRC Land Administration Law>> Chapter 47 provides that" expropriation of arable land compensation costs include land compensation fees, resettlement subsidies and attachments and young crops compensation fee "," collection of cultivated land land compensation fee for land expropriation previous three years average annual output value of 6 to 10 times, "" land compensation fees and resettlement fees shall not exceed three years before the land was charged 30 times the average annual output value. "
August 2005 issued a "unified annual output value standard to carry out land and levy Integrated Land of the notice>> require provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and the Land and Resources, at the end of the year and strive to complete the land acquisition standards and a unified annual output value District Integrated Land development and publication work for the next "Same Price" lay the foundation for the implementation.

Second, the existing rural old-age security model is more
Under the current social security system, because the peasants are still in residence on the rural household, so I did not into the social old-age security system for urban residents, until 2006, before the State Council promulgated a national file <<About the Ministry of Labor and Social Security to do forward good job of landless farmers training and social security work guidance to notice>> all levels of government from the basic living of landless peasants and long-term livelihood of landless peasants, starting as soon as possible to establish the social security system. "city planning area is land farmers, should be based on local economic development level and the land of farmers of different ages, the development does not maintain a basic standard of living fall approaches and old-age security measures. "and the first coastal areas already worked out earlier in a more mature approach, and a national follow example of the landless farmers across the country is divided into two types of pension insurance system, one in Jiaxing, Zhejiang, represented the other represented in Yiwu.

1. Jiaxing model in 1998, Jiaxing City, Jiaxing city on the introduction of a land acquisition method of reassigning personnel>> core of "land for protection." Landless peasants "Peasants", the social pension insurance system, receive a monthly pensions. To county, city personnel for the implementation of Labor and Social Security Bureau departments, unified policy coherence for the implementation of a unified compensation policy, funded by the individual, collective and the Government the burden of setting up the "relocation" Transfer and where age of insurance standards and enjoy the treatment made the division.

First, the land acquisition by the Government on policy coherence for a unified social security and land two sector-specific contractors. Land and Resources Bureau by the amount of land acquisition and land on the population to determine the number of landless peasants, landless peasants, the employment bureau in accordance with the provisions of relevant procedures calculated for each person required to pay the pension, and Land Resources Bureau On this basis the cost of land, land acquisition department to the reasonable land prices, land department will pay the final price of the land as part of social security funds into the pension fund's financial accounts, regulated by the Financial Bureau has followed, in part by the personal commitment to offset the land acquisition and resettlement fees, land acquisition and resettlement subsidies included in the labor security department set up a "relocation" special account, to bear part of the collective land compensation fee from the expenditure, the Government's commitment part of the expenditures from the land transfer, from the "reveal" effect. and insurance standards and enjoyment of the treatment according to different age stages of resettlement. land when men over 60, women over 50 years of age, for a one-time payment of fifteen years pension pools fee (per person per 35,000 yuan in 2003, the month began a monthly pension 398 yuan (at current minimum social pension standards land 45 to 59 years old when the men and women 35 to 49 years old, its one-time payment of fifteen years overall pension costs, the retirement age according to the standard retirement pensions. land 16 to 44 years old when the men and women 16 to 34 years old, placed in two ways: self-employment, disposable sent to self-employment costs, according to its working life in rural areas, one-time payment of up to 15 years of overall pension costs, their own jobs, and their rural working life, one year every two years to pay pension insurance for its overall costs, up to ten five years. under 16 year-old farmer, or in school, when its reach working age or learning after graduation, sent to <<unemployment card>> to enter the labor market.

Not difficult to see is a typical governmental patterns, pension-style operation of landless peasants, there is a strong government-run, mandatory.

2. Yiwu mode, Yiwu City, the resettlement of landless peasants is used in payment of land compensation and the use of commercial insurance for the landless peasants of the old-age security model for. Commercial life insurance companies as the main, to the administrative village land acquisition for the insurance unit, the insurance premiums paid administrative villages after the signing of the insurance contract required under the contract, commercial Life Insurance company to fulfill its obligations to pay pensions.

