Xilin Gol League Analysis of macro-ecological change and ecological restoration

Abstract: Xilin Gol League in north China's arid and semi-arid areas, the ecological environment is fragile, serious degradation mainly due to the region's arid climate, the increasing population led to intensified conflicts between livestock, overgrazing, grass cultivation caused. For research the ecological degradation of the environment, the state adopted certain policies and projects to restore the ecological study of the ecological environment, has made some achievements in the same time there are still many problems.

Keywords: Xilin Gol League, environmental change, policy control, ecological construction

0 Introduction
Xilin Gol League in the northern border in China's southeastern edge of the Mongolian Plateau, is located at latitude 41 ° 35 '~ 46 ° 46', longitude 111 ° 9 '~ 119 ° 58', the total area of ​​203,000 km2, located in China's arid and semi-arid area, dry climate, fragile ecological balance functions, agricultural production instability, but also important ecological line of defense in northern China, therefore, Xilin Gol League regional ecological environment of Beijing and other parts of North China's ecological environment has an important impact. As the world changes in response to the sensitive zone, in the past half century, due to increased human activities, unreasonable use and management, and global climate change and other factors, the combined effects of grassland degradation in this region, productivity, land salinization, desertification, serious, disaster-prone rats insects, dust storms raging, ecosystem dysfunction, has been on sustainable development in northern and western development strategy, the implementation of a serious threat.

A change in the ecological status and trend
Xilin Gol League regional land cover / land use types mainly typical grassland, ecotone, and the main farming areas; Northeast ujimqin basin, river clouds, water-rich, southwest Hunshandake by a series of ridges composed of sand with posts, mostly for fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes due to human development and irrational use of natural resources, ecological degradation Xilin Gol League obvious, making the ecosystem productivity, sensitive to changes in the external environment, lower anti-interference ability, specific mainly in grassland degradation, desertification, salinization and other aspects of severe weather increases.

1.1 grassland degradation
Since the 1970s, the overall degradation of the Xilin Gol grassland vegetation trend has been a continuation of the early 21st century, equivalent to the status of rare desert grassland vegetation zone covers an area of ​​more than 80 to 90 years of the 20th century, extends 4 to 5 times by 2007 , degradation, desertification area of ​​available grassland area of ​​64%. herbage height fell 40.3% -76.7%, forage yield decreased by 50% -65% cover decreased 35% -85% [1, 2], while animal husbandry and grassland industry's sustainable development received threats, snow, drought, storms and other natural disasters, exacerbated by rodent pests, contain grassland degradation, restore grasslands has become essential.

1.2 desertification
One of China's four major sand Hunshandake located southwest of the Xilin Gol League, located in China's arid and semi-arid regions, the area is located in the northwest of Beijing and Tianjin, the Beijing-Tianjin region is the source of the wind, sand and water, its ecological environment of Beijing and Tianjin have a direct impact on 20th century, 60 years later, the sand was a serious desertification, not only worsened the local ecological environment, which restricts the development of regional economy, and as Beijing and Tianjin One of the most important dust source, the Beijing and Tianjin, north China and other people in the region surrounding the production, living and ecological security constitutes a more serious threat [2, 3]. desertification of grassland degradation in growing, animal husbandry and on caused serious environmental consequences.

1.3 salinization
China is located in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas has occurred in most parts of the natural soil salinization prerequisite soil salinization caused by the technical and socio-economic factors that complicated, its roots is the irrational use of human behavior . Xilin Gol League regional salinization of land area in the 1990s reached the maximum, after 2000 due to a number of ecological restoration measures to make land salinization area began to decline after 2005 significantly reduced the trend of land salinization, But still.

1.4 extreme climate changes in the weather
Xilin Gol Grassland fewer droughts 1950s, the climate of about 30% frequency, the frequency of the sixties and seventies are high, the highest frequency of desert steppe to reach 60 years by 80%; 90 years significantly reduced the frequency, enter After 2000, the drought has significantly increased, reaching 80% into the 21st century, as experienced four consecutive years of 1999-2002, severe drought, but also appeared for two consecutive years of dust storms in the 2001-2002 period of high incidence of severe dust storms significantly higher than in previous years. sandstorms of grassland vegetation and grassland ecological damage is great, the more serious environmental pollution, degradation of grassland vegetation will increase [4, 5].

2 analysis of ecological degradation
Xilin Gol League is a grass area for the major ecosystems of the region, but sand is the main land types, ecological fragility evident in the nature and role of mankind's inevitable there will be changes in the grass and the sand-term Since the drought due to climate and human activities increase, combined with the excessive use of grasslands, making the grassland degradation, desertification serious desertification that the grass biomass decreased rapidly, frequently lead to the occurrence of quicksand and dust storms, which restricts the local social and economic development but also to Beijing and Tianjin, North China and Yangtze River north of the majority of people in the region of production, life has brought more and more serious harm. This will be the natural and social factors to analyze two aspects of grassland degradation and causes changes in the sand
2.1 Climatic factors
Xilin Gol League is located in the arid and semi-arid continental monsoon climate zone, average annual precipitation is generally between 150-400mm, and uneven distribution, regional differences are significant precipitation decrease from southeast to northwest [4], from climate change in recent decades point of view, Xilin Gol League in the 20th century, precipitation is relatively abundant 90 years into the 21st century, precipitation decreased significantly since 1981, Xilin Gol region has been in a rising channel temperature, during the 1990s the most dramatic warming [6, 7].

