Research cooperation in developed countries status and development trend Analysis

Abstract: By understanding the status of developed country Research cooperation, Research cooperation and worldwide trends, provide a reference for our Research cooperation. By applying the history, literature and other methods of qualitative Research methods, summarizes the Research cooperation in developed countries relatively mature, Government attaches importance to cooperation environment is superior, high co-positive status of the parties to come to research cooperation partner countries to the direction of the official research cooperation, the cooperation scale to large-scale, gathered in the direction of the scope of cooperation to cross-border, cross-direction, to encourage the free movement of researchers and other new trends.

Keywords:: developed countries, research cooperation, the development trend

A developed country status of the development of research cooperation

1.1 Government attaches importance to look at the development of research can be found in developed countries, countries of the importance of research cooperation continued to strengthen, from a series of related legal research cooperation, system development, implementation, introduction of preferential policies, to create conditions for the formation of financial capital, venture capital, only one purpose, that is faster and better promote the development of research cooperation in recent years, research cooperation in order to better serve the country, developed country governments began to intervene in research cooperation, through policy, funding or host the project in the form of direct participation in research cooperation, research cooperation of its increasingly prominent role to guide and control the U.S. a new generation of automotive cooperation program (PNGV) is the official research collaboration model, comparable to the program "Apollo mission to the moon ", reflects the Government's emphasis on research cooperation in the program and the important role of the Nordic countries Finland, although only 5.2 million people, the Government attaches great importance on Technology Innovation and plays an important role in Finland as the world's most competitive and innovative in the world. According to the World Economic Forum (WEF) Global Competitiveness Report, Finland 2002 - 2005 for four consecutive years to become the world's most competitive country in recent years have also remained the world's forefront of the full proof of this Government's attention is also reflected in scientific research, such as the U.S. science and Technology investment to GDP of 2.68% (2005 data), Finland 3.41% (2008 data, Sweden 3.63% (2007 data, Japan 3.39% (2006 data, and South Korea 3.22% (2006 data. "Technology, high investment, bringing Innovation and competitiveness further.

1.2 excellent research environment for cooperation in the developed countries, research cooperation a long time, countries, companies, institutions and individuals have been brought to the role of research cooperation and influence the formation of consensus, fully aware of the study, and research cooperation improve the national Innovation capability, enhance national competitiveness in the world, as well as practical significance to improve business performance. In order to create a good environment for research cooperation, developed countries continue to step up publicity efforts to strengthen social credit system construction market, and research cooperation agreement to ensure faithful implementation; strengthening institution-building Technology services for the Cooperative to provide quality services to enhance the knowledge protection of property rights, the lifting of the parties to develop new Technology and research cooperation, the worries of new technology, carry forward the values ​​of Innovation win-win cooperation, to encourage the cooperation of different values ​​of the parties to seek cooperation in the spirit of these initiatives and to further promote the research cooperation to a new, broader fronts.

1.3 Cooperative research cooperation parties to a highly positive for companies, universities and research institutes are beneficial from a business perspective, with universities, research institutes, cooperative, enterprises can make full use of universities, research institutes, research , personnel, development of technology to solve business problems, reduce the risk of technology development, promoting technological Innovation, and leadership to grasp the cutting edge of technology, thereby enhancing the market competitiveness of enterprises, while, with universities, research institutes and research cooperation, for corporate culture training, greatly enriched the company's reserves of human resources for sustainable businesses to prepare the conditions for technological progress, from universities, research institutes, see, for the needs of enterprises and universities, research institutes of their own development and to strengthen basic science and applied scientific research, technological development and strengthen the common achievements, focusing on application-oriented, innovative talents, will help improve the universities, research institutes, scientific research and Economic development level of service, will help improve the human quality at the same time, universities and research institutes and companies for technical cooperation, allows universities, research institutes to keep abreast of technological developments in the area, aimed at the development of cutting-edge technology research, to seize the technological high ground. for the university, either to promote new disciplines and interdisciplinary development, but also to solve the problem of inadequate research funding, to further enhance its service to society. Massachusetts Institute of Technology research cooperation model is the most powerful proof. The current organization and co-developed research cooperation Union continues to increase the participation of enterprises, universities, research institutions, expanding the number to show all the high spirits of the research cooperation, looking forward to the prospects for cooperation.

