On rationalism and empiricism from the management to see the path of development

[Abstract] By analyzing the management school of theory and rationalism, empiricism relationship, trying to clearly demonstrate to empiricism and rationalism-oriented management development path Research is to rationalism and empiricism into the main differences, emphasis on the founding principles of management theory and Research methods. Wallace model by using the classical cut open the way around the vertical axis, the management of the Research methodology is divided into rational and empirical studies into two categories to be examined, rather than up and down cut open to examine the theoretical and empirical Research. With The founding principles of management theory and Research methods and theories of different management school found the comb, management development path has undergone empirical origin (late 19th century - 20th century, 40 years, the development of rationalism (in the 1950s - 80 years, empirical regression (since the 1980s, these three stages.

[Keywords:] management, rationalism, empiricism, development path

First, the introduction of the Researches and development of domestic and foreign scholars for the study of management, there are usually three ways: First, the classical management theory, behavioral science theory, modern management theory into the traditional stage, the performance of management in different historical periods development, such as Guo Xian Gang <<Western management history of ideas>> (In 1999, the second is a chronological narrative, showing the management of the evolution path, such as Rennes <<Management Ideology>> (1979), three is a thought or a management development process in the main line, such as Wei Wenbin the <<The third dimension of management: management of organizational Culture Theory>> (2006, mining management by the economic man, social man who changes the complex Management evolution path.

The first is the most common research method, which for management to classical management theory, behavioral science theory, Stages of modern management theory has been recognized by management scholars, the vast majority of materials management is to tell the story this way , the second most complex research methods, somewhat similar to the history, or even the annals of world history, ancient Greeks management thinking, management thought in ancient China, Renaissance of the management ideas talked about modern management thinking jungle, there are scholars of management thought since ancient times conducive to the development of careful research, most research methods to create a third sex, you can only study some aspects of management or a development of ideas, its meaning and significance of mining and the entire management the impact of science, are often able to open a new path this paper comply with the third research methods, try to rationalism and empiricism (also translated as "rational theory" and "empiricism" philosophical point of view to think about management of the development path.

From the scope of the study, most of the research for the scientific management from the beginning of the modern meaning of management development, and scope of this paper as well.

From rationalism and empirical point of view to think about management philosophy and the development path, based on the following two points: First, from the philosophical point of view to think about management development was made possible, that rationalism and empiricism is the history of modern Western philosophy The most important form of epistemology and methodology, although many scholars believe that the existence of contemporary Western philosophy major humanistic and scientific doctrine of the opposition, also from which to study the development of management, such as China scholars Luo Min said: "Management From birth, there are two theoretical paradigms dominate its development, or management of the development has been the existence of two wings, which is the management of the scientific paradigm and the humanistic paradigm "[1], but each of these two paradigms are not isolated, maverick, but you have me, I have you. Jiang Tian Ji <<scientism and humanism of the relationship between>> the article pointed out: "About Modern Western philosophy of the so-called 'scientism' and people opposed to the doctrine or equally shared understanding is not appropriate. ... ... only to have greater impact on the school, the situation is quite complex. "[2], regardless of modern Western philosophy how to develop, rationalism and empiricism of the dispute is a recognized landmark theory of signs, and directly to the most important development of modern scientific epistemology and methodology. China scholar Li Xing-min further argued that: "The whole history of science is the rational theory and empiricism tension relationship started," [3], so this day, rationalism and empiricism still can learn invaluable, you can from which to explore the path of development management.

Second, from the philosophical point of view to think about management development have become necessary because of the presence of management theory jungle. Koontz in 1961 and 1980 analysis of the phenomenon of management theory jungle, he managed forests that continue to exist if, workers and management will enable the beginner to learn management theory as into the tropical jungle, as disoriented and could not find a way out [4] With Daniel Ryan, Fort George Little, Harold Bora Germany continues to management theory jungle classification [5], the problem seems more complex, more and more lush jungle, but regardless of how the management of forest produce, and regardless of the perspective of research management and methods of how they are different, we still have to rely on the basic epistemology and methodology to study the management, therefore, to look at different management schools of thought and rationalism and empirical relations, for the different schools of thought to sort out the management to provide a philosophical basis, so that we can learn from another perspective management development.