Specific implementation, the Government stipulated that land compensation fees according to the ratio of 2:4:4 distribution, the village collective to stay 20%, 40% of the allocation for the villagers, 40% used by the village collective unified pension insurance. Meanwhile, China Life Insurance Company Yiwu branch company launched the "group annuity dividend insurance" and other new types of insurance to provide a unified by the village collective insurance premiums from the collective land compensation fee charged to enter into insurance contracts, Life Insurance company to fulfill its obligations to pay gold. capital owned by the village collective, with China Life Insurance Company 2.5% guaranteed income and investment income of not less than 70% of the dividends to pay for men and 60 years of age, female age 55 pension of landless peasants.

This model has a voluntary, business, inheritance, etc., is a commercial type of landless peasants, old-age insurance model.

3 modes in common. Both programs are in the "land for security," the basic idea, according to two places with

Links to free download http://www.hi138.com body out of the design, has become an object reference across the country, the same basic idea to make two models of the following in common: (1 the two modes the main idea is to landless farmers into the social security context, instead of the one-time cash payment to farmers, which is placed a sustainable way, (2 can not do without government support model developed from the approach to funding and management by the Government, and financial commitment to "reveal all" liability, commercial-type model in the promotion process to get approval of farmers, we need strong government support, and to make this model run, to ensure that farmers' interests are not against the government's oversight is also important.

4 difference between the two modes (1 funding in different ways. The way fund-raising, government-based model of funding allocated by the government forces, the collection is more convenient, but the actual operation, the farmers have long regarded the land as a final protection, along with their own lack of insurance awareness, the government of this approach is bound to generate resentment and even lead to farmers' groups, petitions, business-type model by a commercial insurance company sent to the villages to persuade farmers insured publicity, etc., The farmers are insured is voluntary, so that farmers are not prone to resistance, but their insurance is not strong, it was for the insurance money as it was, it is very difficult to collect (2 funds operate in different ways.'s operating funds , the government-based model to raise funds primarily for savings, the risk is small, but the lack of value-added, business-based model of the funds raised by the commercial insurance company operations, leveraging its expertise and solid financial strength, will help increasing the value of money, but there is room for value-added, also depends on many factors, so the higher risk (3 different fund managers. fund management, government-based model to raise the funds into financial accounts, earmarked by the insurance business type model management, reflecting the requirements of market economy (4 different levels of protection from the security level, the government-based model of the level of protection was low but more stable, business-based model of the level of protection as the dividend may be, floating greater.

Third, the current model of rural old-age security problems
1. Lack of government responsibility. Existing old-age insurance system landless peasants lack of government responsibility issues. Undistributed so that the Government of landless peasants in the old-age insurance issues, there was the lack of responsibilities and obligations, at the expense of landless peasants at the expense, to seek for their own economic interests. Ignore the interests of farmers, there is the problem the system of government rent-seeking behavior. Liuwan Zhao and so that the Chinese government expenditure for social security compared with other countries the proportion is lower.

(2) a certain lack of endowment insurance policy mandatory. Compulsory social security policy is an important feature throughout the majority of landless peasants to take voluntary pension insurance the way, resulting in part of the landless peasants landless peasants not included in the pension insurance system. Shixian Feng, etc. survey shows that government participation in mandatory pension insurance, landless peasants and only 8.3% of landless peasants due to a variety of factors, lack of financial ability, the concept of retirement is lagging behind, not their problem to make a reasonable pension arrangements.

3 low level of old-age security, mechanisms are not yet perfect. Insurance payment amount is fixed, the investigation did not establish a pension and to increase the normal mechanisms Shi Xianfeng so that, 22.1 percent of the landless peasants because the security level is too low, the lack of attractive policy and give up to participate in pension insurance. Currently, more than the standard old-age pensions around 200 yuan to 300 yuan, and some areas less than 100 yuan, by this meager pension in order to achieve "old age" experience is almost impossible . Wang Lili that type of landless peasants government pension funds is not related to the preservation and appreciation mechanisms in the premiums charged by the government after the main way to preserve and increase bank deposits, while the current inflation rate, which means that purchasing power continues to drop.