2 Trends

2.1 partner research cooperation from the traditional direction of research cooperation to the government and research generated at the beginning, with little government intervention which, research cooperation is purely a spontaneous market behavior, the more the performance in business and enterprise, business with universities, research institutions and cooperative relations between the As Economic globalization and international competition, the government attaches importance to and has been extensively involved in research cooperation is the trend the Government to intervene and support their research cooperation, not only to market considerations , but the main thing is the national strategic level considerations. in particular in: ① the provisions of some developed countries in science and technology projects and research cooperation should be carried out research, business programs must find a university or research institutions as partners to get funding, The universities, research institutions must be determined by the project company as a partner to get support. Such as France's competition-point plan is a typical representative of the French through the implementation of "point of competition" program, enterprise integration, training centers and research institutions owned by their respective knowledge, skills, capital or talent together for the industrial technology innovation services, the state capital supportive way to participate. The scheme to maintain the competitiveness of French industry has important strategic significance. ② some countries directly involved as a participant, such as Japan's industrial group to implement the implementation plan, the government directly involved, by supporting enterprise and research exchanges and cooperation between agencies, regularly organizes seminars, exchanges, seminars and other forms of advantages and characteristics of the technology development projects for funding, and certain development commission research to develop cost, to influence and promote Cooperative smoothly. ③ some developed countries follow the U.S. 'Silicon Valley' successful experience in Cooperative, founded by the government-led industrial park. The industrial park is generally for the government, or create a new research and education institutions, or to enhance industry and scientific research and educational institutions links to organizations and research exchanges to accelerate technological innovation and industrial development as the goal.

2.2 from small-scale cooperation, decentralized to the large-scale, gathered in the direction of the initial research cooperation, generally smaller, more a business and a university or research institutions, relatively simple. At present, the accumulation of science and technology , so that research cooperation has undergone a qualitative change, a change in the past that the form of individual combat, small workshops, the emergence of new strategic alliances or project-link large-scale industrial or regional forms of cooperation, such as the United States, "a new generation of Automotive Partnership "is a special science and technology program, which is funded by the government and enterprises to establish a non-competitive government research cooperation modes, including 758 sub-topics, 453 units to participate in the enterprise have GM, Ford and Chrysler Big Three auto companies in the UK are "Faraday Partnership Project," attracted more than 1,200 enterprises, more than 200 universities and research institutions to participate, with remarkable results in Japan since 2001, the industry group to promote the implementation plan has backbone enterprises and more than 4,000 universities in more than 200 participants.

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2.3 the scope of cooperation from one country to a multinational cross-field direction of the initial research cooperation, often limited to a country's related companies and universities, research institutions, the technical issues involved are more limited to a single discipline or a discipline one branch within the scope of activities of small, narrow field of study. With the development of technology, competition, some companies, especially industry leaders are not satisfied with cell technology research, has begun building a chain around the industrial technology, for cross-sectoral, interdisciplinary research cooperation, multinational cross-border research cooperation is one of the highlights. multinationals localized to the company's products, and enhance product competitiveness, have set up R & D center in the investment, or with local businesses , universities and research institutions and technical cooperation, as far as possible the use of local R & D resources, an accurate grasp of local market information, thereby obtaining suitable local production of research results. transnational interdisciplinary technical cooperation came into being and developed into a unique the form of research cooperation. Transnational research cooperation and give full play the advantages of cooperating parties, not only reduces development costs, reduced innovation and risk, while fostering the requirements of multinational companies highlight the localization of production, improve market access to his country's integration into the degree as the world's largest electrical engineering and electronics companies, and the world's most innovative companies, Siemens has more than 70 countries with more than 600 universities or research institutions to carry out R & D project cooperation through joint research with universities, companies can gain greater Siemens new advantages, and strengthen disciplines with important scholars of international links, while there are more opportunities to partner universities, more in-depth exposure to subject-specific knowledge and understanding of electrical engineering and electronics industries, R & D focus and industry trends.

