Analysis of China's agricultural tariff reduction net _ to write papers

Write papers Network: [Abstract] This paper will be China's current level of tariffs on agricultural products and structure analysis as a clue to further elaborate on the U.S., EU and the G20 on the three agricultural products tariff reduction program's impact on China's agricultural exports, combined with the Doha Round agricultural tariff concessions proposal, put forward a sound China policy proposals for agricultural tariff cuts.

[Keywords] agricultural products, tariff concessions, the Doha Round negotiations, the proposed

China's accession to the WTO tariff reduction obligations must be one of the people's livelihood, agriculture is a major issue now, the world's high level of tariff protection of agricultural products, complex structure, there are tariff peaks, tariff escalation, tariff concessions of water and complex tariff structure and other issues. in accordance with the existing program of negotiations, the developed members of the average tariff will be 57% to 76% reduction, developing members average tariff reduction of 22.6% ~ 49.4% tariff cap is to eliminate high tariffs on agricultural products, effective measures to least developed members to make tariff cuts of 44%. agricultural tariff negotiations on China will have a profound impact on the Doha Round is likely to further reduce the tariff level of China in the offensive and defensive strategy, China needs a comprehensive assessment and global co-ordination from the negotiations deployment, towards the maximization of the overall interests of China.


Status of China's agricultural tariffs 1

Since joining the WTO, China's agricultural market is not a greater impact in which the main reasons, not the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products increased significantly, but the past few years thanks to the international agricultural market prices have been at a higher price. Agricultural production is with the advantage of natural resources, that affect the future pattern of China's agricultural market fundamental factors, it can be said in the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products did not significantly improve the situation, the future of the domestic market is still suffering the impact of a potential threat exists due to the Uruguay Round negotiations on non- restrictions on tariff measures, tariff protection as national trade barriers to protect the most important form of agriculture.

1.1 China's agricultural import tariffs
In 2005, 23 categories of agricultural products, agricultural products, China's tariff level of 5% to 41%, of which more than average (17.1%) of agricultural products in the order of: cereals (41%), sugar and sugar confectionery (30%), tobacco, tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes (27%), milling industry products (25%), beverages, alcohol and vinegar (23%), miscellaneous foods (21%), vegetables, fruits, nuts or other parts of the plant products (20%), meat and edible offal (19%), fruit and nuts (19%), cereals, flour, starch or milk products (19%) 10 products. the average grain and median values ​​are higher, indicating that Chinese higher level of protection for cereals, sugar and sugar on average and median line, and greater than the average agricultural tariffs, which shows that China's protection of sugar and sugar confectionery higher levels, tobacco, tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes the average is higher than the median value, mainly because of other tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes due to higher tax rates. Compared to other agricultural products, agricultural products, food sensitive, relatively high levels of sugar tariffs.

Based on the above analysis we can draw the following conclusions:
First, China's average tariff level of agricultural products is far below the world average tariff level of agricultural products (62%), followed by the Chinese to use less high-tariff protection of agricultural products, China's average tariff level of agricultural products, basically showing normal distribution, the maximum tariff levels 41%, the lowest tariff level of 5%, other products, the tariff level is close to average. Finally, even the high-tariff protection of agricultural products, the actual degree of protection but also well below its nominal tax rate in China's agricultural tariff arrangements The average tariffs are higher levels of tariff quotas of goods, including: cereals, sugar, here is the calculation of tariff quota for these products, in-quota tariff is much lower, for example, durum wheat quota 1% tariff-quota tariff of 65%, so the actual protective effect of these commodities is lower than the nominal tax rate.

1.2 China's agricultural tariff structure
Compared with other countries, the least number of China's agricultural tariff lines, accounting for ad valorem tax rates are low, and the dispersion coefficient of the highest tax rates are the lowest on the one hand reflects China's agricultural market access is quite high, it also shows that China through tariff considerable efforts to protect domestic markets is not enough.

Through the analysis of the data, we can see the structure of China's agricultural tariffs unreasonable: ① the total number of items is too small, the total tariff lines in 2008 the number of China's agricultural products is only the EU's 34.6%, Japan 63.3%, India 75.2%. ② small proportion of non-ad valorem taxes, excluding India, Japan and the EU share of non-ad valorem duty is 10 times or even in China a few times .2008 China only a few items of non-ad valorem tax, and The EU has nearly a thousand items of non-ad valorem tax. the form of non-ad valorem tariff measures greatly reduced the level of transparency, the distorting effects of agricultural trade significantly higher than the ad valorem tax. ③ not very different rates, tariffs on agricultural products in China in 2008 The dispersion coefficient is the lowest in several countries. tax rate set too concentrated, there is no effective protection of individual agricultural products.


2 tariff reduction impact of agricultural exports to China

Based on the above analysis of the status of Chinese agricultural products and tariff framework for the progress of the negotiations since the agreement was reached in the agricultural tariff concessions under the influence of China's major agricultural exports, and exports will have some changes.

(1) in the U.S., the EU and the G20 program, China's main grain crops of corn, rice exports will have a small increase. The mainstream view is that for a long period of time, food and other land-intensive agricultural products do not have the comparative advantage. three options in the agricultural tariff reduction, China does not have a comparative advantage in agricultural exports of maize and rice but increased the rate of increase of corn exports was 5.47% (EU program) to 13.7% (U.S. programs), rice 16.98% increase in exports (EU program) ~ 22.7% (U.S. programs).