Conflicts with livestock population increased 2.2
With the increase in population, livestock conflicts have been exacerbated ,1949-2003 54-year period, the alliance pastoral population increased 3.5-fold, 11-fold increase in livestock and livestock are all in the pasture declined by 11.4 times the actual .2003 compared with the theoretical carrying capacity carrying capacity, well-being overloaded quarter units and 4.11 million sheep, 8 million sheep unit. Over-grazing, the pastures are not recuperate, a sharp decline in grassland productivity, coupled with severe drought, desertification and degradation significantly accelerated. Ximeng Hunshandak population is growing areas of human factors in desertification of the important reasons [8-10]. Xilin Gol League, according to demographic data, Xilin Gol League in 1947 a population of about 15.84 million in 1999 to develop 92.37 million, an increase of nearly 5 times with population growth, coupled with the way business is behind on the land and its natural resources for biological and other predatory development, allowing the destruction of ecosystems, desertification accelerated increase in the area.

Grassland reclamation and abandonment of arable land 2.3
During the Cultural Revolution in the "food for the program" under the principle of agricultural production and labor most of the construction funds to invest in food production, rural economic structural imbalance, the blind expansion of farming and food production, forestry, animal husbandry neglect and weakened fisheries development, limiting the secondary and tertiary industries, the rural industrial structure, the agricultural sector structure and product mix towards single, due to rationalization, especially blind reclamation, deforestation, etc., so that desertification and soil erosion, deterioration of ecological environment in rural areas, agriculture, natural resource destruction, ecology, economy into a vicious circle, according to the statistics of the mid-1970s, the national grasslands in pastoral areas have been reclaimed eight million hectares, grassland desertification, the total area of ​​degraded grassland area accounts for 1 / 3, pest area of ​​more than 30% of grassland area, Loess Plateau, soil erosion and the south lawn, the grass rare wildlife resources have been seriously damaged, and some on the verge of extinction. Hulunbeier prairie grass off a large-scale reclamation movement, cultivated grass 470,000 hectares and many newly reclaimed land degradation seriously, a lot of cultivated land is abandoned, the abandoned arable land in the local windy, and concentrated rainfall climatic conditions, a situation aggravated by soil erosion, desertification which Ih Ju League, Inner Mongolia 40% of land area is cultivated grass [11, 12]
3 to restore the ecological environment
Ximeng region as the increasing trend towards environmental degradation, a serious threat to the local environment around the North and security, to economic development and people's lives has brought great disaster, the State developed a number of appropriate policies to regulate the degradation of ecosystems while also conducted a number of ecological projects, such as the Three-North Shelterbelt, Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control projects, forest and pasture, etc. Links to free download http://www.hi138.com 3.1 Policy control
Reform and opening up for the "Cultural Revolution" period's pastoral as well as "taking grain as the key link" in pastoral areas have to achieve "food self-sufficiency", the actual grassland cleared for farming, proposed a "main animal husbandry, agriculture and animal husbandry combined with forest local conditions, each focusing on a variety of operations, comprehensive development "approach, the policy of economic construction in Inner Mongolia as the" forestry, animal husbandry-based, diversified economy, "eight-character principle. 1983, pastoral full implementation of the" price of livestock, farmers have family support "of the production responsibility system, to August 1985, the region 95% of the collective price of livestock owned by households. 1983, in the rural" household responsibility system "under the influence of accountability, pastoral full implementation of the" price of livestock, farmers have family support "of the production responsibility system, price of livestock owned by households. then take grass and livestock in the form of two-contracting, contracted in 2000 double the historical mission declared completed, from 1984, full implementation of pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia" cattle grass double contracting " responsibility, ownership of the grassland were classified Gacha (village units all [13] In 1996, Inner Mongolia, proposed and implemented "by the grass by livestock, improve quality, increase efficiency" by double-mentioned dual strategy, to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region sustainable development, combined with the <<State Council on Further back still, animal husbandry, forest (grass) pilot a number of views>> (Guo Fa (2000) 24 and other relevant policies, combined with practical Inner Mongolia regional government adopted a "retreat, animal husbandry to forest and pasture, "" enclosed transfer "," grazing grazing 'and a series of policy measures. "enclosure movement" of the core content of the "fenced grazing, shrink transfer intensive."
In the pastoral policy of continuous improvement under the control of Xilin Gol region of ecological deterioration, to a certain degree of containment, but there are some problems, for example, wealthy herdsman livestock in pastoral areas and more widespread, production equipment and more grassland is not enough, less labor , and the average small livestock farmers and poor households, production equipment less pasture and more labor is relatively well-off issue in the context of a Haute, adjacent to the voluntary association of several herdsman, gregarious grazing, there are plans to rotate each of the winter grass Cullen. This small size is suitable for pasture, the livestock and less each case. cooperative economic organizations also help solve the polarization in the pastoral areas, according to surveys in the pastoral areas of typical, large number of livestock to their fenced pasture, livestock will be stocked in the transfer to the ranch, in someone's stocking of livestock grazing on the grassland conservation is no sense to increase the income of poor pastoralists, livestock should be increased, but limited by the small prairie.