Second, the management of rationalism and empiricism into modern rationalism and empiricism of the classic division, referring to Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz and other continental rationalism and Locke, Berkeley, Hume and other British empiricism distinguish between the opposition and the former also can Malebranche and other post-Cartesian are included, the latter can also Bacon, Hobbes included [6] In modern times, is generally believed that Russell , Ayer, the Vienna school (such as logical empiricism is the main representative of empiricism, of course, and to Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and other representatives of non-human rationalist philosophy than the rationalist and empiricist but have become "rational" representative of.

Rationalism and empiricism is the major difference is reflected in three points: epistemology, methodology and reliability.

Rationalism and empiricism is the fundamental epistemological differences, the focus is the knowledge of the source of the problem. Generally speaking, empiricists have advocated the knowledge derived from sensory Experience and denied the "innate ideas." In contrast, the rationalist is denied the right knowledge derived from sensory Experience in a different way certain "innate ideas." However, on understanding the source of the problem, the traditional empiricism and rationalism have their own existence it difficult to resolve. China scholars Zou of government in the '"Essay Concerning Human Understanding > research>> that: "The empiricism, the understanding of the deformation is simply a feeling, it only originated in the emotional, not rational and it originated in the same time?" "on the CD theory, the thinking is the dynamic understanding of the role of are innate ideas, whether it originated in the rational understanding only, without at the same origins in emotional it? "[7] rationalism and empiricism in understanding the sources of the opposition, already contains the logic for understanding the different methods or understanding that produced a different methodology. the expansion of modern empirical knowledge derived from Francis Bacon who Experience this principle, the formation of his perceptual Experience of the individual rose to the universal necessity of understanding the "induction", which is Bacon's "new tool" . In contrast with the empirical, the founder of modern rationalism Descartes believes that the starting point in the pursuit of truth, we must first explore the principles of a kind no doubt, and up to form the basis of this principle, the idea of ​​universality, which is The new interpretation of Cartesian logic.

Generally believed that Descartes's rational deduction and induction is Bacon's Experience of rationalism and empiricism methodology model.

For the reliability of knowledge, rationalists and empiricists are convinced that they have gained knowledge and more reliable. Rationalist Spinoza, who denied the reliability of empirical knowledge, he inherited Cartesian epistemological thought, the knowledge is divided into three categories: the first is the emotional experience of knowledge, knowledge that is second logical deductive reasoning, the third category is the rational and intuitive, he said: "Only the first type of knowledge is the cause of the error, the second and third categories knowledge is necessarily true. "[8] and Luo

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Su said: "... In principle, the needle-like logic wrestled a pyramid erected huge buildings interpretation, but this building is not strong, stable, a little crack where the micro-defects, it Tandao will collapse," "experience the base of the pyramid of earth fell on the observed facts, where you can rip out a comprehensive repair and will not suffer. "[9] that the rationalist system, once a principle or theory is falsifiable, then the whole system come to naught, The empirical system even if something is negative, but just like the pyramid stays the same as removing a few stones.

Based on the above discussion, can be rationalism and empiricism are listed in Table 1 the main difference between Table 1 rationalism and empiricism, rationalism, the main difference between the rational empiricism epistemology methodology of rational knowledge and intuitive experience, experience inductive deductive falsification principle of reliability not reliable, relatively reliable and easy to adjust the method of this study is to rationalism and empiricism into the main difference between the management of complicated theories, and then analyze and determine the different tendencies of different management theories. So, how rationalism and experience The main difference between Marxism into management as well? This requires analysis of the production management theory and research process. Yang Yi of China scholars in the <<method of touching on modern Chinese academic>> This paper presents a "social science research process," the theoretical framework : different ontological and epistemological basis of the premise of the decision of the methodology, the methodology and determine the research models and methods, and evaluation and application of research results back to the final premise of the ontological knowledge [10].

