Changes in contemporary Chinese political ecology context to explore innovative mechanisms for democratic supervision and participating parties

Abstract: Contemporary Chinese society is in transition, the political environment has undergone profound changes, democratic supervision, participating parties are facing many new situations and new questions and challenges. Democratic supervision from the participating parties to protect the rights, constraints and incentives, communication links, feedback and other aspects of exploration and innovation, democratic supervision and participating parties operating mechanism for enhancing the vitality of the participating parties and the vitality of democratic supervision, strengthen the democratic supervision in the community participating parties democracy in the political life of the function and role, of great theoretical and practical significance.

Keywords: social transformation, the political environment changes, the network of democracy, the participating parties, democratic supervision, and institutional innovation

Participating parties of the socialist democratic supervision as an important part of democracy, is China an important part of monitoring system, China also uphold and improve the political party system, the proper meaning. With the continuous deepening of reform, Chinese society has undergone profound changes, reflected the political level is manifested in the political environment changes. This is the new era of democratic supervision of the participating parties put forward higher requirements, and how to deal with these changes better function of democratic supervision of the participating parties to play, no doubt a direct impact on China's democratic political development process.

First, the process of social transformation in China's political landscape changes
Since the Party's Third Plenum in 1978, along with the gradual deepening of reform and opening up, Chinese society entered the stage of rapid development, overall economic and social comprehensive transformation from a planned economy to a market economy paradigm shift from traditional agricultural society closed to open a modern industrial society in the allocation of social resources and access methods, and methods of social organization, occupational structure, benefits structure, social power structure, mode of social communication, social interaction and social behavior, social mobility patterns, life way, social identity, and social values ​​and evaluation at all levels of society has changed dramatically. [1] This makes the participating parties and democratic supervision of the political landscape will be changed, there have been many new situations and new problems.

1 social interest groups and the values ​​of diversity. With the deepening of socialist economic reform, China has formed with public ownership dominant and diverse economic elements coexist, the distribution according to work is dominant and the coexistence of multiple distribution systems , industrial structure adjustment and optimization of a new situation, has made great achievements in economic construction, while the average of the interests of society to benefit from the interest of multi-polarization dependence to the interests of independence from the interests, the interests from the interests of stability to variability of change, [2] the formation of multiple stakeholders, interests and aspirations tend to diverse interests to achieve diverse ways, the human mind's growing diversity and differences, values, diversification of the new situation, resulting in a wide range of social The emergence of interest groups in which different social interest groups are increasingly concerned about their own interests and rights of access to maintenance, and strive to maximize the benefits, although there is a mutual compromise between penetration and harmony, but because of differences in their respective positions, in order to survive and develop inevitably arise between members, groups, and confrontation between the exclusive, making the conflict between interest groups and conflict has become increasingly prominent. Especially between urban and rural residents, between different regions, between different industries such as widening gap between the interests of some citizens, increase their sense of relative deprivation, discontent expansion, has become an important factor affecting social stability, democratic development with the Chinese to greater pressure.

(2) increased social stratification and the emergence of new social strata. Our old working class, peasantry and intelligentsia in the market economic reform and industrial restructuring process, constantly adjusting, differentiation, remodeling, social stratification continued increased to a new career-based mechanism of social stratification gradually replaced in the past for political status, account status and identity-based differentiation of the administrative mechanism, resulting in a different economic status, social status, characteristics of interest, and tend to different values, attribution sense of identity of the new social strata, they are mostly concentrated in private enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises, joint ventures, private enterprises, individual enterprises and the liberal professions, in different ownership, different industries, different geographical mobility between the very frequent, career and identity change frequently, thinking very active with the new class economic status and social status ladder, and its political demands are growing, more and more eager to have a political voice on the other hand, in social change, working class , the peasant class, migrant workers-level political, economic, and cultural rights are not fully protected, once political marginalization, its political demands are more intense.

