International engineering contracting and contract management _ paper to write network

Papers to write Net: [Abstract] In order to enable the international project contracting and contract management tends to be more standardized manner, in the actual project management contract used in the FIDC conditions of contract in contract management for international construction contracts change the application of international project contracting of Engineering change management in specific applications and procedures, Engineering changes and claims of international relations.

[Keywords] international Engineering, contracting, contract management, FIDC terms of the contract

Introduction
After World War II, the world economy has entered a relatively stable period, the global construction Industry with the steady economic Development has been rapid Development and improvement. With the global scale of the construction Industry continues to "expand" a large share of international project contracting market came into being. This is to enable the international project contracting and contract management tends to be more standardized manner, in the actual project management contract used in the FIDC conditions of contract in contract management changes in the international Engineering contract applications, management of international project contracting in the specific application and Engineering change procedures, engineering changes and claims of international relations.

1 Overview
1.1 International Project Contracting
The so-called international project contracting, refers to the construction of a significant object, characterized by a comprehensive cross-border economic and technological exchanges of Technology and business practice, economic activities, mainly through international project contracting international bidding, with a legal status by the contractors and project owners between international prices and in accordance with certain other conditions to sign the project contract, the rights and obligations of the constraints and specifications, contractors and owners have to act in accordance with the requirements of the contract.

1.2 international engineering contract [4]
With the continuous Development of the world economy, international project contracting the ever-widening range, and for broader economic projects, sum up, economic projects, including three categories: (1 infrastructure and civil engineering projects, (2 resource based projects, (3 manufacturing projects. international engineering contract type can be divided into three categories, namely (a lump-sum contract, that is an international project contract has been carried out on the contract price provisions, the owners in accordance with the provisions of the contract in batches or one-time payment for projects is (2 unit price contract. the contract price is relative to the total price of the contract terms, refers to the contract's price to pay for projects. (3 cost plus fee contract refers to the owner the cost of the project costs and the cost of agreed management fee and profits to pay the contractor for projects of a form of contract.

2 FIDC contracts and international engineering contracting
2.1 FIDC meaning
FIDC the abbreviation for the Federation International Desingenieus Consils, translation is the International Federation of Consulting Engineers. FIDC was established in 1913, the British, after World War II, with the stable Development of world economy, FIDC developed rapidly, so far, the world has More than 60 countries and regions to join and become a member of China joined in 1996, which makes FIDC growing rapidly.

2.2 FIDC change with the international engineering contracting
When the design drawings, construction design and technical specifications there is not a satisfactory situation for the owners, the owners of these factors will change on the project to be changed, making some parts of the project quality, form and construction sequence, etc. aspects change. This is known as engineering change in the terms of FIDC, the international engineering contracting is an important element of change.

2.2 Engineering Change process analysis
Project owner should be dedicated in terms of the contract the project to develop a reasonable and feasible engineering change process and ensure that the actual implementation of the project in strict accordance with the contract change process for construction. I through access to relevant Information and practical engineering experience, the first engineering change procedures set out the following:
2.2.1 The first project the project leader (or an authorized engineers need to prepare the application that need to change the place of the project, project cost estimates and the basis and reasons for change;
2.2.2 The project engineer will be responsible for or application materials ready, you need to give it to the project owners, the application materials need to be careful to see, wait until after the application was approved, the project leader at this time joint consultation with contractors who need to be changed under the prices of those items, to change the project to determine the price,
2.2.3 If the price is equal to or less than the total amount approved, the engineers have the right to release the necessary changes to the contractor indicating that if the price exceeds the approved amount, engineers should consult the owners to further give authorization,
2.2.4 In case of emergency, should not restrict the release engineers to contractors such instructions as he deems necessary and if in the emergency action, he should notify the owners of this situation as soon as possible.

As for engineering change according to the procedure described above can be changed five international engineering program with the following topology diagram: Links to free download http://www.hi138.com

Figure 1 international contract engineering change process
2.3 Engineering Change and construction claims analysis of the relationship between
For engineering changes and construction claims the boundaries between the two concepts, there are a lot of people are not able to distinguish well. The author access to relevant literature, see a lot of literature often confuse the two, so I believe that for both to clarify the difference is very necessary. The reason, claims to know the construction was mainly due to engineering changes, because the owners (mainly engineering drawings, land acquisition and payments deferred place, the construction of the natural and social conditions changes, the owners risk , price reasons, the project inefficiencies, etc., and engineering change only the causes of construction claims in one aspect in the engineering change process and construction claims are essentially, the more obvious differences (construction and engineering change handling of claims program has three steps, but there are essential differences), the main difference can be described in Table 1.

Table 1 engineering change process and construction on the difference between claims
Project Step 2 Step 3 Step
Engineering change engineering change before the engineer in consultation with the contractor to pay the price change given project engineer
Engineering change order the contractor to implement change
Construction Claims
After the claim construction issues, the contractor issued a notice of construction claims, claims the contractor to submit contemporaneous records, the claim after the end of the matter, within the specified time, the contractor submitted claims report and the total bill contract negotiated settlement of construction claims paid owners, engineers decided to claim payments
From the above construction of the project changes and claims handling procedures on the difference in the analysis, there are two differences: (1 engineering change the price in project construction have been identified before the good, the price of construction claims, but on the contrary, In a project at the end of the matter before deciding the claim, (2 project changes, the price of the project engineers and contractors to determine the need for joint consultation, depending on the construction of the claim shall determine the right and engineers, but that the owners, contractors are in passive position (3 of construction claims, the owners can make a counter claim to the contractor, but the engineering change is different, only to project owners and engineers have the right to change, contractors can only request the engineering change, there is no discretion.

Claims from the above definition we can see the construction, engineering change is only one aspect of the claim construction, which means that does not mean that engineering changes have taken place will produce construction claims, construction contract management in accordance with international general principles, engineering change occurred after the engineers to determine and report to the owners approved the change engineering unit, such as contractors, have no objection, according to the contract to pay the normal procedure at this time, there is no construction contractor claims only if the contractor that the engineer determine the price unreasonable, the contracting He believes that the business may be an unreasonable amount of construction claims in the process, the contractors change the engineering unit of recognition is to determine the next step or whether the cut-off point for construction claims.

3 Conclusion
In summary we can see, the international engineering contract management, the correct understanding of the engineering change, very beneficial for the normal Development of the project, but also to protect the interests of all construction projects in which both the project owners or project managers and contractors, should the project change control process for the familiar and understand that if a project in the event of certain disputes, can be processed in accordance with procedures to avoid unnecessary losses and injury.


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