Analysis of domestic and regional tourism cooperation network to write papers reviewed _

Papers to write net: Abstract: Research on regional cooperation in Tourism, the focus of domestic and foreign scholars differ. Foreign Researchers in many fields based on the Research, more emphasis on the theoretical study of regional Tourism cooperation, in particular, stakeholder theory has yielded fruitful results. Domestic Researchers concerned with the more complex, including theoretical Research, model studies, spatial structure, impact factors, etc., and in some areas have some of the higher-value research, but the comparison, the pervasive nature of domestic research not enough, still in its infancy.

Keywords: regional cooperation in Tourism, Research

Since the 1980s, since, due to regional Tourism cooperation in the countries and regions to enhance the competitiveness of the region's overall Tourism a major role, it has become the focus of national experts. The author collating the literature found that regional tourism cooperation, tourism cooperation on regional and international experts study focused on different foreign countries pay more attention to the theoretical study of regional tourism cooperation, in particular, stakeholder theory has received much attention, but also pay more attention to organizational behavior study of the relationship, while domestic tourism experts focus on the spatial structure and regional tourism cooperation.

A foreign regional tourism cooperation Research
(A foreign regional tourism cooperation theory
First, stakeholder theory research In 1984, the stakeholder theory by the American scholar Freeman in his book <<Strategic Management - Stakeholder method>> clearly stated, was the introduction of regional cooperation in tourism research. Foreign researchers in this area concerns the duration is longer, more results. The 1990s, Jane Robson and Ritchie discussed the stakeholder theory in tourism cooperation in the procedures and methods. Aas (2004 and Magnoni (2007) by Maya heritage tourism resources in Laos and empirical studies have shown that cooperation can promote the interests of the main heritage conservation and heritage tourism interactive Development. Philip (2008 through the analysis of the two tourism enterprises by the UK survey, said the Development of tourism must take into account the people-oriented issues, and reveals the potential of open space, tourism cooperation to solve the Partnership [1].

Secondly, in the community involved in theoretical research. Study abroad, the Travel community in the 1970s to the 1980s become a research hotspot. Murphy, published in 1985 <<Tourism: a community-based approach>> more comprehensive book to absorb this period of tourism research, and was Jamal, Mitchell, Greer, and many scholars refer to the regional tourism cooperation. Based on this, Murphy and in 2004 in his new book <<Tourism Community Strategic Management>> clearly stated , Travel and tourism management should be local community partnership to form an interest to promote the destination to become a benefit the local Economic, social and environmental tourism products [2].

Finally, in the life cycle theory. Huxham (1994, stressed the maintenance of the difficulty of long-term cooperation between organizations that co-operation between the two lines: the weak cooperation and collaboration maturity [3]. Jamal (1995 draw Waddock evolution of such ideas for community tourism planning and offered cooperation in three stages: setting the issue, direction and implementation of [4].

(B) the type of foreign regional tourism cooperation and organizational behavior research
Foreign scholars on the type of regional cooperation in tourism research to later in the theory. Timothy analysis obtained in 1998, the four types of tourism cooperation: public-private cooperation, cooperation between government agencies, different levels of cooperation between government agencies, with the level of government agencies the following year, he raised the level of cooperation based on the five cross-border cooperation model, which alienation, co - existence, co-operation, collaboration and integration [5]. Araujo (2002 in northeastern Brazil and other regional tourism cooperation example, explores the socio-Economic and political impact of the cooperation and cooperation on process, co-principal, and established a comprehensive cooperative mode, which is concerned about the process of partnership and cooperation [6]. Baggio (2007 and Watts (2009 Through the study of some tourist destinations, tourism cooperation for the establishment of the network topology, while cross-border cooperation in tourism patterns have been proposed.

(Three regional tourism cooperation of foreign factors of
Reed (1997 demonstrated that the introduction of organizational theory, power relations impact on the community tourism planning, research concluded that, in the community, tourism, power relations, community tourism planning is to understand the causal relationship between the characteristics and essential factor, power relations will change made collaborative action results, and even collaborative action to prevent [7]. Augustyn (2000 discusses tourism cooperation such as a series of "success factors", which identified five key factors are: knowledge base, the right target, reasonable structure of cooperation and effective cooperative action, the sustainability of cooperation, cooperation provides for the self-assessment framework [8]. Tosun (2000 believes that community participation in tourism Development in developing countries by the operational level, structural level and cultural level three restrictions which the operational level the main limiting factors are: Government Center, coordinated mechanism is poor, poor Information, the structural level the main limiting factors are: planning the attitude of bias, lack of knowledge, skills, elite-led and other cultural aspects of the main limiting factors are: low capacity of community involvement, participation weak sense [9].