2.4 to encourage the free flow of scientific researchers mobility of enterprises, universities and technology transfer between research institutions and technical cooperation, an important channel for one of the developed countries have a common understanding of this: for example, the German government to support researchers in industry and communication between research institutions, "SME innovation and skills programs", the Italian researchers to promote the exchange and flow of the "2005-2007 National Research Program" to encourage research institutions and universities, researchers and engineers to SMEs for four years, the original unit must retain their jobs "tax credit policy", Danish researchers to establish a more convenient mobility, enhance international liquidity "to strengthen business R & D cooperation and knowledge of action research framework", Sweden has established to encourage two-way flow of talent effective mechanism: on the one hand, the Swedish Research Council through the allocation of dedicated planning funds to support the flow of university researchers on the other hand, the Swedish government set up in universities to a certain number of part-time business associate professor positions, sent by the enterprise technology officer. With The depth and improvement of this approach, the current technology into large enterprises, about 20% of all workers to go to college part-time professor, through exchange of scientific and technical personnel, increased research and development on the other side of the understanding, strengthen mutual trust, deepen research the basis for cooperation, research activities will improve the frequency and effectiveness.

2.5 great importance to science and technology service organizations to improve the rate of scientific and technological achievements into production and research technology services organization cooperation system is a very important part of the Cooperative system plays an important role in scientific and technological achievements into play an important role before World War II, As the lack of technology services, major scientific and technological achievements to the commercialization of the results from the invention of the cycle is relatively long, mostly in the more than 20 years, for example, generators for 50 years, telephone, vacuum tubes and aircraft more than 20 years after World War II, scientific and technological achievements from invention to commercialization cycles are significantly reduced, such as the atomic bomb for six years, three years, transistors, lasers year, IT services have played an important role in the nature of science and technology services to its well-coordinated basic research, applied research and pilot study to combine science and technology together, thus contributing to scientific research achievements, to shorten the conversion cycle, in turn, has promoted scientific and technological services and research collaboration to develop in depth and improve the national scientific and technological innovation, so developed countries attach great importance to the construction of science and technology service organizations such as the United Kingdom in the existing "Small Business Service," "business service center" on the basis of scientific and technological services, to promote its further development, the British Government in 2001, a special set "London Technology Network" and other regional innovation agencies, to promote regional research cooperation. Italian Government through the establishment of "European Research Association", "Innovation Relay Centre", "innovation center" and "technological innovation service bureau" and other technology services agencies and organizations to encourage and support scientific and technological services and organizational development, creating a Today, the world-famous industrial clusters of SMEs.

2.6 great importance to and supports the development of a national SME, large enterprises account for only a small number of companies, more small and medium enterprises. SMEs in the country has a very important role, such as small and medium enterprises to increase employment, an active market, increase GDP, enhancing national Economic competitiveness, but as small and medium enterprises deficiencies, although the innovative power and vitality, but the lack of researchers, lack of research funding, technology is not strong, in the introduction and use of new technologies, research projects and participate in their own R & D in general difficult, so SMEs can have the ability to innovate, the country's support is crucial in recent years, the major developed countries are aware of this, have taken measures to support SME development, SME development to improve their vitality, and enhance competitiveness Italy is a typical representative known as the "Kingdom of small and medium enterprises," said the Italian, SMEs in their socio-Economic and technological innovation holds an important position in Italy through the legal form in the 1970s before the full support of SMEs and 70 After years of turning to support small and medium enterprises have a choice on the basis of the new century, the Italian government has a greater support for innovative SMEs in 2004 alone, it allocated 246 million euros to support R & D activities, especially small and medium innovation activities of enterprises. specific measures that the Italian government set up an Innovation Fund to support innovation in the enterprise, small and medium enterprises in recent years began to tilt. Italy's Innovation Fund, including the Applied Research Fund, Technology Innovation Fund and the Fund to purchase high-tech products. Applied Research Fund mainly for low-interest loans, the Italian government regulations, loan principle, more than 55% of all research funding, but small and medium enterprises, the ratio of up to 65%, technical innovation fund for large enterprises industries is limited and small and medium enterprises not limit the field of industry, can apply for grants. funds to purchase high-tech products is dedicated to the Italian Government on the purchase or lease high-tech equipment to provide subsidies and the creation of SMEs. In addition, the Italian government to support SMEs, science and technology development activities to address the problem of shortage of IT personnel for SMEs, especially doctoral staff proposed, such as the employment contract signed with SMEs, the government can provide 60 percent of the scholarships. Other countries are also attention and support for SMEs and research cooperation, such as Germany's "Innovation Network project," "SME innovation skills program." British government set up a "service bureau for SMEs", and in finance, banking and taxation to support the development of entrepreneurship and SMEs in the United States issued a <<Small Business Innovation Act>>, and develop a "SME Innovation Research Program" (SBIR) and the "Small Business Technology Transfer Research Program" (STIR) and so on.

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