3. Civil and political awareness to enhance the network of political rise of political consciousness in the political reality is that people generated in the process of adaptation, reflecting the man for the political system and its position in the system and understanding of the role and attitude over the years socialist market economy, so that our citizens' personality market "gradually emerged, independence, freedom, democracy and political participation, consciousness gradually. With the advent of Information age, the network has become a part of life, as of end of June 2010 China's netizens reached 420 million, 36 million increase over the end of 2009, the Internet penetration rate reached 31.8%, compared with 2.9 percentage points from the end of 2009 [3] the network of the country's political system, political process, political power, government and other fields have brought a profound impact on the emergence of a new political phenomenon - the network of democracy for ordinary people, as long as the Internet has the ability to speak in theory you can get the channels have the opportunity to express their views, express their demands, their views and If the high demands of universality, it is possible to obtain a wide range of support to form a public opinion, and thus have an impact on the political reality now, more and more people through a network of equal participation in political life and to direct and timely express opinions and suggestions, people's concern for social and political events has reached unprecedented heights. e-government, e-party development, growth, high-level political figures as well as recognition of the effectiveness of the network of interaction with users, the government asked the government to the people through the network, etc. , show that China has formed a network of political prototype of network democracy since it is a direct democracy, will inevitably have the inherent flaws of direct democracy, such as opinions varied, the lack of thoughtful, easy to extremes.

4. Social issues more prominent. At present, China's social and political life of the citizens of some phenomena not only have a certain degree of sense of low political efficacy, but also hindered the further development of socialist democratic politics, such as: unequal access to Education, health care unfair, unfair social security, policy mechanism is not fair wage employment, housing, social injustice, inequity problem persists, disguised as a corrupt official in the "hidden rules", have attracted great interest effect, once formed, insiders will have a very high correlation of interest, a prosperity, a loss for both sides, thus Guanguanxianghu, exchange and sharing of power, some people who have public authority, as well as between the government and the private areas of economic activity, abuse of power, the commercialization of power to the power of capital, to participate in commodity exchange and competition in the market, to seek money and material interests, that the right to barter, money, power trading, power and sex trade, the benefits of rent-seeking, as the driving force behind the corruption of power, some people use loopholes in national laws and policies of the rich, some people with the use of monopoly powers and made a fortune, etc. These issues, if the cumulative long, long time but no decision will inevitably lead to a public state trust is low and reduce political identity, to reform apathy, loss of confidence of the community, or even hostile to social, ecological shake the social and political stability.

Second, changes in political ecology context of democratic oversight mechanisms participating parties to run Analysis
Chinese Communist Party and the democratic parties implementing mutual supervision. This supervision is based on four cardinal principles through the comments, criticisms and suggestions of ways of political oversight, monitoring of China's socialist system is an important part. As the Communist Party of China in the leading and ruling position, a more democratic parties need to consciously accept the supervision of [4] formed by the eight democratic parties participating parties through the comments, criticisms and suggestions of the way political oversight, to reflect on the many comments and suggestions, provide a more outside supervision of the Chinese Communist Party's own supervision, thus contributing to the ruling party decision-making more scientific and democratic, more consciously resist and overcome bureaucracy and all sorts of negative corruption, strengthen and improve the ruling party's work [5] 7 In recent years, democratic supervision, participating parties continue to develop and improve its mechanism innovation, to a certain extent, promoted the development of socialist democratic politics, but with the political environment changes, the mechanism for the lack of running is also very obvious.

