CPM theory on the formation and localization of the revelation of leadership theory and prospects to write Network _ Paper

Papers to write Net: Abstract: behavioral science leadership theory is an important part of management theory, leadership theory, organizational behavior has been a hot Research field now, more and more Chinese scholars to study and test the theory, while Western leaders, more attention to leadership theory in the late localization of .1980 by the Institute of Psychology of Ling Wenquan the CPM and other scholars to establish the localization theory is a model of leadership theory, this paper first reviews the CPM, the predecessor of the PM theory, theory, and then review CPM theory of the formation process, thereby Summary CPM theory of leadership theory localization inspiration - in the context of Chinese culture as the introduction of moral evaluation is necessary, and leadership behavior are important, Researchers can learn the theory of the formation of CPM in order to further promote leadership weak theory of comparative local studies, the last two dimensions around the character and to put forward the theory of localization studies on the future leadership prospects.

Keywords: CPM theory of localization theory leading PM

I. Introduction
Behavioral science as an important part of management theory, leadership theory, Research in the United States in the 1930s unfolded, the West's leading Research in the 1980s and was formed after the climax of the study continues today. Up to now, mainly through the Development of leadership theory the trait theory, behavioral theory and a number of stages such as contingency theory, scholars of charismatic leadership, transactional and transformational leadership, strategic leadership and other new type of leadership theory to explore in full swing, swing.

Domestic leadership psychology and behavior theory and empirical Research in the past 20 years, also made great progress, especially in the late 1980s, formed a leadership psychology and behavior of a small peak, some studies have achieved international recognition, especially the CPM theory, implicit leadership theory and the theory of Chinese paternalistic leadership is to create a precedent leading theory of localization.

The concept of leadership has been concluded with no meaning, leadership theory, the same exception lush jungle. Leadership is a universal phenomenon, not separated by borders, but the meaning of the definition of leadership, style choices and behavior, but to grasp the by cultural influence, is not entirely determined by the individual will of China's rich history of settling the political, social, economic leadership and management have become an important resource for leadership theory research, so more and more Chinese scholars are concerned about leadership theory localization, both in the effort to test the applicability of Western leadership theory in Eastern cultures, on the theory of revised and improved, but also actively construct new leadership of the East in the late theory of .1980 by the Institute of Psychology of the Wen-Quan Ling, etc. scholars have established the leadership of CPM theory is a model of localization theory, this paper attempts to restore the theory of CPM theory the process of establishing the circumstances surrounding the origins and for leading the further Development of the theory of localization studies provide some inspiration.

Two, CPM theory's predecessor - PM theory
CPM theory formerly known as Fuji Japanese scholar Misumi two theories put forward by PM, PM theory, the basic framework has come from American scholars on the theoretical study of leadership behavior in this part of the first overview of the theory of the early studies of leadership behavior, and then introduce three corner two prime the establishment of the PM theory, and finally the PM theory of standardized time scale introduction of China's situation.

1, an early study of leadership behavior
Early studies of leadership focused on leadership qualities, with the deepening of exploration, scholars have found that trait theory can not explain the nature of leadership. Since 1945, Ohio State University Personnel Research Committee Heim Phil (Hemphill JK) led The first group of scholars to carry out the study of leadership behavior, hoping to identify the various dimensions of leadership behavior Initially, Heim Phil (Hemphill JK) and Constance (Coons AE) of nine essential leadership behavior dimension, Ohio Research Group compiled based on these dimensions of leadership behavior description questionnaire (LBDQ), Huo Ping (Halpin AW) and Wenner (Winen BJ) test facilities in this questionnaire many groups, factor analysis of test results obtained two basic dimensions of leadership behavior were "active structure" and "thoughtful", or "grasping the organization" and "caring." Almost simultaneously, the University of Michigan Survey Research Center at the Likert (R. Likert) under the leadership of the productive sector through the high and low production sector leadership of the investigation, will lead the behavior summarized in two factors - the production-oriented (Production Orientation ) and staff-oriented (Employee Orientation). The leadership behavior will be summed up as two independent dimensions of leadership behavior research methods opened up a theory or even new ways of leading.