(2) the mainstream view is that China's future domestic livestock in the international division of labor and competition in the market still has a strong comparative advantage, but China has a comparative advantage in the face of high foreign trade barriers and high subsidies for the environment, comparative advantage can not be fully tapped in the United States, the EU and the G20 agricultural tariff reductions under the program, China's beef, lamb, pork, poultry and milk powder exports will have increased to some extent, with the largest increase in mutton exports to 585.15 % (EU program) - 1116.6% (U.S. programs), followed by beef, exports increased by 1.54% (EU program) ~ 3.65% (G20) program. Milk, pork, poultry meat exports remained stable, a slight increase.

Links to free download http://www.hi138.com (3) China's major horticultural products apple, citrus, tomato exports in the three agricultural products under the tariff reduction program has increased significantly, tomato export volume growth up to 189.37% (EU program) - 400.2% (U.S. programs), followed by Apple 101.27% (EU program) - 231.3% (U.S. programs). bananas, other tropical fruits, root vegetables exports changed little.

(4) resource-intensive products raw sugar, refined sugar, vegetable oil and temperate sharper cotton exports in the three agricultural products under the tariff reduction program has been reduced which raw sugar exports fell to 1.12% (G20 program) ~ 2.3% (U.S. programs), refined sugar exports fell to 2.3% (G20 program) to 5.5% (U.S. programs), temperate sharper decline in export volume of 0.17% (G20 program) to 0.4% (U.S. programs). vegetable oil and cotton exports of agricultural products before and after little change in tariff reduction, ie according to the U.S., the EU and the G20 program, China does not have a comparative advantage in resource-intensive products exports will decline. Accordingly, China's major agricultural exports and export basically the same trend.

(5) China's major exports of food products under the three programs have increased, the greatest increases in rice, followed by corn and wheat exports to the incremental contribution from the point of view, animal meat is the growth of agricultural exports the main source of the program in accordance with the United States, China lamb exports increased 1193.7%, according to the EU program, lamb exports to China increased 610%, according to G20 program, China lamb exports increased 937.43 percent of China's livestock beef, pork, poultry and exports of milk powder under the three scenarios is increased. milk, mutton, beef, pork, poultry meat exports increased by less than the rate of increase exports, indicating that agricultural tariff concessions, the Chinese livestock the market price will be increased substantially, the price rise is greater than the rate of increase exports.

(6) China's major exports of horticultural products after tariff reductions on agricultural products showed growth, apples, citrus, tomatoes, long pieces of a larger, which of these products correspond to a substantial increase in exports, bananas and other tropical fruits, roots vegetable exports changed slightly.

(7), three options will increase China's total agricultural exports. The total export earnings, in accordance with three options for concessions, the Chinese are in a good position, China's agricultural export earnings will increase by 33.66% (EU program) - 75.74 % (U.S. programs), with the U.S. program more conducive to improving China's agricultural export earnings.


3 China's agricultural tariff reduction proposals

(1) taking into account China's agricultural tariff structure has been basically rational, small differences in tariff rates, tariff escalation and further solve the difficulty and the effects are not large, tariff escalation should be actively promoted to solve the problem from the perspective of the tariff structure, reducing the number of WTO members The high tariff rates, that will help China's labor resources, and promote labor-intensive exports of agricultural products.

(2) as the tax measures from non-ad valorem tariffs on the transition to the main form of tariff quotas in the future of international trade will continue to exist, because most of the important members of the WTO tariff quotas are in use in the new round of negotiations China should continue to be concerned if a member in accordance with the development of the standard 6.6% expansion of quota, China is now far more than in wheat, cotton, sugar, wool quota number. In addition, China's livestock and poultry products, vegetable products and fruits major export destination, the vast majority of key members of the WTO, these members have adopted the basic agricultural products, tariff quota management, and its quota in the quota volume also plays an important share. Therefore, China should actively support expansion of tariff quotas, which China's exports of agricultural products of good. combined with China's current agricultural tariff quotas actual situation in the future negotiations for tariff quota position is: to retain the tariff quota system, but requires the amount of tariff quota expansion , called for further strengthening of the tariff quota management norms and constraints, and greater equity, transparency and operational.

(3) China, as the G20 core members, but also the multilateral trading system, negotiations of a large country, to carry forward the power of style in the G20 interior, will China's interests focus increased the Group's interests in multilateral trade negotiations, with the Group's strength, reflecting the concerns of China's interests. To achieve these two, timely and a good group to play the defenders of the group's leader, the group's foreign affairs who, marginalized group of four roles, the only way China can be in the group the pattern of negotiation to achieve maximum national interests.

(4) for a long period of time, China's food security, farmers' employment, income and rural development will face greater pressure has only led to the establishment of a fairer, more in line with China's interests in international agricultural trade order, in order to meet China's long-term stable development of agriculture and rural basic requirements, therefore, is not a defense and to protect China's participation in negotiations on agricultural tariffs the only option in the choice of offensive and defensive strategy, the need for a comprehensive assessment of this paper that, rather than passive acceptance is not passive defense conducive to China's low tariff reduction program, not as aggressive, sound defense, promote the efforts to achieve a substantial reduction in global agricultural tariffs agreement should be comprehensive study of agricultural tariff reductions and other agricultural negotiation strategy, and global co-ordinate the deployment from the negotiations, for maximize the realization of China's overall interests. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com