On the scientific method \ Comparison of teaching methods and scientific enlightenment

Abstract The scientific method and science teaching methods were compared, both to understand the meaning, classification and the relationship between the teachers and other educators on the scientific method and science teaching methods have a better understanding of science in the elementary school classroom to better use of scientific methods, its integration into the curriculum so that students learn better scientific knowledge, understand the scientific method.

Keywords scientific methods of science teaching methods, teaching methods

1 SIGNIFICANCE
In science teaching, the scientific method into science teaching, enabling students to acquire scientific knowledge and scientific methods, but the scientific method has its specific object and scope, which also determines its own limitations, such as induction method, because people are generally based on the phenomenon of induction of things to a conclusion, so it lacks the inherent necessity, but can not guarantee access to truth, such as the deductive method, only the first evidence for existing theory and deduction, but not lead new scientific discoveries, and secondly because the interpretation of the method depends on the correctness of the correctness of the premise, so it can not guarantee the correctness of its conclusions, such as observation, observation of the phenomenon can only be directly found objects, and objects found in nature can not be directly, not direct observation to the study of objects, certain phenomena can be observed directly, some phenomena can not be directly observed but can only indirectly observe, observe the only direct observation of the specific nature and characteristics of particular things, but things can not be directly observed generally common, another example experiment, important as not all areas can be, experiments can not replace theory, it is always special, special experimental results and the general conclusion is always the distance between.

Elementary school science classroom, precisely, many of these problems: some of the science teachers do not understand the limitations of scientific method, to some extent exaggerated or downplayed the role of the scientific method. ① On the one hand, teachers in the teaching process, due to their own science method of understanding about the content, so the use of scientific methods in the teaching process, can not be clear to students the scientific method used to define the areas and objects, there will be extending the use of scientific method, deliberately rigid compliance and other issues, on the other , but there are some in the teaching process dilute the scientific method of problem, excessive novelty, too much attention to detail while ignoring the implicit curriculum in the scientific method.

So, to clarify the scientific method and scientific teaching methods of the differences and connections, the correct understanding of the relationship between the two, resulting in the integration of science and scientific methods of classroom teaching, for students learning scientific knowledge and scientific methods, to form a correct view of science, experience The value of science and spirit, have a greater sense of guidance and promotion.

2 scientific method and science teaching methods
2.1 scientific methods and classification
It usually means to achieve a goal (means known method scientific understanding of the purpose of the event is to explore the objective world and the universal Law of causality, the fact of being observed in all kinds of things that make a theory to explain the phenomenon, as the objective world make a precise picture of the complex and profound description. the scientific method is that the people to understand the objective world to achieve the basic purpose of the means and ways. the basic logic of research methods including methods and general technical methods. ②
The so-called basic logic method is the basic Laws of thinking and way of thinking in science and Technology research, people will be applied to a variety of ways of thinking, some of which method is to be used any time, any occasion, while others it is only in some special occasions and time to be used, the former is the basic logic of methods, including comparison and classification, deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, etc.

Comparison and classification are two things to understand and study the basic logic methods. Comparison between different things or is in the same things in between and common to find them almost a logical method based on the classification is based on comparing certain standard categories of various things to the logical approach, that the similarities and differences based on the object point, the object is divided into different types of logical methods. induction and deduction are the most commonly used scientific and technological research in a logical way of thinking . inductive method is the phenomenon of things from the individual studies summarized the general principles of logic or conclusions of this method is the main premise of the reasoning and conclusion of two parts. approach is deductive reasoning from the half way to the individual, that is already know the general principles of investigation of a particular object, to deduce the conclusion of this object method. analysis is the complete object into a different aspects and parts of the object responsible for the decomposition of various simple elements, and the These factors were partially or study and understanding of the way of thinking. is to seek an integrated approach to the various parts of the study, side, factors inherent to the object to link the various parts to be studied as a whole way of thinking. In addition, there are mathematical methods, methods of control theory, information, methods, systems and methods, and some scholars believe imagination, intuition, inspiration is the way of theoretical thinking in the form of the more special. ③
Science and Technology and other disciplines is an important difference is that it not only to use a variety of methods of logical thinking, research, and it is often used to study a variety of technical methods Technical methods is to use a certain Technology and equipment by means of research methods. including observation and experiment two.