4. Landless peasants there is an empty account pension fund risks. Wang Lili that "all over the land resettlement compensation fee is generally low, and even the existence of the phenomenon is not in place, before the establishment of financial accounts for the landless farmers, since the compensation already paid Most short-sighted and blind people because of investment, had to be used for housing or other investments, but to their own is not a small sum to pay protection fees, many people can not afford. "Luan amount of the sea and so on, the existing old-age security based on individual contributions, collective appropriate subsidies to the full amount of savings accumulation-style protection. Such protection means more than a decade running encountered new problems, namely, collective enterprise restructuring and property rights, the collective benefit more than nominal.

5. Poor management, lack of long-term supervision mechanism. To raise insurance premiums, management and use of the agencies are set in specific parts of the operation of departments under the Bureau of Labor and Social Security, with the use of fund managers and fund supervisor dual identity, which does not meet the three separation of ownership and international practice. coupled with local labor and social security bureau and by local government jurisdictions, government departments embezzled, misappropriated pension funds events would be difficult to eradicate from the system, caused by the deficit can only financial commitment by the state.

Fourth, improve China's landless peasants, the way old-age insurance system
Chinese peasants for the pension above the main problems, China should accelerate the construction of a sound pension system for landless peasants in the system construction process, we should fully take into account the following points:
1 First, to increase government investment, establishment of a national guarantee fund of landless peasants. Inadequate government investment is the landless peasants personal pension insurance and pension contribution rate is too high a lower level of the root causes at all levels that the Government should do everything we can increase investment, to assume more security responsibility to the basic livelihood of landless peasants, the Central Government may consider setting up a special guarantee fund of landless peasants, landless peasants subsidized pension insurance. Second, the local government should come up with the proceeds of certain land acquisition proportion of landless peasants to subsidize old-age insurance, an appropriate increase in bear than to reduce the burden on peasants, while increasing promotion efforts, so that landless peasants for their practical understanding of pension insurance system, and know what they can enjoy preferential policies mobilize the enthusiasm of their insured.

To break the urban and rural isolation, to design effective way to enable peasants to easily participate in urban pension insurance system for "farmers to workers" who, in accordance with their age by a certain percentage of farmers converted into the way this worked for some people into the urban old-age insurance system for self-employed workers, can be opened separately to participate in pension insurance for the channel, back to allow a one-time premium, so that they and the urban workers enjoy the same pension benefits.

Academics have proposed compulsory acquisition of land from a certain amount of money in the establishment of landless peasants to determine the basic pension insurance system. Lee long-term so that the basic pension insurance system should be clear of the central position can be taken to enforce the measures to be implemented, land acquisition workforce in for farmers to procedures, land acquisition and labor from the land unit is a one-time payment of fifteen years the basic premium. Zhou Beibei so that local government land transfer should take a fixed percentage of investment in social security funds, to address all the old-age security problem of landless peasants As for what percentage of this is to take local economic development and living-related.

(2) determine the pay and the payment of a reasonable way. Landless peasants determining the level of old-age pensions should adhere to basic living and sharing the results of combining social development principles of pension payment standards should be dynamic to develop, build normal pension adjustment mechanism, integrated consider the impact of inflation and price so that pensions can meet the basic needs of landless peasants, but also other members of society with the income and living standards and improved to ensure a fair share of landless peasants in the interests of economic and social development and more importantly is to lower the threshold, reducing the proportion of individual contributions, to ensure that every landless peasants can be insured, extend the protection area.

3. Accelerate the establishment of a sound legal system. Landless peasants as soon as possible to develop comprehensive laws and regulations related to pension insurance system, the high level of protection from the law the legitimate interests of landless peasants, diverse and various regional pension insurance system for landless peasants, Lee made a long-term, etc. , by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security and the Ministry of Land and lead, and the need for both departments and the finance, civil affairs, taxation and other departments to actively cooperate with the People's Bank, established coordination landless peasants working group pension insurance, endowment insurance consul-general of landless peasants work, and to develop the country's landless peasants pension guidelines, basic principles, development goals and implementation details. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com