3.2 ecosystem restoration
As the Xilin Gol League vulnerability of ecological environment and ecological security as the northern barrier, the state gradually in some areas Ximeng ecological projects, including the construction of the Three-North Shelterbelt, Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control projects, forest (grass engineering, relocation and feeding grazing and other projects.

Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control projects, mainly in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, five provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities in 75 counties (banners, area, the implementation of forest and grazing feeding, small watershed management and other engineering measures, Beijing to restore the vegetation around the area to reduce the hazards of sand storms in Beijing ring by real Shiying Lin afforestation, returning farmland to forest and grassland, grassland protection and management, integrated watershed management, water and water facilities, etc., on the sandy grasslands, Hunshandake, pastoral areas of desertified land and water conservation district Yanshan sand hills and mountains to focus management. Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control implementation of the project in the environmental, economic and social fields have achieved good results improve the environment while improving livestock production and management methods, to increase farmers' income [14].

Prairie implement ban (off), animal husbandry, the free grazing-based farming methods are changing to feeding and a half feeding, livestock breeding is significantly increased proportion of .2005 84.2% improvement over ban (prior to 2001 to improve grazing by 21.2 percentage points, through continuous efforts of the alliance grassland ecological protection and construction achieved initial success, the vegetation began to recover, according to Survey and Design Institute of Inner Mongolia grassland for several consecutive years from 2002 monitoring results show that the grazing area and with non-grazing area ratio of grass height increased 6.5 ~ 25cm; coverage increased 38.2% to 50%, an increase of 35.6 ~ fresh grass per mu 229 kg; Hunshandake flow and semi-mobile dune area of ​​7,120 km2 in 2001 reduced to the current 4,053 km2, the western semi-desert and desert grassland vegetation, the average coverage from 17% to 41% [15] As of early 2006, returning farmland to forest and grassland in Inner Mongolia to achieve more than 3,500 acres, combating desertification and soil erosion, land area of ​​1.85 million mu of basic curb the trend of ecological environment continues to deteriorate, showing a "total containment, local improvement," the situation of ecological environment, the main trend of improvement in the following aspects: First, the initial trend of desertification and to curb expansion, according to monitoring , 5 large sandy grass coverage has increased, the sand inward contraction after years of treatment, sand and Hunshandake Horqin ecological situation has greatly improved. In addition, forest also reduce the number of grass also makes the dust storms, but also can promote the optimization of industrial structure to promote the agricultural and pastoral areas, increase farmers' income [16].

To protect the grassland ecological balance, the sustainable development of animal husbandry. Grassland fence in nearly 30 years of practice, a serious degradation of grassland in some places to take the enclosed transfer method has achieved some success, but the policy has also brought a lot of fence new problems First, from the ecological point of view, the result of pasture fence within a small range of livestock trampling exacerbated the degradation of grassland, is not conducive to the spread of grass, resulting in a single grass species, and its capacity is relatively weak resistance to trampling, easy to damage the ecological balance, if properly protected, easily degraded again. Second, from an economic point of view, pasture fence increased the financial burden of herdsmen, the fence has brought a series of ecological and environmental problems of their income also affected to some extent. Since the implementation of the Xilin Gol League, after a series of ecological construction projects in some counties have achieved good results, but some counties in the prairie state still continues to deteriorate.

4 Conclusion
Ximeng main factors affecting the ecological environment change in the determination of the role of ecological restoration measures and effectiveness studies for the improvement of ecological environment Ximeng great significance now, Xilin Gol League ecological environment deterioration was evident, mainly in the grassland degradation, desertification , land salinization and extreme weather increases and so on. areas in arid and semi-arid climate, ecological function is relatively weak, influenced by temperature and precipitation, in which the amount of precipitation greater impact on grass growth. climate change is not Xilin Gol grassland degradation and changes in sand dominant factor, population growth and greater impact of overgrazing, land reclamation and abandonment of grasslands will result in grassland degradation and desertification. Ximeng region for the actual situation, to take a certain amount of policy measures as well as some ecological projects, of grassland degradation and desertification have some deterrent, but there are still some problems.

Restore the ecological environment still present some problems, there are some problems to be solved, such as ecological restoration of the current evaluation system and indicators relative chaos, not some of the comprehensive evaluation model to determine the ecological conditions in the ecological restoration of the economic and environmental benefits and social benefits to a better future together is also a need to study a key direction.


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