(Four overseas regional cooperation in tourism Marketing research
Peter and Kurtulus (2000 defining the concept of regional cooperation in tourism and Marketing elements, and to Cyprus, Greece and Turkey, small hotel Marketing analysis of cooperation between countries in different Economic constraints under co-Marketing possibilities [10]. Jonathan (2002 co-Marketing programs with particular emphasis on the Development of regional tourism integration in an important position, and for regional cooperation in tourism Marketing to achieve the common stretches the content of cooperation, so that tourism interests and bonds, the central and local government are closely linked, thereby promoting the Development of tourism [11]. Sparke and Sideway et al (2004 in Indonesia - Malaysia - Singapore's three tourism development, "Triangle" for example, studied the impact of national borders, geographic constraints force the tourism industry one of the Three Kingdoms development of joint Marketing of tourism in the process of behavior [12].

Second, the domestic regional tourism cooperation Research
(A) domestic regional tourism cooperation theory
Chinese researchers on the study of regional tourism cooperation theory later than the foreign researchers, and focus over time varies .20 late 1990s early 2000s, Chinese researchers will be applied to the area of ​​sustainable development theory cooperation in tourism research, such as Zhu Ying Gao (1999 under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development, tourism as a special case in Jiangsu, focused on the objective necessity of sustainable tourism development [13] .2004, the system theory by Chinese researchers widespread concern, Chen Rui, Xue Ying, Wang Xuefang other to self-organization theory, reveal the evolution of self-organization process of tourism in recent years, become a research focus of game theory, Liang Yi Hua, Shu Xiaolin, Zheng Yanping such as the use of game theory discussed in the tourism competition The cooperation is based on a better form of regional tourism cooperation. In addition, researchers have also cited the theory of related disciplines to elaborate the importance of regional cooperation in tourism, for example, love Zou, Chen Junhong (2006 to use niche science, described tourism Niche theory and the evolution of competition [14].

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(Two internal spatial structure of regional cooperation in tourism research
Tourism is the tourism circle to cooperate to build the spatial structure of the most important form, and the study of earlier and last longer. Ma et al (1996 that the tourism circle is based on a certain geographical area of ​​tourism linkages between Economic factors, interaction the formation of the regional spatial organization, and proposed the idea of ​​Wuhan tourism circle [15] Other scholars, including research related to large Three Gorges tourism Economic zone, "Great Western" tourist circle, etc. In addition, researchers from the domestic spatial layout put forward their own views, such as Xu Huifang (1989 proposed form criss-cross, multi-level and multi-system "Travel network" is a great development of Xi'an, the necessary conditions for tourism [16] De-root, Lu Lin (2005 to combine Hulunbeier - Aer tourism system, for example, to determine the point and focus on developing tourism development axis, and the use of focus on the development axis will "point" as the center of the "face" that the system space tourism at all levels of the network to form a "point", "axis", "face" a combination of "tourism sector" space structure system [17] Shu-Lan Chen, Liu Liping (2008 asked the central region of space tourism cooperation should be based on multi-level layout of the city tourist center for the development of polar nuclei to form a regional tourism economy The core growth pole, as the focus of a subregional cooperation in tourism, to build multi-level tourism circle; the "three vertical and three horizontal" lines into a major tourist corridor, the formation of cross-regional tourism economic zone [18].

(Three domestic models of regional cooperation in tourism
Domestic researchers, through empirical research, combined with visits to the actual situation, put forward their own ideas of different modes of cooperation. Tao Wei, Dai Guang-quan (2002 in three southern water town tourism development, for example, proposed a similar near-led tourism resources regional tourism development "competing models" (C-C model [19]. Xie Jiang-hong (2008 to Tao Wei's "competing models", based on proposed strategic alliance model [20] Yin Yi-Mei (2003 proposed a regional mix and product combination of two tourist space competition type of cooperation, and established a market-led government to promote regional participation in the cooperative mode of operation [21] and Yin Yi Mei relatively anti Zhao Xi, Zhang Yi (2005 in the overall advance the upper Yangtze tourism resources collaborative development of the basic channels, including the upper Yangtze collaborative development of tourism resources management system, government-led, market-oriented business management as the main mode of operation [22]. Yangrong Bin (2005 regional tourism cooperation in constructing the model and its mechanism of cognitive development the type of environment analysis, geographic space from the perspective of regional cooperation in tourism made five structural model: point - Axis development model, a single radiation mode, dual-core interaction model, the core edge mode and network-based model [23] Zheng-Guo Zhang, Wang Yuming (2008 co-financing of tourism enterprises based on the content and purpose, that the current cooperation between tourism enterprises financing methods can be divided into physical models, alliance model and occasional model three, including its business model, equity-based, project-based, exchange-type and contractual and other forms of cooperation [24].

