China's large and medium industrial enterprises in independent innovation efficient analysis

[Abstract] This article from the overall effectiveness of the use of DEA method, technology effectiveness and returns to scale, three aspects of the country's 30 provinces (cities, districts) and medium-sized industrial enterprises in independent Innovation performance of empirical analysis, and input from the selected and output indicators for a total of six of China's 30 provinces into idle rate and underemployment rate of output for analysis and finally conclusions based on Research to improve the efficiency of Innovation strategies.

[Keywords] Innovation Innovation efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA)

First, the basic concepts and models introduced
1 Innovation
Innovation is the company's own efforts or through joint Research, exploration technology breakthrough, the formation of valuable Research and development results, and on this basis, the ability to drive innovation on its own follow-up session to complete the commercialization of technological achievements, access to commercial profits in order to achieve the desired goal of an innovative activity.

Independent innovation capability is an enterprise in competition in the market, in order to enhance the ability of self-development through effective integration and use of innovative internal and external resources, the establishment of a new technology platform or change the core technology and intellectual property rights achieved, the enterprise continue to enhance its core competitiveness, to gain sustainable competitive advantage in the innovation process has shown the capabilities of organic synthesis.

2 Data envelopment analysis (DEA models
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, is a relative efficiency evaluation method, which mainly uses mathematical programming methods, effective use of the observed sample data, the decision-making unit (DMU) to evaluate the relative effectiveness, there are n decision making units Each decision-making units DMUj (j = 1,2,3, ... ... n) respectively, said input and output Xj and Yj, Xj = (x1j, x2j, ... ..., xmj) T, Yj = (y1j, y2j, ... ...) T, j = 1,2, ... ..., n. first j0 evaluate the effectiveness of decision making unit size and technical validity of the C2R model:
(1) by C2R optimal solution can be evaluated S-, S + decision-making unit is the size of both the technology effectively and efficiently. If θ0 = 1, and S-= 0, S + = 0, called the decision-making unit is DEA efficient, or non-DEA efficient.

(2) taking into account the non-DEA efficient DMU may be purely technical in addition to valid, there may be problems due to their size. For the simple evaluation of the efficiency of decision-making unit is the best technology, the introduction of convex constraints Σλj = 1 assuming that the scale of income constant, available BC2 model, calculate the pure technical efficiency of decision making units.

(3) the overall technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency ratio can be derived scale efficiency, scale efficiency closer to 1, indicating that the more appropriate size, the more close to the optimal size.

C2R model using DEA method can evaluate the overall effectiveness of the innovation system, technology effectiveness and validity of the scale, through innovation and investment in idle rate and underemployment rate of output, can reveal the key factors affecting innovation, proposed to increase the innovation performance Suggestions.

Second, the selection of indicators
The efficiency of technological innovation from the Research point of view, are basically built from the input-output point of evaluation. Taking into account data availability and convenience of data processing, this choice of the following indicators as input and output indicators.

(1) innovation input indicators
Research and development (R & D) personnel (x1, person-years), funding for research and experimental development (x2, ten thousand yuan
(2) Innovation Output Indicators
New product sales (y1, million, new product output (y2, million), patent (y3, items, with the number of patents (y4, items.

In this paper, the country except Tibet's 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, municipalities and medium-sized industrial enterprises (Statistical Yearbook for free Tibet in the relevant data) empirical analysis of innovation efficiency, the raw data from the <<China Statistical Yearbook (2009)>> In this study, using DEAP software selection input-oriented DEA model solution.

Third, the evaluation results
1 integrated analysis of technical efficiency
C2R model is one of the best areas to achieve the DEA efficient, both the technology effectively, but also the effective size from Table 1 shows, there are seven regions reached DEA efficient: Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Guangdong , Hainan and Qinghai. from the table we can see the overall technical efficiency, overall efficiency value of each region vary greatly, the efficiency is very low in most parts of the level that most areas of our innovation and efficiency is not high and medium-sized enterprises, invested resources are not fully utilized. want to clarify is, Hainan and Qinghai innovation inputs and outputs are relatively low, but the innovation is efficient, should increase investment in all aspects, to improve innovation output.

(2) pure technical efficiency analysis
Table 1 shows that pure technical efficiency of decision making unit 1 a total of 10 regions, in addition to the above-mentioned seven regions, there are Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Chongqing three regions, which shows the 10 regions into Resource use is efficient, no waste, of which pure technical efficiency at the end of a row in Xinjiang, Jiangxi, Ningxia, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and other areas, suggesting that these regions the use of resources in innovation, there is a big waste, countries should adopt a series of policies and measures to strengthen the management to take advantage of innovative resources to enhance the capability of independent innovation.