1. Participating parties the development of democratic oversight mechanisms. How democratic the effectiveness of supervision, depends largely on the monitoring mechanism is perfect, the mechanism is functioning well. Third Plenary Session, the participating parties has been gradually restored democratic oversight and substantial development of .2005 "CPC Central Committee on Further Strengthening the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system building advice>> to further clarify the participating parties of democratic oversight mechanisms, content, form, content channels, etc. In recent years, as China's political system continues to perfect, democratic supervision mechanism has also been participating parties to a certain degree of development in addition to the traditional forum, democratic consultations, will talk, briefings, check the CPPCC members inspect, attend government meetings and other forms of NPC, but also established a government contact with their counterparts in the departments participating parties system, special prosecutor system, special research system, decision-making consultation hearing system, party leaders and party leaders to talk friends system, monitoring system and other proposals for the supervisory system. members of democratic parties as special field staff to further expand their opportunities to participate more and deeper knowledge. "Currently, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Supervision, Ministry of Land, Audit, Taxation members were hired democratic personages without party affiliation 87 served as special prosecutors, Educational supervisors, 特约监察员, special land and resources Ombudsman, special auditors, tax inspectors special at local government departments also employ members of democratic parties, personages without party affiliation 1.7 million as special personnel. " [5] 14 In addition, members of democratic parties in the NPC, CPPCC increasing number of them use the CPPCC inspections, addressing the General Assembly or other forms of the state constitution, laws and regulations, implementation of major policies, the implementation of state organs and its staff work, supervision through suggestions and criticisms [5] 16
2 The current participating parties the problems of democratic oversight mechanisms As China's social transformation, social and political ecological change, on the one hand, social strata of the national and social issues are increasingly concerned about its increasingly strong democratic aspirations , democratic supervision of the participating parties have become increasingly demanding on the other hand, compared to political participation, democratic supervision and participating parties, or a weak link, its democratic oversight mechanisms in some respects imperfect, non-specific, the lack of operational procedures, the lack of supporting security measures are becoming increasingly prominent.

First, the lack of specific system requirements, oversight mechanisms are inadequate to protect rights of the CPC Central Committee in 1989 <<for upholding and improving the Chinese Communist Party-led multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the advice>> and 2005 <<About Communist Party of China led to further strengthen multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the building's comments>> (hereinafter referred to as <<view>> and the CPPCC in 1995 <<on political consultation, democratic supervision, participation in politics provided>> in , the nature of democratic supervision of the participating parties, principles, contents, forms, channels, mechanism made the overall framework of the provisions, showing the party and the country attached great importance to the democratic supervision and support, but these provisions specific procedures for monitoring to monitor the results and effectiveness and so did not make detailed provisions, which, in reality, political life is often a lack of supervision and operational, arbitrary large and second, the participating parties informed sources are limited, asymmetric Information. "knowingly" is to carry out supervision prerequisite to understand the situation of not comprehensive, detailed, non-specific or non-Links to free download http://www.hi138.com timely, democratic supervision inevitably touch on issues of substance and not simply the one hand, The main channel is the current knowledge of Information sessions, and these are often a mere formality, resulting in the supervision of the participating parties for authenticity and completeness of Information discount, resulting in supervision of floating on the surface, on the other hand, some in politics as a supervisor Party members also remain in the passive acceptance of Information and ignore the active stage of collecting information, the use of modern network platform is not enough, the supervisory role of weak third, communication is not smooth, especially the initiative of the Government and the lack of communication between the participating parties at the central level, decision-making layer is to pay attention to the role of democratic supervision of the participating parties, but at the grassroots level, to consult regularly with the participating parties, the initiative received little supervision units. in reality there are still monitoring the effectiveness of democracy depends on the local Communist Party or government "in charge" "enlightened" attitude of the extent and circumstances, if the "number one" no "liberal" will not pass ditch leading to the parties, the participating parties in a long time waiting, democratic supervision effectiveness is not strong. Fourth, the results of democratic supervision The feedback is not timely or half-heartedly, some departments adopt a "open mind, determined not to change" attitude, problem-solving difficult situations arise when, resulting in greatly reduced the effectiveness of supervision, but also seriously hurt the supervision of members of the enthusiasm of the participating parties and enthusiasm.

In addition, some of the democratic consciousness of the staff is not strong, outstanding work standards, and supervision, participating parties in the Authority's current democratic supervision, democratic supervision and unclear responsibilities and other issues are to some extent, affected the participating parties of democratic oversight functions of play, leading to higher supervision than lower-level supervision is invalid, not the same level supervision, supervision of outside bad phenomenon.