Corresponds to the rationalism and empiricism epistemology, methodology, reliability, management can examine the principle of the creation of ideas or theories (epistemological basis, research methods (embodied methodology, evaluation and application (reliability of the evidence. Create fully reflects the principles of management epistemological foundations of researchers is to determine its rationalism and empiricism, the primary source of analysis of the establishment of management theory to research methods, to further confirm the position of rationalism and empiricism, the reliability of testing theory, the theory can be managed through the study and changes in the application, supporting determine rationalism and empiricism tendencies.

The difficulty lies in the research division of the above methods according to the classification of basic scientific methods, research methods can be qualitative, quantitative, qualitative and quantitative dimensions to be combined into due to the continuous development of research methods and innovation, the current academic qualitative research , and there is no generally accepted quantitative definition of another kind of approach is common to distinguish speculative methods and empirical methods, which is the scientific study of two basic paradigm [11] Since the date of the birth of management, empirical methods, social construction methods, comparison, speculative methods of the various disciplines of research methods have been introduced to the management study, even after the positivist method, explanation or interpretation of the method, post-structuralism or deconstruction methods are post-modern philosophy and methods have emerged At the same time, different perspectives and will come to different classification criteria, for example, according to the method of proof is divided into empirical research, theoretical research, according to the research function is divided into basic research, applied research; for research purposes is divided into descriptive studies, interpreted research, standards-based study [12]. a lot of people will correspond to norms of empirical research, theoretical research correspond to basic research, is the management of a misconception of research methods.

For management studies, deduction and induction is the most basic research methods, and deduction and induction, rationalism and empiricism is the methodology of the model. Wallace model demonstrating the management of the research process, theoretical reasoning, demonstrated experience and deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, interaction, forming a virtuous cycle of research work we can do, including a complete cycle of research, but in some cases is the key part of the loop to do research work in accordance with the level of the Wallace model axis of the upper and lower cut open the result, is a common distinction between empirical research and theoretical research approach.

By deduction and induction as a one-dimensional, theoretical and empirical dimensions of the division to another, can be found, there are four basic types of academic activities [13] In fact, this is a simplified Wallace model (Table 2.

Based on the management of basic research methods used by researchers to this point, the vertical axis according to Wallace about the model cut open, you can call it a rational and empirical research.

Table 2 The four types of academic activities (Wallace simplified model found (theoretical studies have shown that (interpretation of empirical studies found that the hypothesis (H test hypotheses (E inductive empirical generalizations (T empirical observations (O management of existing ideas or theories of the study we can see that some of these outstanding scholars can not even do half the Wallace cycle not only by virtue of superior insight and speculative analysis, direct building management system of thought, rather than conditions to be tested or not, this is called study of pure reason, the corresponding, but certain advisory class management scholars only to empirical observations, mainly through case management to guide the collection of general practice, this is called purely empirical studies (Table 3 Table 3 of the four types of academic activities ( increase the rational study, empirical studies found (theoretical studies have shown that (interpretation of empirical studies (rational study hypothesis (H - testing hypotheses of pure reason (E induction (experience of research experience in general (T empirical observations (O - This is purely empirical research paper kinds of research methods to the division focused on the epistemological methodology of this process, that is, the first study of its epistemological foundation, let's analyze the research methods, for example, logical empiricism (also known as "logical positivism" or "new positivism" Based on the views of scholars Jiangyi use "logical empiricism" in the method emphasizes the logical analysis as a tool, but has the experience and empiricism based on the same epistemology, "the logical analysis of the fundamental methods of modern empiricism and previous, more biology - tend to empirical psychology to distinguish here. "" is restored in the experience of the use of logical analysis, based on the method. "[14] Thus, analysis or reasoning is both logical rationalism management research methods, but also logical empiricism, especially empirical research methods.