3 non-DEA efficient unit of analysis

Links to free download http://www.hi138.com from DEA effective Economic sense, non-DEA efficient for two reasons, first, the current lack of investment on the basis of output, one output level of the existing waste into this paper from the technical innovation of both inputs and outputs, respectively, the 30 provinces and cities of the country's inputs and outputs of the configuration problems have been studied in the previous basis of empirical research of soil for each of the DEA efficient investment decision-making unit and the corresponding index component weight ratio is defined as the investment of idle rate, the same decision-making unit in the output of each component of the value of the corresponding target component is defined as the ratio of output underemployment rate, s1-/x1 to reflect technological achievements transformation ability, s2-/x2 insufficient number of patents that rate, to reflect the capability of independent innovation.

As can be seen from the table, DEA effective Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangdong, Hainan, Qinghai invested idle rate and output rate of less than zero, which is valid DEA analysis is the same (Note: Jiangsu, Chongqing retained after the decimal point in the case of page 4 to 0, while in the non-DEA efficient in the provinces: (1 Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, a serious shortage of new product sales, new product sales revenue of Shandong also be further improved, (2) The second indicator value of new products in 15 provinces and cities have different levels of output insufficient, especially in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, the lowest value in three provinces, the reaction capacity of the transformation of new product output is still less than the state , (3 in a patent, there are shortfalls in nine provinces, (4 with the number of patents, only Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shandong province of output less than three, the results show that in our country as a whole patent performance is quite good, (5 staff in research and experimental development investment items appeared in 13 provinces into idle, that research and development personnel is not a reasonable test configuration and fully utilized.

Fourth, the study's conclusions and recommendations
The above analysis shows that China's relatively low overall efficiency of technological innovation, to technology and effective one-third, and the relative efficiency value is generally low; technical innovation of China's various provinces varies, not only the efficiency of technological innovation gap greater allocation of resources also vary from input indicators of China's research and experimental development expenses have been more fully utilized, but the research and experimental development staffing unreasonable, there is a certain degree of idle from the output indicators point of view, the patented invention is relatively good output shows that China's independent innovation capability has been greatly improved, and new product output value and sales income of less than fairly obvious, lack of technical capacity of the transformation, so as to improve innovation and efficiency, the following measures should be taken :
1. To improve the transformation capacity, promote market-oriented scientific and technological achievements
DEA efficient units from the non-empirical analysis, China's output of new products and new product sales revenue was significantly less than the two outputs, the gap between larger cities. Thus, our technological achievements to be further improved ability to promote scientific and technological achievements market should be to promote the industry, academia, research and coordinated development, China should promote enterprise-based, government support, universities and research institutes in the way, the establishment of technical innovation extensive strategic alliance to conduct a joint tender engineering, technology absorption, imitation of innovation and independent innovation and encourage enterprises to increase the digestion and absorption of imported technology and the main innovation input, etc., to promote technological achievements.

(2) to expand science and technology funding, and guide the rational allocation of funds
From the research and experimental development of idle funds rate analysis shows that it has been fully utilized, and therefore we can increase funding for science and technology, should actively encourage and support innovation activities of financial institutions to provide financial support.

3. The establishment of scientific and technological talent evaluation mechanism to promote the rational flow of human
Looking at the results from the DEA evaluation, research and development in coastal areas of human wealth, and the rational use of R & D personnel has been, while other provinces and cities, not only small but also R & D personnel are underutilized and, therefore, these cities should establish meet the requirements of modern enterprise system, talent evaluation mechanism to assess the performance of scientific and technological talents and ability to avoid serious human resources idle. References:
[1] Fu Jiaji: technology innovation studies [J]. Tsinghua University, 2008 (eight sixty
[2] Wenrui Gongjian Li: Evaluation of the ability of independent innovation [J]. Group of Economic Research, 2005 (8): 68 - 69
[3] the official completion of Liu Shunzhong: regional innovation agencies to study the impact of innovation performance [J]. Science 2003 (4) :210-214
[4] Yu Xiaofen Lee Yong Shi Yan Ming Wei Chi Wei: China's regional innovation efficiency: current status and causes of [J]. Science, 2005 (4): 258 a 264

Links to free download http://www.hi138.com