(D) cooperation in the domestic regional tourism cooperation mechanism
Regional tourism cooperation mechanisms for regional cooperation in tourism research, a core issue, researchers have proposed many different ideas in a lot of research I found that the dynamic mechanism of the researchers on the degree of concern than the study of other mechanisms. Tu people Meng (1994 that the symbiotic effect, complementary effects, the overall effect of three effects together constitute the formation and development of regional tourism dynamic mechanism [25] In addition, Wuguo Qin, Yan Yonghong, Gao and other drivers from the market forces and government regulation of two aspects were put forward their own proposals with a single mechanism of dynamic contrast, Liyue Zheng, Zhang Zhihong (2006 that the regional tourism cooperation mechanisms include: co-ordinating arrangements for the mechanism, the distribution of benefits mechanism, incentive mechanism, safeguard mechanisms, the overall image of the positioning promotion mechanism [ 26]. Geli Cheng (2007 that the regional cooperation in tourism development, administrative and mechanisms of the market adjustment mechanism, consultation mechanisms, legal protection mechanisms, cultural integration mechanism and other mechanisms the result of [27].

(Five domestic regional tourism cooperation in the interests of the main research
Domestic interests of the main regional tourism cooperation is still in its infancy, has not been the concern of researchers, research results related to relatively small. Zhang, Wu Bihu (2002 in Leshan City, Sichuan as an example of the stakeholder theory in the area Tourism Planning application [28]. Nguyen Dan (2008 from the perspective of regional tourism cooperation, regional cooperation, according to the diversity of interests and the interests of the broad, regional tourism cooperation in the face of the conflict of interest, how to build mechanism of the regional balance of interests, promote cooperation, tourism cooperation to create a large circle Shangri-La [29]. Zhangzhi Chen (2008 in the process of regional cooperation in tourism, the central government and local government and tourism enterprises should play their respective roles, breaking the old inefficient system of common lock, push forward cooperation [30].

In addition, researchers also focus on regional domestic tourism cooperation measures to study the specific example, Song Jinping, Du Hongliang (2005 through tourism resources, tourism product base, the possibility and feasibility of tourism cooperation as well as regional tourism cooperation problems analysis, collaboration to promote regional tourism strategies and advice [31], Ding M (2006 Yangtze River Delta area based on the integration of a large tourism cooperation trends, that the depth of the Yangtze River Delta tourism cooperation wedge point, concluded that the depth of regional tourism integration, collaboration measures [32], Yue-Ling Huang (2008 Longsheng County, Guilin tourism circle for example, proposed a county unit in collaboration with the tourism strategy of thinking [33].

Third, the study compared domestic and regional tourism cooperation
Through the above regional tourism cooperation in foreign and domestic research literature review of the classification of narrative, the author found that the focus of domestic and foreign researchers different foreign researchers in the theoretical study of geography theories pay more attention to tourism development, such as the tourism life-cycle theory, At the same time cross-disciplinary theoretical research is more mature. tourism activities from the main point is human activity, human activity from a large extent, affect the development of regional tourism cooperation, therefore, foreign researchers are more concerned about the interests of regional tourism cooperation in the relevant by theory and theoretical study of community involvement by these two theories, the researchers will study abroad, concentrated in the hot area of ​​cooperation between tourism stakeholders, tourism cooperation between enterprises, public and private sector cooperation and so on.

Compared with study abroad and domestic regional tourism cooperation is in the preliminary stages of theory, and theoretical research focused on economic geography in which the core - the edges and points - axis systems theory, a higher degree of concern, while researchers also concerned about the domestic game On the regional tourism cooperation in the application, through the establishment of a game model that the government should focus on inter-regional cooperation between community residents to participate in regional tourism cooperation is not high degree of concern in most of the regional cooperation in tourism research, still remains The concept of collaboration and cooperation in the principles listed on the depth and the system power factor of less cooperative, but on the spatial structure of regional cooperation in tourism, the domestic over foreign in-depth understanding of the researchers, domestic researchers point - Axis systems theory applied to regional tourism cooperation in the establishment of points - axis mode of cooperation. In short, domestic and international tourism cooperation at the regional focus of the study is different and each have made a lot of research, but the comparison, the domestic research started late, relatively small achievements.

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