Analysis of reader questions in the contemporary Western literary theory and its evolution in the highlights

Paper Keywords: the issue of Western high culture literary theory popular text reader

Abstract: In this paper, reception aesthetics, sociology of literature, and Fiske's theory of mass culture as an object, the reader sort out the problem in contemporary Western literary theory in the generation and evolution of this paper that the theory of the evolution of the root cause is that the cultural industries the emergence and maturity. Enlightenment as the intellectual resources, the explanatory power of cultural industries is declining, if that is the core of the Enlightenment value "of the perfect search," then how democratic values ​​in between it and seek a harmonious state , has become a problem of contemporary literary theory.


Traditional literary theory and literary studies, has always preferred authors and works, just take the reader as passive receivers. The 1960s, the Western literary theory has undergone a huge change, several groups of different orientation of the school or the researchers, paying close attention from readers in the process of literary production and consumption in the role the reader's appreciation of the subject as an art, in literature production status of the whole system was highly emphasized. the transfer of interest in this study, the cultural industry in post-war rise of the Western world consequences. the culture industry-specific mode of production, resulting in, including literary works, including the kinds of products of mass culture in this situation, the researchers suddenly realize that you must construct a new theory to explain the text, the producer, the relationship between the reader, the perspective of the whole process of literary production cycle.

First, the reader will look locked in the body of researchers is Jauss and Iser's reception aesthetics such as founder, compared to other researchers, their interest focused on the research paradigm more updates. Jauss as a literary history professor, that the literature has suffered a "methodological crisis": the previous study in Marxist theory and Russian formalism, represented by the former emphasis on external research literature, which focus too much on an internal study of literature, both. " fragmented literature and history, aesthetics and historical methods of the association between the methods ". ① Therefore, Jauss inspired by Gadamer's attempt to accept the text from the reader's point of view the process to find a breakthrough in two ways to connect." Only when the work is no longer a continuation of thought from the main production areas, and from consumption of the main aspects of thinking, that is linked from the author and the public aspects of thinking in order to write a literary and art history ". ②
Jauss that the text read not simply "copy" or mirror-like "reflection." This is because any reader in the appreciation of literature before, his mind is not "white" one, "but in practice a full range of life has formed a comprehensive, including the appreciation of the actual needs and capabilities, including the aesthetic realm, that is, pre-understanding of the text ". ③ Jauss will this pre-understanding as" looking sight. "He proposed that literature often break the reader's "expectation horizon", which constitutes the aesthetic experience of the challenges and the alienation effect.'s image was already familiar with subversion, and beyond, rewrite, and so the writing style, readers will result in the aesthetic process impact. For example, <<awakening >>,<< Sister Carrie>> other works re-shaping the image of women, <<American Tragedy >>,<< The Great Gatsby>> and other works on the "American Dream" re-interpretation, will challenge readers to experience the original life for Jauss, the literature's task is to "look forward to the sight of" objective, it will read the process of going through the challenges of style describe the experience, we thus can be inferred, the task of literature is to analyze the different periods of time readers of the same text in different ways, or different sectors of the same period of social groups to accept the text the same way towards the similarities and differences, to accept this interpretation of the aesthetic way to get through the historical methods and aesthetics Methods Following Jauss, the Ethel and further proposed the "implied reader" of the notion that each text has the potential significance of the structure, there are structural gaps requires the reader to fill in the reading process, so when the reader Read and according to their own experience to fill these gaps, he entered the default author of the structure of this process is known as the works of Ethel's "call structure." Thus, readers of the process, that is, by the text "calls structure "to capture the process.

Although Iser and Jauss's theory of aesthetics is to accept the same people, but they sketched out the image of the readers are quite different. Jauss to "look forward to sight" to describe the image of a reader, although the experience of facing the challenges brought by the text, but They are being given a color of Enlightenment rationality, still have the experience and experience against the autonomy of the update, but this autonomy in the "call structure," explained inside, but lost the. This is not to say that the reader becomes again important, but rather that constantly calls the reader by the text because the text of the consumer in the text continue to become the driving force of reproduction, this line of thought is clear zones on the stigma of structuralism. Specifically, the author of capitalism literary market, is the reader for the sustenance of their writing process also had to consider how to set up call structure in order to attract readers Readers of the author of this effect, supported by the French scholar Robert ace Loris height attention.

Ace Kapil is the founder of the sociology of literature, he made this new research methods, clearly carry the Ethel problems. Ace Kapil said: "All works, as long as the reader can cheer recreation, the association , or vice versa, can cause the reader to think about, the reader can gradually improve the cultural enrichment, can be turned into literature. "④ view of this literature is clearly based on the relationship between writer and reader, but he quickly discovered, Readers of the impact of writers, for literary purposes is a potential danger. ace Loris In this show the complexity of a rather contradictory attitude, on the one hand, he criticized the creation of the Enlightenment concept of elitism after that the writer been shaped too much like a totem myth, it does not meet the values ​​of democracy on the other hand, he criticized the current best-seller relationship between authors and readers, more and more business into the relationship between fashion stars and groupies. He found that to be sought after, and the reader to follow the "Halo", is increasingly becoming the main driver of writers and if under the influence of the writer in this writing, caught in a "parasitic cycle", that the text

Links to free download http://www.hi138.com creators learn to drop and the necessary aesthetic distance between the reader to go along with the reader's appreciation of vision, and aesthetic distance is precisely the core of the concept of Ethel.