In 1960, the American scholar Cartwright (D. Caturight) and Zander (A. Zander) edition of their <<Group Dynamics, "a book, they believe that all groups, with the aim of two is nothing more than to any one or a combination: to reach a specific target group for the purpose, summed up the letter P, that performance, is the "job performance", in order to maintain and strengthen community relations for the purpose, summed up the letter M, the maintenance, is " groups to maintain. "This is subsequently Misumi two prime direct basis for the establishment of PM theory.

2, Misumi two prime theoretical and PM
Japan's Osaka University psychologist Misumi two prime in the early 1960s, drawing on <<Group Dynamics>> general leadership behavior in the P and M of the concept, learn the strengths of many questionnaires and scales, from 1963 to 1978 using Scale of the self involving mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding, railway, transport, chemicals, electricity, banking and government, hospitals, schools, etc. more than ten kinds of industries, 15 million people a lot of investigation to more than 800 items of test facilities to simplify induction for the 164, which also screened directly related to leadership behavior and 63, forming a PM questionnaire scales.

Misumi two Fuji 63 entries will be made a factor analysis to further identify the six common factors, but also select from three negative factors named as the largest stress factors, planning factors, maintaining factors and groups, known as the first two P functions, and the third is called M functions. P is the completion of the functions of the target groups. To accomplish group goals, leadership requires not only feasible with careful planning and organizational skills, but also for its strict rules on the lower time limit to complete the task, the Development of regulations system and all levels of responsibilities for implementation of the inspection. M is to strengthen and maintain the body functions by functions of the pressure P, will produce lower levels of tension, confrontation and even lead to lower levels. M is the role of the functions through the lower levels of caring, to eliminate unnecessary tension in the relationship sense, to ease the work of opposition and resistance generated, the lower levels to encourage and support, to speak and express their views in order to lower the opportunity to stimulate autonomy, enhance member between friendship and interdependence, to meet the needs of subordinates in order to maintain the normal operation of the organization to ensure the goals of the organization.

PM theory is that leadership role lies in the implementation of the functions of these two groups, the leadership behaviors will include these two factors. A leader, no matter how strong the P factor, there will always contain some degree of M factor, and vice versa. In addition, P and M are both strong or weak the situation is there. so they appeared in PM, Pm, pM, pm four kinds of leadership, and each type of production, the organization the reliability and cohesion are the differences.

3, PM scale into China
The early 1980s, mainland cadres from the tenure system to employment, the Organization Department of CPC Central Committee put forward a combination of qualitative and quantitative requirements of leading cadres to examine in this context, the Institute of Psychology, Xu et al conducted a joint position in factories and enterprises leadership behavior assessment study, the Fuji PM Misumi two scales were introduced into China and standardized test facilities more than 30 enterprises of more than 6,000 employees, which is also the earliest in accordance with internationally accepted norms and guidelines for the preparation of the evaluation of leadership quality scale.

Three, CPM theory of the formation of
Misumi two Fuji Although the Industry had a huge number of tests and the preparation of content for different occupations and different levels of PM leadership behavior rating scale, but not for the leading scientific research institutions conduct evaluation studies based on this lack of awareness and pre-position and other scholars associated Xu scale standardization of PM, the Institute of Psychology and other scholars, Wen-Quan Ling began preparing for scientific research units and administrative departments of the leadership behavior rating scale, CPM theory, this exploration of the originator.