Observed through a variety of senses to outside stimuli, through brain processes, the formation of the feeling of the outside world, scientific observation generally refers to people in scientific research have a purpose, conscious perception of things and phenomena, described and documented method of generalized observations, including naturalistic observation and experimental observation, the observation refers only to the narrow nature observation. natural phenomena observed in naturally occurring conditions, is the earliest human use of an observation, based on different classification standards will be observed: (1 Depending on the observation tool to observe the different direct observation and indirect observation is divided into two types. direct observation is a direct observation of objects through the senses, is the indirect observation with the help of some of the objects of observation, (2 according to the nature of the observations observation into qualitative and quantitative look at two observation Qualitative observation is that the object of study or to confirm the nature of observation, quantitative observation of the thing or phenomenon is to determine the size, speed, strength, length of time the number of observations of nature, but also called the measurement or observation, (3 observations based on the observed conditions would be divided into non-controlled observation and controlled observation, non-controlled observation is observation of the object without affecting carried out under the conditions of observation, controlled observation is observation of objects in the exert some influence under the conditions of observation. division in some scientific experiments under the guidance of scientific theory for the use of technical means to show an object, or to promote the study of the process, or change some of the factors controlling its leaving the objects to show some activity during the experiment has two purposes, one is to explore and discover new phenomena or new Laws, and the second was to test the correctness of existing knowledge or theory of the experiment by the experimenter, subjects, experimental composed of three instruments.

2.2 science teaching methods
teaching methods include the scientific method, where teaching methods are discussed first.

2.2.1 Teaching methods
In today's Educational theory and pedagogy and teaching on a variety of books, people's understanding of teaching methods, not the uniform, to the definition of teaching methods vary, and we believe that the teaching method is in the teaching process, teachers guide students to learn in order to achieve the purpose of teaching and learning taken of the general activity patterns of interaction. ④
2.2.2 Classification of teaching methods
Teaching methods based on classification according to different categories can have a variety of ways. Some scholars into teaching methods: the former Soviet Union's famous educator Babanski activities will be teaching as a process to understand, ⑤ activities they will distinguish three The most important ingredient: the role of the organization to stimulate and examine assessment. Thus, the overall point of view, and organized activities, it requires the three major groups of teaching methods: the implementation of awareness activities to learn the method (thus guaranteed by the individual The agency carried out the process of teaching information, awareness activities to stimulate learning and develop motivation to learn the method (thus adjust the learning activities to ensure that the most important function to promote their understanding, will and emotions of the positive, inspection and self-examination study the effect of the method of raising activities (thus, teachers and students in the teaching-learning process to achieve the functions of inspection and self-examination, under which there is a corresponding sub-groups:
The first set of methods: the organization and implementation of awareness activities to learn the method.

The first sub-group: sources of information transmission and receiving instruction classification (perception of methods: oral classification methods (narrative, conversation, speech, visual methods (icons, presentations, practical methods (tests, practice; teaching productive labor.

The second sub-group: according to impart and receive information in a logical teaching points (points a logical approach: induction, deduction, analysis and integration methods.

Links to free download http://www.hi138.com third sub-group: the students master the knowledge level of independence of mind (knowledge of the methods: reproduction method, heuristics (local exploration method to study the Law.

The fourth sub-group: the degree of control sub-study activities (control of learning methods: learning activities under the guidance of teachers, including the test machines, including teaching, students' independent work (reading work, written assignments, laboratory work, to complete work operations .

The second group of methods: the formation of stimulating learning and motivation methods.

The first sub-group: to stimulate interest in learning methods: knowledge of the game, teaching the discussion, the creation of emotional experience and moral context, the creation of compelling situations, the creation of apperception situations (depending on life experience, the creation of awareness of novel situations.

The second sub-group: the obligation and responsibility to stimulate learning methods: learning the meaning of instructions, requests, complete the requested contact, reward learning, learning defects blame.

The third group of methods: Teaching methods of examination and self-examination.

