International trade in tourism services in Japan and South Korea Competitiveness Analysis

Abstract: With the Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area of ​​the acceleration of trade in Tourism services in Japan and South Korea have entered a new stage of development, travel to Japan and South Korea in the broader field of service trade cooperation, from the perspective of international competitiveness Japan-South Korea trade in Tourism services, in order to find advantages and disadvantages of competing with each other and the basis for cooperation.

Keywords: Japan and South Korea, Tourism, trade in services, international competitiveness

First, the status of trade in Tourism services in Japan and South Korea
1 China in recent years, China's rapid development of trade in Tourism services, especially after joining the WTO trade show faster development of tourism trends. According to WTO statistics, China's tourism exports in 2002 was only $ 20.385 billion in 2008 exports reached $ 40.843 billion, an increase of 1 over 2002 times as rapid development of tourism import market and imports from $ 9.205 billion in 1998 rising to 2008, $ 36,157,000,000, an increase of nearly ten years three times, according to statistics, in 2007 China's total tourism revenue of 10,957 billion, of which the Chinese tourist arrivals up 13 1,873,300 passengers, up 5.5% over the previous year International tourism foreign exchange earnings reached $ 41.919 billion, up 23.5 percent over the previous year. trade in tourism services to China's foreign exchange income to make great contributions. In addition, China's tourist trade has been showing a surplus, and the favorable balance increases. These data indicate that, in recent years, China's tourist trade has been rapid development, China's tourism services have become an important industry and the tertiary industry of national economy growth.

2 Japan over the past decade Japan's total trade in tourism services in addition to a slight decline in 2008, the year of growth remaining steady but slow growth over the decade .1997-2007, the Japanese total import and export trade in tourism services increased from $ 29.787 billion $ 35.856 billion, increased by only about 20% of trade in services as the more developed countries, a lot of trade in goods surplus to its opposite state, the Japanese travel trade in services has a substantial deficit in the state from 2005-2008, respectively, 207.07 travel deficits billion, $ 18,406,000,000, $ 17,166,000,000 and $ 12,816,000,000, a larger deficit to some extent reflects the international competitiveness of Japan's trade in services at a comparative disadvantage level.

3, South Korea, Korea's tourism development policy is a government-led development model, a unique tourism industry with other countries, South Korea, slightly less than the natural tourism resources, but the Korean government to give the tourism industry, culture, use of local and foreign cultural resources, combined with the "Korean Wave" and other fashion elements, the formation of symbiotic and tourism industry, integration and interaction derived from the relationship, boost sound and rapid development of tourism in recent years, South Korea, steady growth in total trade in tourism services, 2003 -2 008 years, the tourism trade volume rose from $ 15,460,000,000 to $ 28,840,000,000, an increase of 86.5 percent five years, but with overseas travel further improve the supply chain, travel the more abundant elements, making the study abroad, overseas travel as the representative The travel services deficit growing, tourism is South Korea's trade in services is still the largest source of .2005-2007 deficit, the deficit in the tourism industry accounted for the proportion of South Korea's service trade deficit was 70.3%, 68.9% and 73.4% showed a deficit ladder rise, growth characteristics .2004-2007 wave decline in tourism deficits were $ 6.281 billion, $ 9.6 billion, $ 13,060,000,000 and $ 15,840,000,000. deficit growth rate from 32.4% in 2004, up 52.84% in 2005 After the peak in 2006, fell to 36.04% in 2007 and further dropped to 21.3% in the face of tourism trade deficit continued to amend the South Korean government has introduced legislation, tax breaks, to build an international brand, enhance their competitive package of soft power to promote measures to make travel industry under the guidance of the government long-term development.

Second, Japan and South Korea tourism services trade competitiveness analysis
1 export market share index of export market share index of a country's total exports accounted for the proportion of total world exports, reflecting a country's overall export competitiveness or competitive position changes a country's total exports in specific industries and similar industries in the world the ratio of total exports, can reflect a country's international competitiveness in an industry or international status. with the formula as: Aik = Eik / Ewk
Aik k country i exports of goods that the market share, Eik k to country i's exports of goods, Ewk k the world commodity exports.

Table 1, Japan and Korea export market share of trade in tourism services unit:%
Data Source: WTO website statistics database is calculated.

As can be seen from Table 1, Japan and South Korea's tourism export market share since 1998 have experienced two consecutive years of decline, while China's tourism export market rate to maintain steady growth in the same period, indicating that in 1998 The Asian financial crisis, Japan and South Korea tourism trade development has been the impact of the crisis, while China due to take active measures to deal with, and establish market confidence, to a certain extent to avoid the impact of financial crisis, the tourism export market share steadily. 2003, three export market share has decreased substantially. Compared to 2002, China's export market share decreased by about 1 percent, down 0.08% in Japan, South Korea down nearly 0.2%. This 2003 outbreak of SARS in Asia has a lot, out of health and safety considerations, as well as strict management of immigration during the epidemic, reducing the number of overseas tourists travel to Asian countries from the general trend, China In addition to the export market share in 2003 outside the overall trend is increasing year by year, in ten years an average of nearly 3.8 percent market share, especially in the 2009 market share of 4.56%, which is China's post-Olympic economy in the international tourism market reflect on, while Japan experienced the Asian financial crisis, tourism export market share continued to decline, began to rise until 2004, Korea's market share changes in the irregular condition, ups and downs, until 2009 the market share rate did not recover to 1998 levels, which with neighboring countries to effectively develop the tourism resources, competition for resources for visitors.