Third, the participating parties and innovative path of democratic oversight mechanisms
Ecological requirements of social and political change more powerful and effective democratic oversight by the above analysis, it seems, is there a standard, reasonable and practical monitoring mechanism, the participating parties to ensure democratic oversight can be effective an important factor. Compared to the party supervision and discipline within the legal supervision of a program, there are rules of administrative supervision, public opinion has positions, public supervision of the pressure, the democratic supervision of the regulatory, operational lack of an awkward position, one pair of perfect operation mechanism of democratic oversight survey shows that 64% of the democratic parties that the system is most in need of a sound system in [6] <<view>> explicit requirements "to further broaden the channels of democratic supervision," "effective mechanism for improving democratic supervision", "to make an informed links, communication links, feedback links on the establishment of a sound system ", but this basic framework of democratic oversight mechanisms how should it sound, how innovation can be institutionalized, standardized procedures, implement and ensure the full effectiveness of supervision it?
1 refinement <<view>> requirements, establish and improve mechanisms for the protection of the rights of democratic supervision <<view>> that the "democratic parties and personages without party affiliation to protect the legitimate powers of democratic supervision." Participating parties to implement the democratic supervision, effective, play a role, we must form a strong system of protection mechanism, otherwise, democratic supervision has become a river without water, without trees in the system, to refinement <<view>> requirements, establish a sound associated with specific regulations or measures can be in <<view>> the overall framework, according to the need, the introduction of specific regulations or measures, the development of new supporting systems, clear powers and responsibilities of participating parties the issue of democratic oversight, supervision and further refine the participating parties the purpose, scope, object, tasks, time, content, form, validity, assessment, giving supervisors informed, question, supervision, legal opposition, etc. power to solve supervision requirements, provides funding, which safeguards the right to form a standardized, systematic and scientific long-term mechanism to address the supervisors can not start, worries in organization building, and in the National People's Congress to oversee the establishment of the CPPCC as the main functions of the special committee, as a key basis, to carry out supervision, contact with their counterparts in democratic government departments, the establishment of democratic supervision of the fixed establishment, so that specialized staff responsible for supervision of the democratic related matters, as a point of contact to the point and surface, roll out the work.

(2) establish and improve the democratic supervision of subject and object constraints and incentives. To build a sound democratic supervision mechanism, without the constraints of subject and object of supervision and incentives, the two complement each other, are indispensable. One is to establish a sound democratic oversight of the main constraints and incentives in the binding mechanism in the establishment and improvement, in the central and united front work departments at all levels to set up a specialized agency responsible for managing the special officers, members of the participating parties in raising the level of political and supervisory capacity, supervision, monitoring the quality of development evaluation system operable to develop special supervision regulations, the supervisory staff of the powers, responsibilities to regulate the formation of democratic supervision, accountability, supervision and personnel management to develop special methods, strict customs personnel selection, to uphold the truth, dare supervision, better at monitoring the political high quality, strong sense of responsibility of the person recommended to monitor contingent, resolutely "in its place is not their government," ineffective oversight of the person from which removed; can consider special supervisors to conduct regular assessment, etc. assessment, the implementation of the end of the elimination; Oversight many and complex, requiring substantial effort on several roles, and inability to take into account the supervision of workers, supervision should be out of the ranks, can not be as "special monitor" to enjoy as a treatment for fear of supervision, supervision of non-participating parties should be accountability, etc. In the establishment and improvement of incentives, we should increase the spiritual and material rewards, and democratic supervision in the performance of the functions of the participating parties have made outstanding contributions to politics Party or its members, you can set up a "democratic supervision Award", awarded "Advanced Unit", "excellent supervisor," the honorary title, to establish advanced models, the mainstream media to publicize and increase the positive impact of democratic supervision and participating parties. Second To establish a sound democratic supervision of the object constraints and incentives, mainly party and government to accept responsibility for the establishment of democratic supervision system, to determine the persons responsible for the fulfillment of democratic oversight function to the participating parties to retaliate against the conduct, it must resolutely investigate and pursue responsible people, "leaders" of the responsibility, theory and policy as a united front should be the leading cadres, especially the "number one" job training compulsory, will accept the democratic party and government supervision departments at all levels of quantity, content, level and impact assessment into the democratic supervision part of the annual government examination, evaluation of leading cadres as one of the standards of performance while efforts to increase the reward for consciously accept the democratic supervision, with an open mind to adopt partisan views, and actively improve the work of the Party and government departments, to give recognition awards, and change "to I accept supervision "to" I want to accept supervision. "
3. Establish and improve mechanisms of democratic oversight of the community. Participating parties of the democratic supervision of "variant supervision", communication is extremely important, which requires the party to public information, government transparency, good "in advance", "matter", "post- "communication, establish good communication links democratic supervision mechanism should be the Constitution, laws and regulations of the development of important changes, the government budget and major construction projects included in the scope of democratic supervision, informed, decision-making focus on supervision and monitoring the implementation of supervision Department of State and local governments to be submitted to the People's Congress on the deliberations of the government work report, the major principles and policies and measures, people's livelihood, major construction projects to be held with participating parties to participate in the forum, and timely information about the situation and major issues important to establish system of notification and the hearing system, improve the democratic parties to exercise oversight of the joint system, to meet regularly to normalization, the main party responsible to meet regularly to listen to the democratic parties and personages without party affiliation for responsible leadership and its members' views, the level of government invited the leaders of democratic parties to attend plenary meetings and related meetings, participate in the discussion of the motion and decision-making, democratic party and the government can invite responsible persons to implement the central policies of the important and honest government, the inspection, other special inspection and law enforcement supervision, the functions of government departments related to the democratic parties invited to attend an important professional conference, important policy formulation, planning, participating parties to strengthen ties with counterparts in government departments, to increase the daily work of the department, long-term planning understanding and further improve the system of special staff work to broaden the government departments and judicial appointment of special personnel areas, innovative access to information, you can set up a hotline, set up networks for information exchange platform, the use of interactive web Technology, take full advantage of access to information, focusing on demands from the grassroots, public opinion polls can be organized to establish a sound monitoring network of interactive communication mechanism, to form the central and local grass-roots level, wide coverage of the participating parties and democratic supervision network, in order to achieve reflect public opinion, the purpose of monitoring the ruling party, become part of public safety warning systems.