The first sub-group: oral examination method: individual questions, oral exam questions for the whole class, learning incentives, procedural questions.

The second sub-group: written examination method: written test, test operation, a written study, written examination, a written program of work.

The third sub-group: Laboratory - practical methods of inspection, laboratory test work, the machine test.

2.2.3 science teaching methods and the scientific method of comparing
Science teaching methods of teachers and students in order to achieve the common goal of science teaching, to complete a common task of science teaching, science teaching and learning process in the ways and means to use the general term. ⑥ The above method of teaching can be used in science teaching, As the special nature of science classes, activities, some use more, so in the main classroom teaching methods used in the first group, we form a science teaching methods and scientific methods were compared.

By contrast, we can see that science teaching methods, including the scientific method, although the same method, but a slight difference between the two. In the use of inductive methods, scientific research, the induction into complete and incomplete induction induction, Mueller will seek induction into the same method, difference method, combined with different methods of political reform and the residual method, in science teaching, the main use of the inductive method is not exactly the type of induction of simple enumeration, and Mueller, among the five methods of seeking the same method, difference method, combined with different methods, a total of Reform in the use of observation methods, science teaching observation tool used in a more scientific study used a small and simple to observe objects there are also different, the use of the experiment, the experimenter, using the instruments, objects have different purposes in use, the use of experimental method of science teaching are second purpose: testing of existing knowledge or theory is correct.

Through the above analysis, can be defined as the science teaching methods science teaching teachers and students in order to achieve goals, to complete a common task of science teaching, scientific method and with reference to the general teaching methods combined to form a rational science teaching strategies in science teaching and learning process programmed but yet flexible way or means.

3 scientific method and scientific teaching methods of comparison and inspiration
3.1 scientific method and science teaching methods more
(1 from the point of view and the relationship between science Education Science Education, including scientific knowledge, scientific method, scientific spirit and scientific attitude and scientific value, scientific method is an important part of science Education, ⑦ science and science Education teaching methods is the way to achieve (2 specific categories from the perspective of both science teaching methods, including the scientific method from the scientific method and scientific classification point of view of specific teaching methods, science teaching methods, including the scientific method (as shown in Figure 1, almost all of the scientific method can be reference to the science classroom as a science teaching methods.

3.2 Implications
Scientific method in science classrooms in the main role is twofold: First, the cited scientific methods of teaching, access to scientific knowledge, the second is to learn the scientific method itself, can promote the migration of students as a way to update the scientific knowledge, but also for laying the foundation for future scientific research, but can also train students to form good habits of mind, rigorous way of thinking, to better adapt to future social life.

Teachers need to have a clear understanding of the scientific method, clearly a variety of teaching methods used in the scientific connotation and denotation, such as "Muller five Law": seeking the same method, difference method, combined with different methods, a total of Law Reform, and the remaining If teachers learn more about the five methods, you will find in science class, this "five laws" are using the more to seek the same method, difference method, with the divergent requirements and usage, total political reform, and the remaining rules with less. so, will be able to grasp the process of teaching science teaching degree, neither blind to strengthen the scientific method does not inadvertently play down, so that students can learn the process of scientific exploration of scientific knowledge, to master scientific method.


Note
① Jing-Ming Wu. The scientific method and scientific method of education, re-understanding - Congratulations <<Chemical Education, "Journal of the 30th anniversary celebration [J]. Chemical Education, 2010 (2).

② Yu-Hui Yang Modern Philosophy of Science and Technology [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2010 (5).

③ Zhang Juqing. The art of scientific research - Introduction to the scientific method [M]. Hubei: Hubei People's Publishing House, 1988.

④ Henan management office organizations to prepare qualified teachers. Introduction to teaching methods [M]. Henan: Henan University Press, 2003.

⑤ Babanski with. The choice of secondary school teaching methods [M]. Zhangding Zhang, Gao Wen, Beijing: Education Science Press, 2001.

⑥ Zhou Qing Science Teaching Theory [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2007.

⑦ HE Yong, Wang Zuhao. China's science education needed to clarify the relationship between the number of [M]. Education, Science, 2006 (2) Links to free download http://www.hi138.com