But, the logical analysis of logical empiricism is not a rational interpretation of the law, but a logical analysis based on empirical research, its epistemological foundation is still based on empiricism.

Clearly reflected in the methodology of the management of rationalism and empirical research methods, the management principles of the creation of ideas or theories (epistemological basis, evaluation and application (reliability of the evidence is relatively easy to divide, not repeat. Management University of rationalism and empiricism into Table 4, some part of the research methodology with reference to Yi Erba ratio <<social research methods based>> on deductive and inductive theory construction of [15]: Table 4 Management rationalism and empiricism rationalism of the management division of the empirical management principles to create and establish the basic principles or concepts to build a rational and practical experience from proven research methods to be rational study concluded: deductive reasoning, logical reasoning, philosophical, sentiment speculative, mathematical modeling and other methods empirical research: Experience induction, logical analysis based on experience (logical empiricism, comparative analysis, field investigation and analysis, experimental evaluation and application of analytical methods such as the majority can not confirm that the new principles to replace most of them can confirm, you can constantly adjust the effects of different management schools and theories, its founding principles is the basis, supplemented by an analysis of its research methods, we can confirm the different management schools and the general tendency of the theory. Under normal circumstances, through the founding principles and research methods study, it is almost certain some sort of management theory is rationalism or empiricism. where necessary, the paper will analyze the specific management and school evaluation and application of the theory that the reliability of testing theory, its rationalism or preference for empirical evidence.

Although the established management of rationalism and empiricism classification method, but when we look at the specific school or theory of management, will find their research methods did not like the non-judgmental way or the other, but there are some cross-and co- something which, as rationalism and empiricism from the two extremes of completely positive feelings toward the experience and knowledge of their own rational rationality. For example, rationalists do not deny the experience is generally a source of knowledge will take more analysis and other methods, empiricists admit a range of rational interpretation of the necessity, for example, logical analysis, of course, the basic epistemological level, the distinction between the two sides is still very clear.

Some management ideas or theories of the formation of a complete cycle of research, or empirical research or theoretical study of semi-circle, will and rational study of cross-study or experience, we must first examine its epistemological basis, again a reasonable analysis of their research method, therefore, this paper's management division of rationalism and empiricism, but attempts to explain the management of the school's actual situation and development tendency, a certain sense to the path of the development of management studies with ease.

Third, the management of the development path

Since the modern sense of management to create up to mature years, a variety of management ideas, theories, schools of thought emerging, especially in the second stage of the post-war management theory jungle is more complex, many schools have undergone a dramatic change of approach for this stage school to sort out different management, management development for the analysis of critical path is the focus of this study by this analysis, management development path can be roughly divided into three stages: stage of empirical origin, stage of development of rationalism ,

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Empirical regression phase.

1 Phase I: empirical origin (late 19th century - 20th century 40 years although historically the management and human society have almost the same time, since the human society, people's social life is inseparable from the management, but not until 19 century the only practice in the management of the emergence of modern management in the beginning. Taylor wrote in 1911, "Principles of Scientific Management>>, summed up a set of business management theory: scientific management - Taylorism. Taylor's scientific management theory from practice and previous experience, "is a large integrated management thinking, which contains a lot of people inside the hard work and experience." [16] and Fayol the enterprise as a whole to study, summed up the 14 principles of the five management functions, the creation of the organization and management theory.

Taylor and Fayol, who's scientific management theory and methods in the early 20th century to improve the productivity of enterprises play a significant role, but with the continuous development of production factors and labor changes, a special study of the human factor to mobilize people's enthusiasm to the school - school of behavioral sciences came into being. Behavioral Science began in the late 1920s, early 1930s Mayo hosted by Westinghouse Electric Hawthorne plant test. Behavioral science research, empiricism is undoubtedly another victory, laid the initial management of the studies summarized in the typical Canadian experience research methods. Visible, management originated in the empirical epistemology, both of Taylor, Fayol, or plum Austria, the initial management theory are to be created from practical experience.