4. Establish and improve the democratic supervision of the feedback mechanism. Real, timely feedback is the implement to promote the conditions of democratic supervision, democratic supervision only to establish and improve the feedback system, democratic supervision and will not become a mere formality. A good and constructive feedback should have a few conditions: the object has a definite feedback, clear feedback, appropriate feedback form, the exact time of feedback, feedback with integrity and accuracy, so that feedback to make the supervision of the principal received accurate information in order to make judgments and reactions. Specifically, "one of the participating parties of the comments, criticisms and suggestions, relevant specialized agencies and personnel should be responsible, and second of these views, criticisms and suggestions should do the roads have to respond to , each piece is a reply to the third is for these comments, criticisms and suggestions should be seriously studied and fully absorb, and effectively improve, not adopted in part to make a full explanation, the four participating parties are not satisfied with the reply can be again made to the relevant departments and personnel, the relevant departments and personnel to further clarification, five is not seriously accept the democratic supervision of the departments and personnel, to criticize and correct. "[7] that, between subject and object the formation of benign supervision interactive, democratic supervision can ensure the continuous improvement of performance.

In addition, it should establish a sound democratic supervision combined with other form of supervision, play an integral role in the coordination mechanism. "Strengthen the people, the democratic parties and personages without party affiliation for our party's control, and establish and improve the party and outside the party since the last and under the supervision of a combination of bottom-up system. "[8] This is to improve the democratic supervision of the participating parties an effective way.

References:
[1] Xu Hengqiu Social Transformation and Strategies: European experience with the challenges of social transformation in China [M]. Anhui Science and Technology Press, 2007:103.

[2] Zhuang Feng. On the accelerated phase of social transformation and political integration of the interests of differentiation [J]. Contemporary World and Socialism, 2004, (2.

[3] China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) [EB / OL]. Http:// news.163.com/10/0715/14/6BL23046000146BC. Html.

[4] Communist Party of China Central Committee on Further Strengthening the leadership of multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under construction views. 2005-02-18.

[5] of the PRC State Council Information Office <<China's political party system>> paper [Z] .2007.

[6] Zhu Xiuping, improve the operation mechanism of democratic supervision, democratic path analysis [D]. Zhejiang University, a master's degree thesis, 2006:52.

[7] Zhang Xiansheng. On the strengthening of our democratic parties and democratic supervision issues [J]. Central Plains united front, 2002, (1).

[8] Jiang Zemin. Theory of party building [M]. Central Literature Publishing House, 2001:70. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com