Overall between 1997 to 2009, China's export market share was significantly higher than Japan and South Korea, China attractive tourism resources better than in Japan and South Korea, which China's economic development, international reputation and rich tourism resources to improve close related. The irregular changes in Japan and South Korea, more frequent fluctuations in export market share, the gap between the fluctuations in the gradually shrinking.

2.TC index. TC index (Trade Special Coefficient, that a country's total import and export trade balance the proportion of total imports and exports, industry structure, international competitiveness is a powerful tool for analysis, the overall calculation of the object that reflects the comparative advantage of the situation because it removed countries in terms of inflation and other macro-volume fluctuations, also ruled out due to the size of different countries and makes international comparability of data is not so at different times, different countries have quite comparable TC index its formula is : TCik = (Eik-Iik / (Eik + Iik)
Which, TC is the ratio of net export index, Eik k for the i country's first export of commodities, Iik country for the first k i import commodities, usually the ratio of net export index in the range [-1,1], while net exports ratio index close to 0, indicating a comparative advantage close to the average level of imports and exports basically balanced, while the net export ratio value greater than 0, indicating a comparative advantage, and the closer to 1 the greater the competitiveness of the industry stronger, and vice versa, then shows a weak comparative advantage, competitiveness of small industry and if TC =- 1, k means that the country's first export of commodities not only imports, if TC = 1, means that the k types of commodities the country exports only, no imports. international generally believed, TC greater than 0.6 for the high competitive advantage in the medium between 0.3 and 0.6 a competitive advantage, between 0 and 0.3 for the low competitive edge, in between -0.3 to 0 for low competitive disadvantage, at -0.6 ~ -0.3 medium between a competitive disadvantage, less than -0.6 for the high competitive disadvantage.

Table 2 Net trade in tourism services in Japan and South Korea exports ratio index
Data Source: WTO website statistics database is calculated.

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As can be seen from Table 2, the TC index in China between 2000-2009, the basic downward trend, in between 0 to 0.3, indicating that the Chinese travel service with low competitive advantage and competitive advantage more and more. Analyze the reasons, with the economic development and optimization of tourism resources, China has attracted a large number of foreign tourists to China sightseeing, accompanied by Chinese people's income increases, coupled with introduction of various types of outbound travel outside the tourist routes to attract tourists, making the Chinese people greatly increased demand for overseas travel, This is to some extent offset by tourism exports, making the competitive advantage decreases is worth noting that 2009 TC index fell to -0.048, China travel competitive advantage into competitive advantage by the low-low competitive disadvantage, which to some extent is from the 2009 global financial crisis led to a contraction in tourism export market, compared with Japan's TC index changed little during 1997-2005, remained in the -0.65 or so, Japan's tourism service showed low competition disadvantage, but in 2006, TC index began to rise into the middle range of competitive disadvantage Korea considerable variation of TC index, in addition to 1998, 1999, has a competitive advantage, other years have shown a competitive disadvantage, especially In the 2003-2008 period, further deterioration of competitive disadvantage. this happens, on the one hand, Japan, South Korea's annual trade show travel deficit, mainly by the import and export trade in tourism services between the two countries due to the structure, the other South Korean nationals high levels of per capita income, travel abroad and travel expenses higher.

Overall, the TC index on travel services, China has a competitive advantage, Japan and South Korea are in a relatively inferior position, but South Korea's tourism competitiveness is slightly better than Japan.

3 revealed comparative advantage index. Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA) is a measure of a country's exports of certain products, such exports accounted for world competitiveness measure the proportion of indicators, the formula is: RCAik = (Eik / Ei / (Ewk / Ew
Which, Eik k products that exports of country i, Ei that country i exports of all products, which includes exports of goods and services exports, Eik k products that the world exports, Ewk that world exports of all products.

This index reflects a country's export industry and a world average level of exports compared to the advantages of the exclusion of the world's total national volume fluctuations and fluctuations in the index to better reflect the industry's comparative advantage. Typically RCA values ​​are greater than 0 and if the country has a revealed comparative advantage in the industry, RCA range [1, + ∞], if the country has a comparative weakness of the industry, RCA, compared with the range [0,1].

Table 3 trade in tourism services in Japan and South Korea revealed comparative advantage index
Data Source: WTO website statistics database is calculated.

Countries from 1997-2009 in the RCA index, China's tourism services trade revealed comparative advantage was less than 1 and the law of diminishing, that although China tourist destination, but far from tourist power in Japan's RCA index remained at 0.18 so, tourism has shown relatively weak competitiveness, experienced a decline in the later emergence of an upward trend, the relative improvement has been relatively weak in Korea did not change the law of the RCA index, the rise and later experienced a decline from 2007 onwards recovery, RCA index remained at about 0.45, compared with an improvement in Japan's comparative disadvantage, though Japan and South Korea's comparative advantage in tourism trade are at a disadvantage, China's competitive advantage is relatively strong in the three countries, Japan is relatively weak However, between Japan and South Korea to gradually narrow the gap between the comparative advantage that China wants to maintain an absolute advantage in improving the international competitiveness of tourism must also make positive efforts.

Third, the conclusion
Through the above three indices of international competitiveness analysis and comparison, China's tourism services trade competitiveness edge slightly stronger than Japan and South Korea. In order to further strengthen China and Japan, South Korea's cooperation in the tourism trade, on the one hand, China should further increase investment efforts, adopt various means to actively cultivate services market, the use of geographical advantages, strengthen exchanges with surrounding countries, to build a convenient transportation network, to establish a common market of travel services, travel services exports expanded the other hand, the three countries to actively establish a sound management system of trade in services, drawing on each other's strengths and advanced development model of development, to seek more extensive cooperation.

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