Ace Kapil read further distinguishes between two kinds: one is the "literary reading in the channel", that in order to enrich themselves with their own literature, cultural enrichment to reading motivation, and the other is the "channel of the reading public", which bears a kind of literary works through the "resort" spirit, to ease the pressure of real life, the motivation to get rid of the status quo. More often, people tend to book readers as private goods, just to show off, collection, investment and purchase of literature books . For example, the novel <<The Great Gatsby>> in the description of such a detail: Gatsby's mansion in one study, neatly arranged on shelves country classics, but all the books of the packaging intact, showing that these books never read the owner of these fine books, but the private owner to identify the quality articles only. Moreover, the mass audience will be mixed with some of the practical reading motivation, such as for sleep, entertainment, talk and other life needs to read. All in all, this way of reading, the literary works of literature and knowledge had relegated to second place. For this, in turn, advocate Kapil Ace literary spirit of the Enlightenment, that the literary reading should not is seen as a utilitarian means, but should be an end in itself - is the reader trying to read the works of others into the spiritual world the best way to read is a social status with the absurd human way to compete, so Esca Paper criticized the Enlightenment elite consciousness, on the other in the face of popular literature from the Enlightenment spending time and have them fish for resources. However, this gain is clearly a form of good wishes, of course, means the mass of readers will not be changed. Ace Loris problems mean that the Enlightenment idea of ​​a crisis of art do?
Interestingly, Fiske and ace Loris provides a completely different perspective. Fiske is a cultural industry in the long life of more and more ease of culture theorists. He completely abandoned the Enlightenment elite position, commercialization and consumption of literature no longer let him worry. In other words, he respected that can no longer eager to "arouse the reader's food for thought", "the reader gradually increase cultural enrichment "of literature, but turned their attention to those who had to accept the consumer-oriented literature, the reader, trying to demonstrate that these readers will not be surrounded by literature and fall into the" call the structure "being from the considerations He made a very interesting statement: Although a large number of literary works as cultural goods produced, but the product itself can not represent the culture of popular culture, they are just popular culture materials. True mass culture is popular in the revolt of the acceptance of cultural goods in the process of meaning derived from, so popular culture is a contradiction, which includes both the integration of the social system of domination, but also including the resistance of the mass .

From this perspective, Fiske redefines the relationship between reader and text, he borrowed Bart the author (and readers can write-text (readable style text distinction, invented the "producer-type text" concept to describe popular culture texts. the so-called author of type text requires the reader to constantly re-writing the text, and create new meaning, the reader is the text style did not provide readers with the participation requirements, it is absorbed by a passive acceptance of significance, is regulated training of the reader, the producer of the text and style of these two texts are different, it is often the way to pun "misuse" language readers from the use of puns, resulting in a double pleasure: on the one hand played with the " educated "language, that is, bourgeois" elegant "language, on the other hand produced a producer-reading, that is the main resistance with a revolutionary style to read, as Bakhtin said, public speaking text to cut off low-level official etiquette words, even though it is full of offensive, deviate from the rule, in the text filled with excess meaning, in plain words and platitudes, the parody of the official ideology, while mocking manner metaphor for the absurdity of the ideological norms sex. Fiske further comments: popular culture is the primary text in the mass text, media publicity and other sub-text, and the general public to accept the three-way text, intertextuality, to exist and it is not a text, but a group is the significance of place is the culture industry and mass production of the product of the reader's participation in interaction. ⑤
Fiske-style cultural theory generation, and the rise of mass culture and high culture is closely related to the marginalization, we can very clearly see, from the acceptance of aesthetic theorist, to Aisika Pithou, to Fiske, high culture is less and less attention, and theory to public attention increasingly focused on the text to accept the situation, so that the evolution of contemporary Western literary theory trajectory actually raises the question: we live in today's era, is a great proliferation of literary and aesthetic era, advertising, clothing, construction and other social spheres filled with literary and they can give us a comfortable and aesthetic experience, however, those carrying the more rich, profound human experience of literature work, but was pushed into the cultural market, the margins of society, or even difficult to sustain this regard, whether we accept the aesthetic theorist should be the same as in hiding within the School to meet the academic paradigm updated play, or should be as optimistic as the Fiske excellent farewell to accept the cultural tradition of the fact? After all, we really should be how to deal with that problem Kapil Ace? worth considering.


Note:
① Liu Yu. A Brief History of foreign literary theory [M]. Beijing University Press, October 2005, p. 337.

② Jauss as challenges to the literary history of literary theory [M]. Liaoning Publishing House, 1987, p. 339.

③ Zhu Yuan. Review of small series (one - Thoughts on the acceptance of aesthetics, art appreciation of subjectivity [J]. Shanghai Literature, 1986 05.

④ [France] Robert ace Loris. Literature, sociology [M]. Zhejiang People's Publishing House, August 1987, p. 23.

⑤ [U.S.] John Fiske. Understanding of popular culture [M]. Central Compilation and Translation Press, September 2006, chap.


References:
[1] Liu Yu. A Brief History of foreign literary theory [M]. Beijing University Press, 2005,10.

[2] Jauss. Accept the aesthetics and reception theory [M]. Liaoning Publishing House, 1987.

[3] [Law] Robert ace Loris. Literature, sociology [M]. Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1987,8.

[4] [United States] John Fiske. Understanding of popular culture [M]. Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2006,9. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com