1, CPM scale preparation process
The PM in the aforementioned scale standardization process, many companies and personnel department's leadership, China's cadre policy in addition to "only" requirement, there are "moral" requirements, and PM does not reflect the scale and leadership qualities aspects of these recommendations as an important clue to improve the scale of the order to make the evaluation of leadership behavior suitable for China, Wen-Quan Ling and other scholars in the preparation of a new scale, taking into account the "moral" requirement, assuming leadership behavior rating scale constituted by three factors: work performance P (Performance), groups maintain M (Maintenance), personal qualities, C (Character and Moral). scholars based on the public and private standards are relatively stable, free from political influence and characteristics of the times will treat public and private attitude or how to deal with the relationship between public and private individuals for evaluating the quality of content, and evaluation of personal qualities as leadership, "Germany" factor.

CPM scale projects in the P factor and M factor in the project reference to the PM Scale, C factors, the researchers of their own design projects, keep each element of the 15 projects, including the formation of the initial 45 projects the amount of the first draft CPM Table After October 1984, February 1985 and October of three large-scale measurement, three drafts, the final form factor ideal CPM scale clustering, three-factor model derived matrix factor 1 (C) as personal qualities (Character and Moral), explained 80%, the internal consistency coefficient of 0.95, factor 2 (P) of job performance (Performance), explained 8.9%, internal consistency coefficient of 0.93, factor 3 ( M) for groups to maintain (Maintenance), explained 3.6%, the internal consistency coefficient of 0.95, which three factors not only explain the total variance rate of 91.82% (generally only about 60%), and can be re-associated matrix.

2, CPM theory of dynamics
CPM model of leadership theory is based on the establishment of tissue function, and therefore its dynamics is also function of three factors can contribute to the implementation of the organization, namely, the achievement of organizational goals, to maintain the organization's survival and Development. Wen-Quan Ling and other scholars that, C function is the leader of an indirect influence. leadership model exemplary behavior, on the one hand can be a leader in working to ease the discontent, access to psychological balance and sense of fairness on the other hand, these exemplary exemplary behavior through role- recognition and internalization of the role of being a leader can stimulate intrinsic motivation to strive to achieve organizational goals, in other words, being a leader, the model exemplary behavior is a silent command, command, control and supervision. C function of P and M functions function plays a larger role in growth.

3, C factors in the culture of
CPM theory is built based on the external behavior of the leadership, we believe, C factor is the Chinese culture-specific factors - P factor and M factor reflects the commonality of leadership theory, C factor reflects the leadership theory of personality, that is culture-specific . for the time being hold the mainstream culture of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism's emphasis on non-classical form of the moral, just from the knowledge of Chinese life and life experience, you can clearly feel the importance of morality in Chinese society, Chinese and foreigners in the Share for free download http://www.hi138.com evaluate a person's time is very different, and we have a person in the community how much skill and talent of the Chinese people seem not very important. foreigners is a competency-based, the more capacity will be great, not so Chinese people, Chinese people pay more attention to people's virtues: moral foundation, and to the higher the better, good moral character, but others can be higher the more afraid, because it is easier do bad things.

In Chinese society, to describe a really good person, have not only from the capacity point of view and many words can reflect this, for example, "ability and political integrity" is a very high rating, if so who can be praised , we all admiration for him, another example, evaluation of a really good artist, we would say he was "smashing", which is the highest praise artists, another example, in the more common slogans of class struggle years, we pursue the evaluation is called the "red and expert" may wish to put this "red" as good moral character, "special" as strong, and finally the Central University of Finance and Business Faculty training - "Germany this to be first, "said the ability to not only one dimension, not only referred to the character, and character, or fundamental. These common words from the above, we can clearly feel that the Chinese people attach great importance to moral character, but on the moral caliber than the capacity of a higher level.

Ling Wen-Quan and other scholars in China, Japan, the United States cross-cultural comparative study of social norms also found that the three countries there are social norms in the essential difference in the management of people, the Chinese emphasis on "virtue" Japanese emphasis on "rule of man", the U.S. emphasis on "the rule of law." is a cultural reflection of social norms in China, a considerable part of the problem, we regard it as a moral issue, and in the United States might be seen as legal issues in China managers in the management of stress moral exemplary role model, promote charismatic moral leadership in the selection of employees, emphasizing both ability and integrity, to Germany first. loyalty to the country, the organization to make sincere, filial piety to the elders, others Shi Yan, the ethical obligation to do heavy moral restraint, stressing that "introspection", that is self-introspection and these psychological and behavioral phenomena can be seen as China's leadership culture.