From the research point of view, Taylor's shovel iron test, Mayo's Hawthorne experiments, are typical of empirical methods. Fayol's a somewhat special situation, he looked like the five management functions of a rational system construction, but Fayol long career in business, founding principles of his theory is still the practical experience, or experience in basic research methods and inductive analysis, is still the typical empirical management through the management theory of the founding principles of this stage and research methods of the study, one can assume management of the empirical origin.

2 The second stage: the development of rationalism (the 1950s - 80 years after World War II, with the level of productivity of the development, management becomes increasingly important, therefore, in addition to management scholars, many sociologists, psychologists , mathematicians, entrepreneurs and even mathematicians are actively engaged in management research, the creation of many new management ideas and theories, there Kuntz said management theory jungle.

In 1961, Coontz published <<management theory jungle>> that because of the conditions of various types of research scientists, grasp the material, the viewing angle and the different research methods, and the formation inevitably produce different management ideas, he was divided .1980 six main schools of thought, Kuntz also published <<More on the management theory jungle>> a text that after nearly two decades later, not only the existence of management theory jungle, and more lush, produced at least eleven school in Koontz's eyes, this martial art if the dispute is caused by the following reasons: first, many terms, such as management, organization, decision-making, leadership, communication, interpersonal relationships, due to different usage and meanings, plus Originally on the ambiguity and to understand the difference, resulting in a "semantic jungle" and the second, the academic Administration and management of the definition and scope included, failed to achieve consensus, and the third, the former people management experience in general and summary as "a priori assumptions" and be abandoned, the fourth, distorted and make some of the previous Administration to abandon the principle of the fifth, management scholars can not or will not understand each other [17]. Kuntz martial division, is generally regarded as the classic academic management, influence over Daniel Ryan, Fort George Little, Harold Pollard, who, however, Koontz, after all, is the successor of the management process theory , intentionally or unintentionally, there will be some bias.

In fact, with advances in technology, globalization, the rise of knowledge-based economy, there may be a new day management issues and management theory appears, may be more lush jungle just as empiricist theory of management of Koontz combing the jungle, just a simple combination of induction and, rather than build on the philosophical basis of the unity and integration. regardless of how the management of forest produce, and regardless of the perspective of research management and methods of how they are different, we still have to rely on the basic epistemological and methodology to analyze the management, research management theory from the philosophical point of view to think about management of the development path, to put aside the martial art of war as much as possible, more clearly show the management trends. the existence of this phase management of the jungle in order, limited space, only the first analysis of Kuntz's six major school division, can clearly show the management at this stage of development path.

This stage, while management continues to rely on empirical guidance has been greatly enriched. To Drucker, the manager of Dell's school of thought represented by the main practical management experience from managers to study aspects of management that successful organizations manager's experience is worth learning, and comparative analysis methods used to study and general management experience, no doubt, managers create a school of thought is based on the principle of practical experience, and experience in research methods and Bacon's inductive method the same strain. From this point to see the manager school of thought known as empiricism or experience management school is not an exaggeration, typical of pure experience in the research. In addition, Kuntz according to Fayol's organization and management theory, management functions are divided into re-planning, organization , personnel, leadership and control of five, and coordination as the management of the nature of the hole Cili management functions with those of management theory analysis, research and exposition, set up the management process school. Koontz's management attaches great importance to practical experience and ideas before human experience, he inherited not only the organization and management of Fayol's theory, there Fayol empirical epistemology and methodology.