IV Revelation
CPM theory is based on the theory in the PM revised and developed, and the corresponding scale, whether in design or analysis of the results of treatment have followed the PM scale version of the standardization process in China developed the method. CPM theory PM theory is different from the place, mainly due to an increase of C elements and cultural background that the introduction of C elements is necessary.

CPM theory to create a precedent leading theory of localization, C factors, the introduction is not only necessary, but is successful, then many studies and have confirmed this. Wen-Quan Ling, to address the implicit leadership theory, the personal qualities, the target effectiveness, interpersonal skills, multi-faceted nature of four factors, this study obtained with the CPM leadership behavior assessment model very similar results to verify the CPM model is Unlike Western culture, the Chinese model. Lin Qiong implicit in the aforementioned theory of leadership nearly 20 years after the first test of the Chinese implicit scale factor structure results show that the four factors did not change, in which personal qualities of the typical cross the maximum load that the greatest contribution, means that personal integrity is to evaluate the factors that led the most important factor. Wang Lei and other leading construction companies in the competency model includes both the four dimensions of management skills, team skills and effectiveness goals, including moral charm. Li Chaoping, when the survey prepared for the Chinese situation transformational leadership questionnaire (TLQ) by the moral example for charisma, vision motivation, personal care composition of four factors. Wang Dengfeng, etc. made by the three large dimensions, seven dimensions and 21 factors constitute the Chinese party and government leading cadres of competency reflects both ability and integrity, competency to manage their own high proportion of Chinese cultural characteristics. And so on and so forth, the Western theory of leadership behavior and relationship-oriented framework for task-oriented studies in the country was broken again and again, on the one hand reflects the cultural identity led more and more obvious, on the other hand, emphasized the leadership of the Chinese culture those qualities of attention, highlighting the localization of PM theory, the theory of significant value for the CPM.

Discussed localization studies, single country scholar Li proposed a classification of indigenous research framework as the basis for describing the localization of a single national leadership of the classification framework, including non-native (stage 1), comparative weak local (stage 2), strong local (stage 3), the global multi-cultural style local (stage 4) four stages. CPM theory of the formation they belong to Phase 2: comparative weak local stage in the weak leadership of the local stage Its main feature is actively looking for the uniqueness of the East, and further comparison and revision of Western leadership theory, or in the West based on the theory of leadership Development theory with Chinese characteristics in this stage, the main attempt of foreign domestic scholars on the basis of leadership theory , combined with Eastern culture and values, organizational characteristics and other factors, the revised and more theoretical. CPM theory of localization theory of leadership is an important revelation will prompt researchers to the leadership of a comparative study of a larger weak local potential value, Because this path tend to explore and develop local leadership to better explain the phenomenon of the elements, variables, or ideas. This is rooted in the comparative study of traditional culture, innovation and leadership in the theoretical study will focus on exploring the unique local phenomenon on.

V. Outlook
After seeing the successful introduction of CPM theory, C factors, we must also realize that for the Chinese culture that the "ability and political integrity" phenomenon, related to leadership theory in the study, we have a lot to do, such as, for transition in China, in the end what is the "ability and political integrity," the leader? Character and leadership ability in the end contain? How to select and evaluate the leadership qualities and talents? Leader of the "virtue" and "only" is how it affects the effectiveness of the leadership of the leader? How to improve leadership qualities and abilities influence? training, development of leadership ability and political integrity is an effective model for what? At the same time, these problems at different stages, different types of organizational structure reflected in the more common or individual? visible, CPM theory with many new issues to the researchers, to be constantly in the theory and practice to solve. Localization of the road leading theory is still promising, long way to go.


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