On the other hand, Barnard after World War II created a social system school, made the organization, formal organization, informal organization and functions of managers and other creative ideas. Fayol Barnard and similar long-term career in business, a wealth of management experience to his epistemology have a profound effect, the founding principles of his theory, mostly from experience, but from the research point of view, in addition to lessons learned at Barnard, the application of the system construction, analysis and other more speculative rationalist approach, which is completely different and Fayol can be that the social system school of modern management science from empiricism to rationalism transition originated in empiricism, and ultimately tends to rationalism. a later stage, even with Barnard interested in the study of pure reason.

Barnard later, to Simon as the representative of management decision-making theory to expand the Barnard's organization theory, focusing on research to achieve the objectives set by the organization should take an active process and methods, and the formation of a relevant decision-making process, criteria, type and methods of a more complete theoretical system. Simon keen to study a purely rational, thorough interpretation of the analysis by creating decision-making theory, first proposed in the management of the academic distinction between fact and value, to advocate for rational management of important and is very on behalf of the rationalist sense, therefore, based on empirical management process school has become the target of criticism Simon in <<management practices>> in, Simon of Fayol's management principles of the system, sharply criticized his that Fayol's management principles though it seems simple, but often there are inherent contradictions in logic, these principles are the lack of appropriate evidence and reasoning of rational interpretation, it has its own limitations [18] Subsequently, in the evaluation of Kuntz management of the school of reasons for the differences, many of which are directed at Simon comes, such as "the predecessors of management experience in general and summarized as 'a priori assumptions' and be abandoned, distorted and made to abandon previous a number of management principles. "

Behavioral science school in the Hawthorne experiments, after decades of extensive research, many social scientists, anthropologists, psychologists, management scientists are engaged in behavioral science research, and gradually improve the interpersonal theory of this stage of behavioral science school of development, but also from the experience of rational research to study, for example, representatives of Maslow's hierarchy needs theory, mainly based on observation and analysis, and no rigorous test material as a basis. after some scholars tried to large number of experiments to verify this theory, Maslow, Maslow's argument was that there are many flaws and can not be confirmed by experiment.

In addition, the Burton Act through the analysis of production management school of mathematical or "scientific management" school to the extreme. Mathematical school of the management as a system of mathematical models and procedures, some well-known operations research at home or on the part of mathematicians This school and this school is to model the main derivation, is another school of rationalism and this school and some people to give themselves a rather conceited on a "management scientists" reputation, that he is the real solution to management problems scientists, this rationalism has so many management scholars tend to feel disgusted.

Decision-making theory and the mathematical theory of school, are typical of rationalism management, they succeeded in building a management theory through the principles of rational systems, the use of rational proof and deductive reasoning, the management along the direction of rationalism. Initial management inductive learning experience is considered typical research methods have their own limitations, and rational principles, system construction, and even rationalism derived model at this stage management has become a major trend.

We should also note that in addition to Kuntz for the transmission of the management process school, school of managers, school social system, there is behavioral science school

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The empirical origin, ultimately tend to the development trend of rationalism, such as behavioral science school was the originator, Mayo's Hawthorne experiments lay the experience of a typical inductive research methods plus he's younger players have abandoned.

This stage, there is a person I must mention, he is the father of strategic management Porter Porter's competitive strategy to create a theory of management will no doubt be in the early 1980s pushed the rationalism of the peak. Porter on personal insight and rational debate, created a landmark strategic management theory, "five forces model", "three generic competitive strategy", "value chain", which form a very complete ambitious management ideology.

3 The third stage: empirical regression (since the 1980s since the 1980s, in the face of information technology, globalization, economic integration and other new situation, there have been profound changes in management. It is in this situation , the management there are some new theories and trends, more influential irrational tendencies, reengineering theory, the "learning organization" theory.

Began in the early 1980s, the irrational tendencies, as opposed to traditional management theory, theory of management thinking in terms of CD's. Irrational tendencies of the main points are: critical theory, the only original management rationalism, advocacy the study of management practices, emphasis on business success and experience, attaches great importance to corporate Culture can be seen, tend to rely on non-rationalist philosophy of non-rational human spirit, but the extensive use of empirical methods such as comparative law and the experience of induction, the nature of irrational tendencies are based on empirical epistemology and methodology, for example, William Ouchi after an investigation comparing the experience of Japan and the U.S. Administration, published < > Terrence Deal, Allan Kennedy <<Culture - customs and etiquette of business survival, "is focused on 80 companies in a detailed written survey. Peter Senge is a learning founder of the theory of organization, he spent nearly a decade of research and thousands of businesses case study, was completed in 1990 his masterpiece <<Fifth Discipline - the art of learning organization and practice>>. Peter Senge proposed the learning organization "five practitioners," and that companies should establish a learning organization, in order to remain competitive. software engineer and a former management consultant Michael Hammer, after summing up the business case study, the first proposed a "recycling" and published in 1993 <<recycling company>> formally proposed reengineering theory.

These new management ideas and theories are based on lessons learned to create, using comparative analysis, case studies and survey analysis, research methods, indicating that the basic ideas of empiricism profoundly changed the management thinking of the previous stage of development, empirical research has made a comeback .

American scholar Xu Shuying (Anne.S.Tsui professor in 2005, the International Association for Chinese management research (IACMR sponsored by the Chinese management research methodology seminar speaker, she studied the centuries <<American Academy of Management Journal>> (Academy of Management Journal article published in 1500, that survey research, secondary data research, qualitative and case studies, laboratory studies and quasi-experimental research is often used in the management of the five methods [19] This data clearly shows the study of the contemporary status of international management, focusing on statistical analysis of empirical research methods become the main method of management.

During the current phase, rational debate, insight and other rationalistic approach system gradually at a low ebb, in particular, is the only theory being irrational tendencies of the strong criticism of empiricist epistemology and methodology into the mainstream again. Many management scholars even believe that there must be The article is the empirical data or theoretical contribution, we should also note that, since Porter in the early 1980s after the proposed strategic management theory, management scholars need no longer appear so personal insight and rational construction of ideology.

IV Conclusion

Empiricism and rationalism of the basic point of view, throughout the entire management process of development and will contribute to the future management of the development impact through to the management of rationalism and empiricism to be divided and analysis, management development path can be divided into three phases: Phase I: empirical origin (late 19th century - 20 century, 40 years from the late 19th century to the scientific program management, up to Taylor's <<Principles of Scientific Management>> (1911) and Fayol's <<Industrial Management and General Management>> (1916, and published in the Mayo <<social problems of industrial civilization>> (after the 1945 peak, the second stage: the development of rationalism (the 20th century, 50 years - 80 years .20 1950s, decision-making theory, mathematical school of management to promote the development of rationalism, representative of Simon in 1978 won the Nobel Prize, published in the Potter <<Competitive strategy>> ( 1980 <<competitive advantage>> (1985 the peak period, other management schools have tendencies of rationalism, the third phase: empirical regression (since the 1980s. the early 1980s, empirical regression to < > (1981 and <<Culture - the survival of customs and rituals>> (1981, as the symbol <<Fifth Discipline - the art of learning organization and practice>> (1990 << recycling companies>> (1993 results are important at this stage, based on empirical research methods to re-become the mainstream of academic management.

At different stages of management development has shown rationalism and empiricism led to a side, on the other Qudan state, and with the necessary tension to maintain the opposite, so as Li Xing-min demonstration of the entire history of science, management The development is also rationalism and empiricism in the tension relations develop forward.

Huai-Zu Li of China scholars in the <<management research methodology>> book keen to point out that scientific research will continue to erode the speculative content of the study, but the management of speculative research will always exist, management can not be completed in the total content of scientific research [20]. Management experience in the development of doctrine return, making way too much emphasis on empirical research, the basic modern management and no need for personal insight into the rational construction of the great system of thought, we should explore and reflect, perhaps, some outstanding ideas system is gestation, management will usher in the spring of rationalism.

[References]

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